This dissertation focuses on treatise of an Italian verb and its development from different points of view of various grammarians through comparison of eighteen Italian grammars from 15th until 19th century. It is looking at the verb from three standpoints: morphological, syntactical, and the aspect. Morphological view - it is examining the way of its classification based on individual grammatical categories: occurrence, description, and its contents. Syntactical view - here the issue of choosing the auxiliary verb is observed in compound tenses, the issue of concord and verbal valency. Verbal aspect, as a separate grammatical category, is not being dealt with by Roman linguistics before 20th century. This dissertation studies if and how authors of older grammars perceive and describe effects that belong to this category, predominantly the expression of perfective and imperfective aspects. Keywords: verb, Italian grammar, morphology, syntax, verbal aspect

Modern science has seen the rise in prominence of group research projects and other many-person endeavours, in what has been called "Big Science". Computational linguistics is no exception to that, and especially the devel- opment of large linguistic resources is a task best suited for collaborative approaches. In this document, the design and implementation of an environment for doing computational linguistics online is described. The environment is a software tool, with which development of formal grammars and other types of computational linguistic resources can be performed in a collaborative way. The application supports HPSG as an example paradigm of this kind of work. 1

Tree-based genetic programming (GP) has several known shortcomings: difficult adaptability to specific programming languages and environments, the problem of closure and multiple types, and the problem of declarative representation of knowledge. Most of the methods that try to solve these problems are based on formal grammars. The precise effect of their distinctive features is often difficult to analyse and a good comparison of performance in specific problems is missing. This thesis reviews three grammar-based methods: context-free grammar genetic programming (CFG-GP), including its variant GPHH recently applied to exam timetabling, grammatical evolution (GE), and LOGENPRO, it discusses how they solve the problems encountered by GP, and compares them in a series of experiments in six applications using success rates and derivation tree characteristics. The thesis demonstrates that neither GE nor LOGENPRO provide a substantial advantage over CFG-GP in any of the experiments, and analyses the differences between the effects of operators used in CFG-GP and GE. It also presents results from a highly efficient implementation of CFG-GP and GE.

Attributive absolute constructions in contemporary French The aim of this master thesis is a detailed analysis of French attributive absolute constructions (att. AC) with emphasis on their semantic characteristics. Att. AC is an example of what is called "secondary predication", i.e. a non-finite predicative structure modifying the primary predication, see a typical example "les yeux fermés", 'the eyes closed', in the sentence "Marie est assise, les yeux fermés.", 'Mary sits with her eyes closed.'. The main function of the att. AC is the modification of the head noun through the relation of inalienable possession (IP), or a part - whole relation, between this noun, which is mostly a human being, and an entity conceptualized in the att. AC. The thesis finds its main source in a monograph about AC written by Suzanne Hanon (1989), which is here completed by a qualitative analysis of syntactic and semantic factors that come into play in the formation of att. AC. Att. AC are approached form the perspective of Cognitive Linguistics and Construction Grammar as conceptualizations of the IP (or part - whole) paradigm and it is proposed their description as a prototype-based category with some instances more typical (see the example above) than others (e.g. att. AC with an adverbial function or modifying an...

Lithuanian language is quite in an early stage of language processing. And therefore has a high demand on automated tools like taggers, parsers, word sense disambiguators etc. During the last 10 years only a few researchers were attempting to create a parser for Lithuanian language. However none of them are used in practices nowadays. The process of designing and implementing rule based parser for Lithuanian language is presented in this paper. Rules and constraints of the formal grammar follow the principles of Dependency Grammar. Necessary language recourses were made up at the Computational Centre of Linguistics. Research area analysis and overview of the most popular methodologies is presented here as well. Syntax parser of the Lithuanian language was evaluated against the Gold Standard and gave 80,2 % of accuracy of in recognizing parts of the sentence.

The thesis shows the approaches of cognitive grammar to the description and analysis of case category's functioning in Czech and Russian languages. Attention is limited to the cognitive grammar as it interpreted by American linguist R. Langacker. Cognitive researches on Slavic languages by L. Janda are also crucial for this diploma. From this point of view the thesis's author studies the interferential phenomena which are typical for Russian-language speakers when they use the Czech language. In other words, by means of conceptual apparatus relevant to cognitive grammar author explains the different use of case category in both these languages. Keywords Cognitive grammar, case, interference, Czech language, Russian language

Diploma thesis Form, frequency and position of adverbial in Spanish nonliterary texts in comparison with Czech is split into three chapters. First charter which is divided in 9 subchapeters that consists of theoretical part and describes classification of adverbial according to several different grammers. The introductory part presents the basic literature related to the topic and the attention is also brought to classification of adverbial according to Grammer of Spanish language that was published by Spanish Royal Academy. Center of this work is based on second chapter pratical part of this thesis in which we proceed from analysis of journalistic texts. Specifically from two language version ? Spanish and Czech. Based on analysis of these texts we focus our attention on form, frequency and position of adverbial. Special attention is put mainly on analysis of adverbial of location, time and manner. Other adverbials are only briefly evaluated and described. The total summary is given in the conclusion and includes graphs and tables. Summary in Spanish makes part of this thesis.

This thesis is focused on the Czech prestigious hispanist Josef Dubský and his linguistic labour. It is divided into five chapters. The first chapter outlines the history of Spanish studies in the Czech Republic. The second chapter speaks about life of Josef Dubský. Next three chapters are dedicated to Dubský´s labour in the field of grammar, lexicology and semantics and stylistics. There are presented studies and articles published by Dubský in different Czech and international periodicals and also his Spanish textbooks and Czech-Spanish (Spanish-Czech) dictionaries. In the annex there is enclosed the summery of Dubsky´s publications including the front pages of the textbooks and dictionaries we used in this work.

The present thesis focuses on the classification, description and comparison of evaluative adjectives occurring in two lifestyle magazines, Cosmopolitan (for women) and Esquire (for men. The theoretical part presents general information on evaluation and evaluative language, local grammars, lifestyle magazines and differences between the use of language by women and men. The material for the analysis is drawn from online articles published by Cosmopolitan and Esquire which are part-of-speech tagged using the freeware Part-Of-Speech tagger TagAnt, the analysis is carried out using the corpus analysis software AntConc. The initial part of the analysis describes and compares the most frequently used evaluative adjectives in the two corpora. The final section uses the patterns presented in the theoretical part of the thesis as a starting point; the two corpora are searched to find their occurrences, potential variations and patterns that have not been described previously. Key words: Evaluation, lifestyle magazines, local grammars, evaluative patterns

JetBrains MPS is a language workbench focusing on domain-specific languages. Unlike many other language workbenches and IDEs, it uses a projectional editor for code. The developer directly manipulates the program in its tree form (AST) and not by editing a text source code. This brings many advantages, but on the other hand requires time-consuming and complicated MPS language definition. The thesis elaborates on the possibility of automating the process of creating MPS language definition from its grammar description. It introduces the MPS editor, evaluates approaches of related projects and describes author's efforts to implement an MPS plugin that allows this import. The chosen approach and the selection of tools used for implementation are justified in the thesis. We point out important problems that any similar project might deal with and we introduce some possible solutions. Furthermore, the thesis contains examples of imported languages, showing the potency of the chosen approach. The thesis also aims to lay groundwork for future extensions and suggest possible improvements.