Orientador: Silvana Artioli Schellini / Banca: Antônio Augusto Velasco e Cruz / Banca: Norma Helen Medina / Banca: Lucieni Cristina Barbarini Ferra / Banca: Edson Nacib Jorge / Resumo: O tracoma ainda figura entre as grandes causas de cegueira do mundo, sendo a principal causa de cegueira evitável e a principal causa de cegueira corneana. No Brasil, por vários anos, acreditou-se que a doença havia sido erradicada, o que impediu seu ensino nas escolas médicas e diminuiu a busca ativa, aumentando o número de pessoas não tratadas e portadoras da doença. Além disso, os fatores que mantém a doença no meio ambiente precisam ser detectados para melhor controle da mesma. Diante destes fatos, desenvolveu-se este estudo com os objetivos de promover educação em saúde; prevenir a cegueira por tracoma detectando e tratando os casos da doença; descrever o perfil socioeconômico dos portadores da doença no município de Botucatu; pesquisar a presença de vetores da doença e da bactéria causadora de tracoma nesses vetores. Material e Métodos: Estudo transversal conduzido na cidade de Botucatu, estado de São Paulo - Brasil no ano de 2010. Um grupo composto por oito estudantes do curso de graduação em Medicina ou Enfermagem e duas agentes de saúde foi treinado por dois oftalmologistas para detectar e tratar o tracoma na população, segundo as recomendações da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Após treinamento, foi realizado trabalho de campo, com exame de uma amostra aleatorizada de 3568 crianças, calculada baseando-se nos dados históricos da prevalência de tracoma em Botucatu e no número de crianças matriculadas no ensino fundamental das escolas municipais. A unidade primária de amostra foi a classe, examinado-se todas as crianças da classe sorteada. O diagnóstico foi clínico, com eversão palpebral à procura de folículos em conjuntivas tarsais superiores usando-se lupa binocular de 2,5 vezes de aumento e iluminação artificial (lanterna). As crianças com tracoma inflamatório foram tratadas com Azitromicina, 20 mg/kg de peso e visitadas em suas casas para aplicação de um questionário... / Abstract: Trachoma still ranks among the major causes of blindness in the world, being the leading cause of preventable blindness and the leading cause of corneal blindness. In Brazil, for several years, it was believed that the disease had been eradicated, which prevented the searching and the teaching of the disease in medical schools and decreased the active search, increasing the number of untreated people and affected by the disease. Furthermore, the maintenance factors of the disease in the environment must be detected for its better control. Based on these facts, this study was developed with the objectives of promoting health education; prevent blindness from trachoma detecting and treating cases of the disease; describe the socioeconomic profile of disease carriers in Botucatu; search for the presence of vectors of the disease and for the bacterium which causes trachoma in these vectors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Botucatu, state of São Paulo - Brazil in 2010. A group of eight students from the graduation course in Medicine or in Nursing and two health workers was trained by two ophthalmologists to detect and how to treat trachoma in the population, according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). After training, a fieldwork was conducted by the exam of a random sample of 3568 children, calculated based on historical data of the prevalence of trachoma in Botucatu and on the number of children enrolled in primary education in municipal schools. The primary unit of the sample was the class, and all children from the selected class were examined. The diagnosis was clinical, with eyelid eversion looking for follicles on the superior tarsal conjunctiva by using a 2.5-fold increase binocular magnifier lenses and artificial light (flashlight). Children with inflammatory trachoma were treated with Azithromycin, 20 mg/kg of weight and visited at home for a socioeconomic questionnaire ... / Doutor

Orientador : Luis Jacintho da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-18T10:38:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luna_ExpeditoJosedeAlbuquerque_M.pdf: 5492817 bytes, checksum: 4c0611e175f55947996968b768bb30c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1993 / Resumo: o tracoma foi introduzido no Estado de São Paulo pela imigração européia, que se intensifica a partir da segunda metade do século XIX. Nas primeiras décadas do século XX já havia tornado-se endêmico, sendo uma das doenças de maior prevalência, à época, não só em São Paulo, como em todo o pais. A partir da década de trinta, inicia-se em São Paulo, a instalação de uma rede de serviços especializados em tracoma. Já a partir da segunda metade da década de cinquenta, esta rede de serviços começa a detectar uma diminuição da ocorrência e gravidade do tracoma no Estado, que foi por fim considerado erradicado ao inicio da década de setenta. No entanto, na década seguinte, novos casos de tracoma voltam a ser detectados na região oeste do Estado, e posteriormente em outras regiões. Até o momento, constatou-se a ocorrência de tracoma endêmico em mais de 150 municípios do Estado. Demonstrou-se ainda que, na realidade, o tracoma nunca chegou a ser erradicado, e que a sua ocorrência concentra-se majoritariamente em determinados agrupamentos sociais marginalizados dos benefícios do desenvolvimento socioeconômico. o tracoma de hoje difere do tracoma endêmico causador de cegueira do passado. Verifica-se uma tendência à diminuição da gravidade dos casos, sendo a maioria deles assintomáticos e detectados através de busca ativa. Discute-se se esta mudança relaciona-se apenas à diminuição da prevalência ou a outros fatores relacionados ao agente etiológico, ou ainda à disseminação do uso de drogas antimicrobianas. Postula-se que os níveis de prevalência já detectados em São Paulo justificam a intensificação das atividades de vigilância epidemiológica, aliada ao necessário aprofundamento das investigações, com o objetivo de melhor conhecer o problema e viabilizar o seu controle. / Abstract: Trachoma was introduced in the State of São Paulo with the increasing European immigration, starting in the second half of XIX century. In the first two decades of xx century it had become endemic, not only in São Paulo, but in the whole country, being one of the most prevalent diseases in those years. During the thirties, a specialized trachoma services network was established in the State. In the late fifties those services begun to detect a decrease in the number, as well as in the severity of trachoma cases. Trachoma was finally considered to be eradicated from São Paulo in early seventies. But in the following decade new trachoma cases started being detected, at first in the West and later in other regions of the State. At the moment, endemic trachoma has already been detected in more than 150 cities within the State. It has been proved that trachoma was never actually eradicated, and that its occurrence is concentrated mainly among certain social groups which stayed aside from the benefits of socio-economic development. Today's trachoma is different from the past blinding endemic trachoma. It has been observed a tendency towards decreasing severity of the disease. The majority of new cases are asymptomatic and detected in surveys. It is being discussed whether such new features of the disease are related only with low prevalence or whether factors related to the bacteria or either the widespread use of anti-microbial drugs also play a role in determining it. The present study assumes that the prevalence rates detected in São Paulo justify the need of intensifying the surveillance of the disease, as well as the scientific investigation, in order to better understand and control it. / Mestrado / Mestre em Saude Coletiva

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Depuis les dernières décennies, la parentalité est un projet qui se voit pour plusieurs repoussé à un âge plus avancé. Par conséquent, de plus en plus de couples font face à des problèmes d'infertilité lors que vient le temps de fonder une famille. Le recours aux techniques de procréation médicalement assistée, telle que la fécondation in vitro, est donc lui aussi en constante augmentation. Malgré les nombreux progrès réalisés depuis l'introduction de la fécondation in vitro dans les années 80, le taux de succès de cette technique demeure insatisfaisant, avec un taux de grossesse autour de 30%. La réponse des patientes au traitement de stimulation ovarienne précédant la fécondation in vitro est extrêmement variable et difficile à prédire. De plus, lorsqu'un cycle échoue, c'est généralement sans raison apparente. Les travaux de cette thèse reposent sur l'hypothèse qu'il existe une signature moléculaire liée aux différentes réponses/causes d'échec. L'expression des gènes pourrait être utilisée pour caractériser la réponse des patientes à la stimulation hormonale de façon à pouvoir adapter le traitement suivant et potentiellement améliorer les chances de succès. Nous nous sommes donc intéressés à l'expression des gènes dans les cellules de la granulosa provenant principalement de follicules en contexte de stimulation hormonale, durant la période 34 heures post hCG ou encore provenant d'un modèle in vitro de culture cellulaire. Dans un premier temps, des cellules folliculaires provenant de femme ayant recourt à la fécondation in vitro ont été récoltées lors de la ponction ovarienne. Une biopuce fut utilisée afin de comparer l'expression des gènes entre les patientes pour qui le cycle de fécondation in vitro fut un échec (pas de grossesse) et celles pour qui ce fut un succès(grossesse). Nous avons constaté qu'il existe une signature transcriptomique différente chez les patientes pour qui le cycle a échoué. De plus, l'analyse des gènes différentiellement exprimés et des principales voies biologiques y étant associée nous ont renseignés davantage sur les mécanismes physiologiques potentiellement liés à l'échec, notamment un débalancement inflammatoire, une différenciation anormale et une augmentation de l'apoptose. Par la suite, 135 échantillons de cellules folliculaires provenant exclusivement de patientes pour qui la fécondation in vitro fut un échec (pas de grossesse) ont été utilisés. Des gènes liés à différentes causes d'échec potentielles ont été analysés en qRT-PCR, avant de réaliser une analyse de regroupement hiérarchique (clustering). La population de patientes non enceintes fut divisée en trois groupes possédant chacun un modèle d'expression génique particulier lié à une cause d'échec potentielle. Nous avons ainsi pu voir qu'il était possible de distinguer différentes causes d'échec ou différentes réponses folliculaires chez les patientes dont le cycle a échoué. Nous avons finalement utilisé un modèle in vitro de cellules de la granulosa humaine (lignée cellulaire KGN) afin d'étudier la capacité des cellules de la granulosa de répondre, à elles seules, à différents stimuli inflammatoires. Cette étude nous a permis de voir, via l'expression de gènes d'inflammation, que les cellules de la granulosa peuvent créer une réponse inflammatoire et que celle-ci est différente selon le type de stimulus. Globalement, les résultats de ces études améliorent les connaissances et la compréhension de l'échec en contexte de fécondation in vitro. Ils mettent également en lumière le potentiel de l'expression des gènes comme outil de diagnostic de la réponse folliculaire. Finalement, ils confirment également l'importance de l'inflammation et de son contrôle, particulièrement en contexte de procréation assistée. / Since the last few decades, couples tend to postpone parenthood to later in life. As a result, an increasing number of couples are facing infertility problems when it comes to building a family and have children. Consistently, the use of assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization is also increasing. Despite all the progress that has been made since the introduction of in vitro fertilization in the 1980s, the success rate of this technique remains low, with a pregnancy rate around 30%. The patient's response to the stimulation treatment that precedes in vitro fertilization is extremely variable and difficult to predict. Moreover, when a cycle fails, most of the time there is no apparent reason. The hypothesis of this thesis is that there is a transcriptomic signature in follicular cells that reflects the ovarian response. Gene expression could be used to characterize the patient's response to the hormonal stimulation in order to adapt the next treatment accordingly and thus potentially improve the chances of success. Our work focuses on the gene expression in granulosa cells coming mainly from stimulated follicles in the context of in vitro fertilization or from an in vitro cell culture model. First, follicular cell samples from women undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment were obtained. We used a microarray to compare gene expression between patients that did not become pregnant following the in vitro fertilization cycle and those that did. We found that there is a different transcriptomic signature in patients who failed to conceive following in vitro fertilization. In addition, the analysis of the differentially expressed genes and the related biological pathways gave us more information on the physiological mechanisms potentially related to IVF failure, such as inflammatory imbalance, abnormal differentiation and increased apoptosis. For the next study, 135 follicular cell samples coming exclusively from patients who failed to conceive following in vitro fertilization (no pregnancy) were used. Genes related to different potential failure causes were analyzed using qRT-PCR and a hierarchical clustering analysis was then performed. The population of non-pregnant patients was divided into three groups, each one having a specific gene expression pattern related to a potential failure cause. The results of this study showed that it is possible to distinguish different failure causes or different follicular responses in patients whose cycle had failed. We finally used an in vitro model of human granulosa cells (KGN cell line) to see if pure granulosa cells were able to respond to different inflammatory stimuli. This preliminary study showed, through the expression of inflammation-related genes, that granulosa cells alone are able to create an inflammatory response and that this response differs depending on the type of stimulus. Taken together, the results of these studies improve the current knowledge and our understanding of in vitro fertilization failure. They also highlight the potential of gene expression to serve as a follicular response diagnostic tool. Finally, they also confirm the importance of inflammation and its control, particularly in the context of assisted reproductive technologies.

Les données bibliographiques décrivent un nombre croissant de modèles murins caractérisés sur le plan de la fertilité permettant une meilleure compréhension du phénomène de la croissance folliculaire. Certains de ces modèles animaux, invalidés pour des facteurs de transcription reproduisent un phénotype d’infertilité, telle que l’insuffisance ovarienne primaire (IOP). La compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires des facteurs de transcription essentiels à la fonction ovarienne n’est pas clairement établie. Les protéines contenant des domaines liant l’ADN, tels que les homéodomaines ou les domaines forkhead jouent un rôle-Clé dans le développement ovarien. NOBOX (Newborn Ovary Homeobox) est un facteur de transcription essentiel à la mise en place du stock folliculaire, et dont les mutations sont responsables d’IOP. La fonction exacte de NOBOX n’est pas connue, s’il est présent dans l’ovocyte, nous montrons pour la première fois une forte expression de cette protéine dans les cellules de la granulosa des follicules primordiaux jusqu’au stade secondaire. De plus, par différentes techniques moléculaires, nous mettons en évidence une interaction entre NOBOX et un autre acteur important de la folliculogenèse FOXL2 (Forkhead box l2), contribuant à la régulation de leurs gènes cibles respectifs. Cette étude permet de mettre en lumière le rôle de NOBOX dans les cellules de granulosa. L’IOP est une pathologie touchant 1 % des femmes âgées de moins de 40 ans. Sur le plan ovarien, il y a une déplétion du stock des follicules ou un blocage de la maturation folliculaire. De ce fait, la stérilité est le plus souvent définitive. Une origine génétique de cette maladie est parfois retrouvée avec des mutations des autosomes et/ou du chromosome X, mais dans plus de 80% des cas l’IOP est idiopathique. L’enjeu est donc d’identifier de nouveaux gènes candidats pour cette pathologie. Dans cette étude nous validons la prévalence des mutations du gène NOBOX faisant de ce facteur un des gènes clés de l’IOP. Puis, à l’aide d’une nouvelle technologie : le séquençage multiplex par puces PGMTM ION TORRENT, nous mettons en évidence dans 26% de la cohorte étudiée (100 femmes atteintes d’IOP sporadique primaire ou secondaire) un défaut génétique de 10 gènes, dont 4 nouveaux candidats à l’IOP. De façon intéressante, la présence d’au moins deux gènes mutés chez 9 patientes induit un phénotype plus précoce. Cette étude contribue à une meilleure compréhension de l’origine génétique de l’IOP et met pour la première fois en évidence le phénomène d’oligogénisme chez des patientes en IOP. / Single germline mutations found in women with primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), besides mouse models have provided substantial understanding into the factors involved in differentiation and ovarian development. POI is characterized by amenorrhea with elevated gonadotropin levels, and affects 1% of women before the age of 40 years.Several transcription factors involved in ovary development and folliculogenesis are mutated in reproductive disorders. We have shown a high prevalence of POI cases harboring mutations in the Newborn oogenesis homeobox (NOBOX) gene, which encodes a homeodomain-Containing transcription factor expressed preferentially in oocyte. NOBOX plays a critical role in early folliculogenesis and its absence leads to sterility. In addition to its oocyte localization, we show here that NOBOX is also expressed in granulosa cells (GCs), those surrounding the germ cell. Since NOBOX and FOXL2, a master regulator of GC development (belonging to forkhead family), are co-Expressed in GCs. Here, using several molecular approaches, we have demonstrated that NOBOX and FOXL2 indeed physically interact leading to a down-Regulation of their transactivation capacity. Altogether, these observations highlight a novel role for NOBOX in interaction with FOXL2, and suggest that they may be antagonistic transcription regulators. POI encompasses a heterogeneous spectrum of conditions, through two major mechanisms, follicle dysfunction and follicle depletion. Genetic component such as X chromosome abnormalities, deletions, FMR1 premutations, BMP15 variants, were identified as the first genetic causes of the pathophysiology. Today, the genetic origin of POI is supported by the existence of monogenic forms in humans and animal models but the relevance of several loci for POI pathogenesis should not be ruled out. By means of a next-Generation sequencing , a multiplex (PGM-Ion Torrent technology) sequencing of 19 genes was undertaken in a cohort of 100 nonsyndromic women with POI. In 26 patients, we reported 10 gene defects, among them, missense mutations in 4 new candidates were detected. Our aggregate data suggest that point mutations in these candidate genes are causative of the disease by prediction analysis assays. Two to three gene defects can synergize to produce a more severe phenotype in POI patients than either alone. This study identifies for the first time in a large proportion of POI patients specific sets of germline mutations that, together, may account for this disease. Thus, oligogenicity also has implications for genetic counseling regarding POI.

Les aclipocytokines (aclipo), produites par le tissu adipeux jouent un rôle clé dans la régulation des fonctions métaboliques mais qu'en est-il pour les fonctions de reproduction? Nous montrons que la chemerine et ses récepteurs, la visfatine et la résistine sont présents dans les cellules ovariennes humaines et bovines. ln vitro nous observons que la chemerine et la résistine diminuent la stéroïdogenèse des cellules de la granulosa (CG) humaine induite par IGF-1 alors que la visfatine l'augmente. Des résultats similaires sont observés chez la vache pour la chemerine et la visfatine. Dans les deux espèces, les aclipo influencent la prolifération des CG, et les voies de signalisation AKT, MAPK-ERKl/2 et P38 ou l'AMPK. Chez le bovin, la chemerine bloque la maturation ovocytaire in vitro. Nous observons aussi dans cette espèce que la concentration plasmatique de résistine et son expression dans les aclipocytes est augmentée après vêlage lorsque la lipomobilisation est élevée. Ces travaux confirment le rôle de la résistine dans la régulation métabolique chez la vache et montrent l'importance des adipo dans les cellules ovariennes humaine et bovine. Il reste à élargir leur rôle au niveau central dans les fonctions de reproduction. / The aclipokines (aclipo ), produced by the adipose tissue play a key role in the regulation of metabolic functions, but what about for reproductive functions? We show that chemerin and its receptors, visfatin and resistin are present in human and bovine ovary cells. ln vitro we observe that chemerin and resistin decrease steroidogenesis in granulosa cells (GC) in response to IGF-1 while visfatin increases it. Similar results are observed for chemerin and visfatin in cows. In both species, chemerin, visfatin and resistin affect the proliferation of CG and signaling pathways inclucling AKT, MAPKERKl I 2 and P38 or AMPK. In cattle, chemerin blocks in vitro oocyte maturation. In this species, we also observe that the plasma resistin and its expression in aclipocytes are increased after calving when the fatty acid mobilization is high. This work confirms the role of resistin in the metabolic regulations in cow and shows the importance of aclipo in the human and bovine ovary cells. It remains to investigate their role at the central level in the reproductive functions.

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-08-21T14:18:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KatiaRFL_TESE.pdf: 11131110 bytes, checksum: 4a75d7853dd30ba6006c604e3f17426d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-08-21T16:39:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 KatiaRFL_TESE.pdf: 11131110 bytes, checksum: 4a75d7853dd30ba6006c604e3f17426d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-08-21T16:39:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 KatiaRFL_TESE.pdf: 11131110 bytes, checksum: 4a75d7853dd30ba6006c604e3f17426d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-21T16:39:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KatiaRFL_TESE.pdf: 11131110 bytes, checksum: 4a75d7853dd30ba6006c604e3f17426d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The donkeys (Equus asinus) are individuals historically relevant for the occupation of inhospitable areas around the world, but they have been losing importance due to the modernization of urban centers and the creation of traction and cultivation technologies. Due to this fact, many donkey breeds are already extinct or passing through a rapid process of population decrease. Among these breeds, the Northeast donkey, an endemic breed in Brazil, is highlighted. One of the strategies for conservation is the use of biotechnologies that facilitate reproduction, such as the manipulation of oocytes enclosed in preantral follicles (MOEPF) that maximize the availability of oocytes for in vitro fertilization. The starting point for the use of this and other techniques are known reproductive physiology details of this breed as the characteristics of their gametes. The objective of this study was to estimate and to characterize the population of ovarian PFs derived from Northeast breed donkeys. Twenty females aging 5.1 ± 3.2 years and weighing 105.2 ± 18.6 kg were used. Animals were subjected to an ovariectomy procedure guided by laparoscopy for ovary collection. As the equines, donkey ovaries presented a kidney form and their parenchymal zone were extracted, taking the ovulation fossa as basis. Fragments of ovary were fixed in Carnoy, dehydrated in increasing Ethanol concentrations (70 to 99%), clarified using xylene and finally included in histological paraffin wax blocks. These blocks were serially sectioned on 7 μm slices at using a microtome. Every 120th slice was mounted on glass slides, stained with hematoxylin–eosin and read in inverted optical microscope. PFs presenting visible oocyte nuclei were measured at using an ocular micrometer and classified as primordial, primary or secondary. PFs were also classified and counted as morphologically normal, when containing an oocyte with regular shape and uniform cytoplasm, and organized layers of granulosa cells; or as degenerated, when the oocyte exhibited pycnotic nucleus and/or ooplasm shrinkage, and occasionally, granulosa cell layers became disorganized, detached from the basement membrane and/or included enlarged cells. The PF population was estimated by using the formula: (number of follicles × number of sections × thickness of sections)/(number of sections observed × range of oocyte nuclei diameter). The results allowed us to estimate a total population of 21,135.3 ± 10,646.1 PFs per animal. From this population, 91.3% PFs were classified as primordial, 8.2% PFs as primary, and 0.3% as secondary. multioocyte PFs were observed in all animals, and they were more frequently present in primordial follicles, representing 0.99% of total PFs counted. The estimated population was distributed between the right and left ovaries, at 54.6% and 45.4%, respectively. Most PFs were considered morphologically normal (90.2%) and the smallest, degenerate (9.8%). An inversely proportional relationship between age and follicular population was identified, similarly to the relation between weight and follicular population. In the second experiment, the ovarian tissue of animals from the same group was subjected to a vitrification procedure using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylene glycol (EG) as cryoprotectants in separate and associated. When comparing treatments, the use of DMSO 3M (81.7 ± 37.5%), EG 3M (83.7 ± 27.4%) and the combination of both DMSO 3M + EG 3M (81.8 ± 46.8%) allowed a greater percentage of follicular survival. When vitrified using the DMSO + EG combination, a higher percentage (62.5 ± 29.1%) of viable follicles was observed in relation to the other vitrification treatments (P <0.05). The TUNEL technique identified that all treatments tested showed DNA fragmentation in the follicular cells, except in the case of the DMSO 3M plus EG 3M treatment. When evaluating the presence of NORs, no significant differences were observed in the amount of NORs between the fresh and vitrified groups using DMSO 3M plus EG 3M (P >0.05). Thus, we concluded that the combination DMSO 3M plus EG was more efficient for the vitrification of ovarian tissue taken from Equus asinus, allowing adequate preservation of PAFS morphology, viability, DNA integrity and cell proliferative capacity. This work presented for the first time the estimate of ovarian preantral follicles in donkeys of the Northeastern breed and successful vitrification / Os jumentos (Equus asinus) são animais historicamente relevantes para a ocupação de áreas inóspitas em todo o mundo, mas tem perdido espaço devido à modernização dos centros urbanos e a mecanização agrícola e transporte motorizado. Assim, muitas raças de jumentos já foram extintas ou encontram-se em rápido processo de queda populacional, e dentre elas está a raça Nordestina, endêmica do Brasil. Uma das estratégias de conservação é o uso de biotecnologias que favoreçam a reprodução assistida, como a manipulação de oócitos inclusos em folículos pré-antrais (MOIFOPA) que maximiza a disponibilidade de oócitos para outras biotécnicas. O ponto de partida para o uso desta e outras biotécnicas é conhecer detalhes da fisiologia reprodutiva e dos gametas da espécie ou raça que se deseja manipular. O objetivo desta tese é caracterizar e conservar por meio da vitrificação a população de folículos ovarinos pré-antrais (FP) em fêmeas asininas da raça Nordestina. No primeiro experimento, dez fêmeas com idade média de 5,1 ± 3,2 anos e peso médio de 105,2 ± 18,6 kg, constituíram o grupo de estudo. As mesmas foram submetidas a procedimento de ovariectomia guiada por laparoscopia para coleta dos ovários. Assim como nos demais equídeos, os ovários das jumentas apresentam formato reniforme e suas zonas parenquimatosa, incluindo a fossa ovariana, foram extraídas. Fragmentos do ovário foram fixados com carnoy, desidratados com etanol em concentrações crescentes (70 a 99%), clarificados usando xilol e finalmente inclusos em blocos de parafina histológica. Estes blocos foram sequencialmente seccionados em micrótomo em frações de 7μm. Uma a cada 120 frações foi montada em lâminas de vidro e corada com hematoxilina-eosina e lida em microscópio ótico. Os FPs que apresentaram núcleo visível foram fotografados, mensurados com uso de software e classificados como primordiais, primários e secundários. Os FPs classificados e contados foram identificados como normais ou degenerados. A população de FPs foi estimada usando a fórmula: (número de PF observados × número total de secções × espessura das secções) dividido pelo (número de secções observadas × diâmetro médio do núcleo dos oócitos). A população média estimada foi de 21.135,3 ± 10.646,1 FPs por animal. Destes, 91,3% foram identificados como primordiais, 8,2% como folículos primários e 0,4% como secundários. Folículos com múltiplos oócitos foram observados em todos os animais, todos classificados como primordiais, representando 0,99% do total de folículos. A população de PF estimada estava distribuída entre os ovários direito e esquerdo, em 54,6% e 45,4% respectivamente. A maior parte dos PFs foi considerada morfologicamente normal (90,2%) e a menor parcela, degenerados (9,8%). Foi identificada uma relação inversamente proporcional entre a idade e a população folicular, semelhante à relação entre peso e população folicular. No segundo experimento, o tecido ovariano de jumentas foram submetidos a procedimento de vitrificação em superfície sólida usando dimetil sulfóxido (DMSO) e etileno glicol (EG), isoladamente em diferentes concentrações (3M e 6M) e associados, como agentes crioprotetores. Quando comparados aos tratamentos o uso do DMSO 3M (81,7 ± 37,5%), EG 3M (83,7 ± 27,4%) e a combinação de DMSO 3M + EG 3M (81,8 ± 46,8%) apresentaram um grande percentual de folículos morfologicamente normais. O uso do DMSO 3M + EG 3M, apresentou o maior percentual (62,5 ± 29,1%) de folículos viáveis em relação aos demais tratamentos (P <0,05). Pela técnica TUNEL, todos os tratamentos apresentaram fragmentação de DNA nas células foliculares, exceto no caso do DMSO 3M + EG 3M. Quando avaliada a presença de NORs, não foi verificada diferenças significativas entre o número de NORs no grupo controle e no tratamento DMSO 3M + EG 3M (P < 0,05). A combinação DMSO 3M e EG 3M mostrou-se mais eficiente para a vitrificação de tecido ovariano de jumentas, apresentando-se de forma adequada para a preservação da morfologia e viabilidade de folículos pré antrais, bem como a integridade do DNA e a capacidade de proliferação celular. Este trabalho apresentou de forma inédita a estimativa de folículos pré-antrais ovarianos em jumentas da raça nordestina bem como uma estratégia de criopreservação com resultados positivos / 2017-08-21

Orientadora: Prof. Dra. Marcella Pecora Milazzotto. / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnociência, 2016. / A maturação de oócitos in vitro é amplamente utilizada para produção de embriões e tenta mimetizar as condições fisiológicas foliculares, permitindo a capacitação oocitária. No entanto, as condições foliculares a que os oócitos estão submetidos previamente a aspiração podem ser responsáveis por diferenças que serão refletidas no fenótipo embrionário. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar marcadores metabólicos no fluido folicular (FF) e transcritos das células da granulosa (CG) de bovinos envolvidos na capacitação do oócito e sua relação com a competência embrionária (avaliada pela cinética e desenvolvimento a blastocisto). Para isso, foram aspirados individualmente complexo cumulus-oocito (COCs) e respectivos FFs e CG de folículos de 7-8mm de ovários de abatedouro comercial. As moléculas de glicose, colesterol, estradiol e piruvato foram quantificadas nos FFs por fluorimetria e os transcritos de receptor de FSH (FSH-R), receptor de angiotensina II (AngIIAT2), receptor de EGF (EGF-R) e aromatase (CYP19A) foram quantificados nas CG por RT-PCR. Os COCs foram fecundados e cultivados individualmente in vitro e os índices de clivagem e cinética embrionária foram avaliados as 40hpi e índices de blastocistos as 186hpi. Posteriormente os dados de desenvolvimento embrionário foram analisados em função dos dados dos respectivos FF e CG. Foram realizadas as seguintes comparações: não clivados x clivados (NCL x CL), clivados rápidos (> 4 células as 40hpi) x clivados lentos (< 4 células as 40hpi) (CLR x CLL), desenvolvimento a blastocisto x bloqueado (BL x NBL), clivados que se desenvolveram a blastocisto x clivados bloqueados (CLBL x CLNBL) e blastocistos derivados do grupo rápido x derivados do grupo lento (BLR x BLL). Os dados foram analisados pelo programa SAS System for Windows pelo teste t de Student, e o nível de significância de 5%. Não houve diferença entre os índices de CLR e CLL (19,2±3,8% e 25,1±3,8%, respectivamente). Da mesma forma, nenhum dos metabólitos e transcritos analisados foram distintos entre CLR x CLL, tampouco NCL x CL, a exceção do FSHR, que foi menos expresso CL, BL e CLBL quando comparados a NCL, NBL e CLNBL. O índice de BL foi (27,3±3,9%) e maior índice de blastocisto foi para BLR do que BLL (18,5±2,7% e 8,8±2,5%, respectivamente). BL e CLBL apresentaram maior quantidade de piruvato e colesterol, aumento de CYP19 e, no caso de CLBL, ainda maiores níveis de ANGII e EGF-R 2 quando comparados a NBL e CLNBL. Em relação a cinética de desenvolvimento, CLR e BLR apresentaram aumento de ANGII e estradiol. Além disso, BLR ainda apresentaram diminuição de CYP19 e EGF-R, sugerindo uma alta atividade esteroidogênica mais relacionada à secreção do que com a síntese de esteroides, provavelmente por um efeito negativo do estradiol no controle da expressão destes genes. Os dados deste estudo permitem concluir que o status folicular tem relação direta com a habilidade do oócito a se desenvolver a blastocisto. Além disso, o aumento da disponibilidade de substrato energético e da capacidade esteroidogênica parece influenciar positivamente a capacitação oocitária. Da mesma forma, embriões de cinética distinta parecem ser derivados de folículos com atividade esteroidogênica distinta. / Follicular conditions established prior to aspiration for in vitro maturation may be responsible for differences that will reflect in the embryonic phenotype. In this work, cumulus-oocyte complex (COCs) and their respective follicular fluid (FF) were individually aspirated from slaughterhouse ovaries. Metabolic biomarkers as glucose, pyruvate, cholesterol and estradiol were quantified in FF by fluorimetry. Specific granulosa cells (GC) transcripts related to oocyte capacitation and steroidogenic capacity such as aromatase (CYP19A), FSH (FSH-r), angiotensin II (ANGII AT2) and EGF (EGF-r) receptors were quantified by RT-PCR. Bovine embryos were produced in vitro following conventional protocols. Embryos were cultured individually and divided into: Fast (> 4 cells at 40 hpi) and Slow (< 4 cells at 40hpi). Blastocyst rates and embryonic competence (evaluated through developmental kinetics and blastocysts rates) were assessed at 186hpi. Embryonic development data was analyzed in function of FF and GC results by comparing: non-cleaved vs. cleaved (NCL x CL), fast vs. slow (CLF x CLS), development to blastocyst x blocked (BL x NBL), cleaved that reached blastocyst stage vs. cleaved that blocked (CLBL x CLNBL) and blastocysts originated from fast vs. slow (BLF x BLS). Embryonic development, quantification of metabolites and transcripts were compared by Student t test using SAS for Windows considering á=5%. Cleavage rates were not different between fast and slow embryos (19.2±3.8% and 25.1±3.8%, respectively). Except for FSH-r, that was less expressed in CL, BL and CLBL than their respective counterparts NCL, NBL and CLNBL, all the other metabolites and transcripts did not present any differences. Total blastocyst rate was 27.3±3.9%, being 18.5±2.7% from BLF and 8.8±2.5% from BLL groups. BL and CLBL presented higher amounts of pyruvate and cholesterol, and an increased expression of CYP19 when compared to NBL and CLNBL, respectively. Also, CLBL presented higher levels of ANGII AT2 and EGF-r than CLNBL, suggesting that BL and CLBL derived follicles have a greater steroidogenic capacity. Regarding developmental kinetics, CLR and BLR presented an increase in ANGII AT2 and estradiol and diminished levels of CYP19 and EGF-R, suggesting an elevated secretion of steroids. Therefore, BLL, with increased expression of CYP19 and EGF-r under lower levels of estradiol and ANGII AT2 are preferably directed to the synthesis than secretion of this hormone. In summary, our results show that follicular status is direct ly related to the oocytes 4 ability to develop to blastocyst. In addition, the increased availability of energy substrates and steroidogenic capacity appears to positively influence the oocyte capacitation. Likewise, embryos with distinct developmental kinetics seem to originate from follicles with distinct steroidogenic activity.

La stérilité affecte à l’heure actuelle près de 15-20 % des couples et sa prévalence est en progression depuis quatre à cinq décennies. Cette progression évolue parallèlement à la prévalence de l’épidémie d’obésité et de syndrome métabolique dans le monde. De multiples arguments physiologiques et épidémiologiques chez l’Homme soutiennent l’hypothèse de l’influence de l’homéostasie des lipides sur la fonction gonadique. En particulier, le cholestérol est un facteur clef dans la régulation de la stéroïdogenèse et de la gamétogenèse. Bien que les atteintes gonadiques semblent multifactorielles, les mécanismes moléculaires restent méconnus dans la majorité des cas. Les Liver X receptors (LXRα et β) sont des récepteurs nucléaires activés par les oxystérols. Ce sont classiquement des régulateurs du métabolisme lipidique. Plusieurs études ont démontré l’importance de ces récepteurs dans la physiologie des gonades. Ce travail identifie les rôles multiples des LXRs dans le maintien de la fertilité masculine et féminine, et décrit l’effet de l’homéostasie du cholestérol sur la maturation des cellules germinales dans le testicule et l’ovaire. Ce travail se concentre sur l’analyse comparative d’une lignée de souris ré-exprimant LXRβ (Lxrαϐ-/-:AMHLxrϐ) sous contrôle de promoteur d’AMH humain (expression spécifique dans les cellules de Sertoli dans le testicule et les cellules de granulosa dans l’ovaire) sur un fond génétique de souris Lxrαϐ-/-. L’absence d’un isoforme d LXR aboutit à des défauts spécifiques dans un type cellulaire du testicule. Néanmoins, le dysfonctionnement d’un type cellulaire est compensé. En effet, de multiples défauts sont nécessaires pour aboutir à la stérilité. LXR dans les cellules de granulosa est critique pour la maturation et la survie des ovocytes, l’ovulation, et par conséquence pour la fertilité. Ainsi, LXRβ est une cible potentielle pour réguler la fertilité féminine et la prévention de syndrome d’hyperstimulation ovarienne. Nos résultats ouvrent des perspectives pour des nouvelles cibles diagnostiques et pronostiques dans la fertilité. / Sterility affects 15 % of French population and its prevalence is propagating since four or five decades. Many human physiological and epidemiological arguments support the impact of lipid homeostasis on the gonads; indeed, cholesterol is a key regulator of steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms remain hidden. Liver X receptors alpha and beta (LXRα and β) belong to the superfamily of nuclear receptors and are activated upon binding to oxysterols. LXRs are mainly implicated in cholesterol homeostasis. Increasing bulk of literature identified these non-steroid nuclear receptors as major regulators of the gonad physiology. This work uncovers previously unidentified putative roles of LXRs and ability of cholecterol excess to alter male and female germ cell maturation. Herein, we analyse a new mouse strain (Lxrαϐ-/-:AMHLxrϐ) re-expressing LXRβ under control of AMH promoter (specific to Sertoli in testis and granulosa cells in ovary) in a background of Lxrαϐ-/- mouse. Our results identify LXRs as primordial to maintain male and female fertility. They have pleotropic « non-classical » roles ranging from lipid homeostasis to the regulation of germ cell maturation and bi-directional control of steroid synthesis. If the cellular defects in the absence of LXRs within the testis are significant, they are generally compensated and consequently, single cell compartment is tolerated. Unlike the testis, LXRβ in the granulosa cells is « the regulator » of multiple mechanisms essential for follicle maturation, ovocyte survival and for controlled ovulation. LXRβ is therefore a potnetial target to regulate female fertility and to prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Our results open the perspectives for the identification of new diagnostic and/or prognostic markers in both male and female fertility.