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Devido ao aumento do consumo de sucos de uva, o controle da qualidade é uma realidade em todos os países produtores e consumidores desse produto. A forma mais comum de adulteração é através da substituição por suco de maçã. As amostras adulteradas podem ser identificadas através de análises específicas, pois o suco de maçã possui alguns compostos que a uva não apresenta ou possui pequenas quantidades, como a florizina e o sorbitol. Portanto, métodos analíticos capazes de identificar a composição de sucos de uva e determinar sua autenticidade são necessários para garantir um controle eficaz da qualidade dos sucos de uva. Por esta razão, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo validar os métodos analíticos da florizina e do sorbitol para detectar adição de suco de maçã em suco de uva. Inicialmente, foram validados os métodos para análise de florizina e sorbitol, realizados em cromatografia líquida. Após a validação dos métodos, foram realizados testes de adições de suco de maçã das cultivares Gala e Fugi em sucos de uva das cultivares Concord, Isabel e Bordô, e, foram analisados sucos de uva e maçã comerciais. Todos os sucos de uva que apresentaram concentração elevada de sorbitol também apresentaram concentração elevada de florizina. Através dos resultados deste estudo, observou-se que os métodos da florizina e do sorbitol são eficazes para detectar a adição de suco de maçã em suco de uva. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-16T13:53:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Rodrigues Spinelli.pdf: 1344721 bytes, checksum: 0bc678dfb56889bf18f2bec97cb8c74e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-16T13:53:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Rodrigues Spinelli.pdf: 1344721 bytes, checksum: 0bc678dfb56889bf18f2bec97cb8c74e (MD5) / Due to the increased consumption of grape juice, quality control is a reality in every country producers and consumers of this product. The most common form of adulteration is by substitution with apple juice. The adulterated samples can be identified by specific analyzes, as apple juice has some compounds that the grape does not have or has in small amounts, as phlorizin and sorbitol. Therefore, analytical methods capable of identifying the composition of grape juices and determine its authenticity are needed to ensure effective control of the quality of the grape juices. For this reason, the present study aimed to validate the analytical methods of phlorizin and sorbitol to detect addition of apple juice in grape juice. Initially, the methods were validated for the analysis of phlorizin and sorbitol, carried out in liquid chromatography. After validation of the methods, tests were conducted additions of apple juice cultivars Gala and Fugi in grape juices from cultivars Concord, Isabel and Bordô, and were analyzed grape and apple commercial juices. All grape juices show that high concentrations of sorbitol also showed high concentration of phlorizin. Through this study, it was observed that the methods of phlorizin and sorbitol are effective to detect the addition of apple juice grape juice.

Apesar da existência de estudos sobre a atividade antioxidante de vinhos, pouco se sabe sobre a atividade antioxidante de sucos de uva, sejam brancos e tintos, orgânicos e convencionais. Neste sentido, um dos objetivos deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antioxidante, empregando testes in vitro, in vivo (modelo da levedura S. cervesiae) e ex-vivo, de sucos de uva brancos e tintos, produzidos a pa1tir das cultivares Niágara e Bordo, respectivamente, ambas Vitis labmsca, convencionais e orgânicos. Entre outros objetivos propostos para este trabalho foram avaliadas a atividade antimutagênica e mutagênica destes sucos citados acima, utilizando o organismo eucariótico da levedura S. cerevisiae. Com base nos resultados, observou-se que os sucos são fontes ricas em substâncias antioxidantes, principalmente os polifenóis, e para tanto apresentam atividade antioxidante e antimutagenica impmtante. Sendo assim, ao consumo de suco de uva pode ser atribuída uma altemativa para minimizar o aparecimento de doenças geradas por radicais livres. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-09-22T19:31:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Caroline Dani.pdf: 15511071 bytes, checksum: d04d0b5398e75ea8872b48f378deeb3f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-22T19:31:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Caroline Dani.pdf: 15511071 bytes, checksum: d04d0b5398e75ea8872b48f378deeb3f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES.

Devido ao aumento do consumo de sucos de uva, o controle da qualidade é uma realidade em todos os países produtores e consumidores desse produto. A forma mais comum de adulteração é através da substituição por suco de maçã. As amostras adulteradas podem ser identificadas através de análises específicas, pois o suco de maçã possui alguns compostos que a uva não apresenta ou possui pequenas quantidades, como a florizina e o sorbitol. Portanto, métodos analíticos capazes de identificar a composição de sucos de uva e determinar sua autenticidade são necessários para garantir um controle eficaz da qualidade dos sucos de uva. Por esta razão, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo validar os métodos analíticos da florizina e do sorbitol para detectar adição de suco de maçã em suco de uva. Inicialmente, foram validados os métodos para análise de florizina e sorbitol, realizados em cromatografia líquida. Após a validação dos métodos, foram realizados testes de adições de suco de maçã das cultivares Gala e Fugi em sucos de uva das cultivares Concord, Isabel e Bordô, e, foram analisados sucos de uva e maçã comerciais. Todos os sucos de uva que apresentaram concentração elevada de sorbitol também apresentaram concentração elevada de florizina. Através dos resultados deste estudo, observou-se que os métodos da florizina e do sorbitol são eficazes para detectar a adição de suco de maçã em suco de uva. / Due to the increased consumption of grape juice, quality control is a reality in every country producers and consumers of this product. The most common form of adulteration is by substitution with apple juice. The adulterated samples can be identified by specific analyzes, as apple juice has some compounds that the grape does not have or has in small amounts, as phlorizin and sorbitol. Therefore, analytical methods capable of identifying the composition of grape juices and determine its authenticity are needed to ensure effective control of the quality of the grape juices. For this reason, the present study aimed to validate the analytical methods of phlorizin and sorbitol to detect addition of apple juice in grape juice. Initially, the methods were validated for the analysis of phlorizin and sorbitol, carried out in liquid chromatography. After validation of the methods, tests were conducted additions of apple juice cultivars Gala and Fugi in grape juices from cultivars Concord, Isabel and Bordô, and were analyzed grape and apple commercial juices. All grape juices show that high concentrations of sorbitol also showed high concentration of phlorizin. Through this study, it was observed that the methods of phlorizin and sorbitol are effective to detect the addition of apple juice grape juice.

Apesar da existência de estudos sobre a atividade antioxidante de vinhos, pouco se sabe sobre a atividade antioxidante de sucos de uva, sejam brancos e tintos, orgânicos e convencionais. Neste sentido, um dos objetivos deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antioxidante, empregando testes in vitro, in vivo (modelo da levedura S. cervesiae) e ex-vivo, de sucos de uva brancos e tintos, produzidos a pa1tir das cultivares Niágara e Bordo, respectivamente, ambas Vitis labmsca, convencionais e orgânicos. Entre outros objetivos propostos para este trabalho foram avaliadas a atividade antimutagênica e mutagênica destes sucos citados acima, utilizando o organismo eucariótico da levedura S. cerevisiae. Com base nos resultados, observou-se que os sucos são fontes ricas em substâncias antioxidantes, principalmente os polifenóis, e para tanto apresentam atividade antioxidante e antimutagenica impmtante. Sendo assim, ao consumo de suco de uva pode ser atribuída uma altemativa para minimizar o aparecimento de doenças geradas por radicais livres. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES.

Thesis (MScEng) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The grape juice concentrate (GJC) plant of the KWV at Robertson spent significant amounts of money on the decolourisation of grape juice concentrate. A chemically activated powdered activated carbon (PAC) purchased from Norit, namely CA1, was used as decolourisation product. Apart from the expenses involved, it contributed largely to the solid waste produced at this plant. A way was sought to minimise or prevent GJC discolourisation (and possibly solid waste) without increasing operating expenses. Browning reactions in GJC are as old as the product itself. Numerous researchers have studied the origins of these reactions, the reactants and products involved, as well as the reaction kinetics of these reactions. From the work of these researchers four possible browning reaction pathways were identified, namely: • enzymatic oxidative browning, • non-enzymatic oxidative browning, • non-enzymatic browning (the Maillard reaction), and • caramelisation. It was also identified that 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) are indicative of the browning potential of GJC. A method to analyse for HMF (quantitative and qualitative) was develop for the purposes of this study, namely positive electron-spray ionisation preceded by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and followed by dual mass spectrometry. This method showed good repeatability and was used to analyse all samples generated during this study. It was confirmed that the manufacturing process at this plant favours nonenzymatic browning reactions, since mild heat treatment deactivates enzymes. Further investigation indicated that the overruling browning reaction on this plant was non-enzymatic oxidative browning. It was shown that neither the presence, nor the absence of protein had any effect on the rate of formation of HMF. It was, however, confirmed that HMF formation could be attributed to high temperatures and prolonged exposure to these temperatures. Other adsorption products were evaluated against the then current PAC (CA1), namely a steam activated PAC supplied by Norit, SA4, and a polymeric adsorbent, Polyclar V (polyvinylpolypyrrolidone/PVPP). Both SA4 and PVPP indicated superior HMF adsorption capacities. Replacing CA1 with SA4 could result in operating expenses savings and possible solid waste reduction. However, PVPP were too expensive to be considered an economically viable replacement for CA1. Improved concentration technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO) membrane concentration followed by centrifugal evaporation (CE) or twostage CE should be considered as possible replacement for the existing concentration technology (multi-stage falling film evaporator). This should decrease heat treatment/exposure by more than 90% and thus reduce browning significantly. An added advantage could be the reduction of solid waste, since less (if not no) decolourisation will be required. Alternatively, juice should be stored with added sulphur dioxide (SO2), since it was shown that this juice contained much lower HMF concentrations than diluted concentrate (stored for the same time). This should reduce heat exposure by up to 50% and thus minimise browning reactions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die druiwesapkonsentraat (DSK) aanleg van die KWV in Robertson het jaarliks aansienlike bedrae geld spandeer tydens die ontkleuringsproses van DSK. ‘n Chemies geaktiveerde verpoeierde koolstof (GVK) verkrygbaar van Norit, naamlik CA1, is gebruik as ontkleuringsproduk. Buiten die kostes verbonde aan hierdie produk het dit ook grootliks bygedra tot soliede afval by hierdie aanleg. Oplossings is gesoek om die verbruining/ontkleuring van DSK (en dalk ook soliede afval) te verminder (of selfs te voorkom) sonder om bedryfskostes te verhoog. Verbruiningsreaksies in DSK bestaan al so lank soos DSK self. Verskeie navorsers het die oorsake, reaktante, produkte en reaksiekinetika van hierdie reaksies oor die jare heen bestudeer. Uit die werk van sommige van hierdie navorsers kon vier moontlike verbruiningsreaksieroetes geïdentifiseer word, naamlik: • ensiematiese oksidatiewe verbruining, • nie-ensiematiese oksidatiewe verbruining, • nie-ensiematiese verbruining (die Maillard-reaksie), en • karamelisering. Daar was verder geïdentifiseer dat 5-hidroksiemetielfurfuraal (HMF) aanduidend is van die verbruiningspotensiaal van DSK. ‘n Analitiese metode (kwalitatief en kwantitatief) om vir HMF te analiseer is vir die doel van hierdie studie ontwikkel, naamlik positiewe elektronsproei ionisasie, voorafgegaan deur hoëdruk vloeistof chromatografie en gevolg deur dubbele massa spektrometrie. Hierdie analitiese metode het goeie herhaalbaarheid getoon en was deurgaans gebruik om monsters te analiseer gedurende hierdie studie. Dit was bevestig dat die vervaardigingsproses by hierdie aanleg nieensiematiese verbruiningsreaksies begunstig, aangesien geredelike hittebehandeling ensieme deaktiveer. Verdere navorsing het getoon dat die oorheersende verbruiningsreaksies by hierdie aanleg nie-ensiematiese oksidatief van aard is. Resultate het getoon dat proteinstabiliteit geen invloed op die vormingstempo van HMF het nie. Dit was egter bevestig dat vorming van HMF direk verband hou met hoë temperature en lang blootstellingsperiodes aan hierdie temperature. Ander adsorpsieprodukte was vergelyk met die huidige GVK (CA1), naamlik ‘n stoom geaktiveerde verpoeierde koolstof (Norit se SA4) en ‘n polimeriese adsorbant, Polyclar V (polivinielpolipirrolidoon/PVPP). Beide SA4 en PVPP het CA1 oortref wat betref HMF adsorpsie. Moontlike bedryfskostebesparings (en soliede afval verminderings) potensiaal bestaan indien CA1 vervang word met SA4. Die teenoorgestelde is egter waar vir PVPP wat bedryfskoste aangaan. Instede van die huidige verdampinstegnologie, naamlik vallendefilmverdamping, hoort verbeterde konsentrasietegnologieë soos tru-osmose membraankonsentrasie gevolg deur sentrifugale verdamping, of, alternatiewelik, twee-stadium sentrifugale verdamping, orrweeg te word. Op hierdie wyse behoort hittebehandeling (en dus verbruining) met sowat 90% verminder te word. ‘n Moonlike addisionele voordeel is die vermindering van soliede afval aangesien minder ontkleuring nodig sal wees. Indien die verbeterde tegnologieë te duur is moet daar gekyk word daarna om die ongekonsentreerde sap met addisionele swaweldioksied (SO2) te stoor, aangesien veel laer HMF konsentrasies in sulke sap waargeneem is as in verdunde direkte konsentraat wat vir dieselfde typerk gestoor is. Hittebehandeling sal op hierdie wyse met tot 50% verminder word (en dus verbruining ook).

Na produção de suco de uva, a adição de preparados enzimáticos durante a maceração, antes da prensagem, é um pré-requisito para a obtenção de rendimentos satisfatórios de suco, além de melhorar a qualidade organoléptica, promovendo uma maior extração de cor e compostos bioativos. Uma segunda aplicação enzimática pode ser realizada após o processo de prensagem no suco ainda turvo, buscando reduzir essa turbidez, o que facilitará os processos de clarificação e filtração posteriores, aumentando a produtividade dessas etapas. Porém, existe um grande número de enzimas comerciais disponíveis para a aplicação na indústria de sucos, sendo assim, é importante avaliar o potencial de cada preparado enzimático para uma utilização correta. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da composição dos diferentes preparados enzimáticos na extração, qualidade e compostos bioativos do suco de uva elaborado com a variedade Concord. Primeiramente, o efeito de oito diferentes preparados enzimáticos foi avaliado para extração e qualidade do suco de uva. Subsequentemente, os dois preparados enzimáticos que se destacaram (Pectinex® Ultra Clear e Lallzyme® Beta), foram utilizados de forma sinérgica em um planejamento experimental, buscando encontrar a condição ótima de tempo, temperatura, concentração de enzima e proporção de Pectinex® Ultra Clear/Lallzyme® Beta, que pudesse maximizar a extração do suco de uva. E, por fim, foram obtidos agregados enzimáticos entrecruzados (CLEAs), como forma de imobilização das diferentes enzimas encontradas nos preparados enzimáticos para a clarificação do suco de uva. Os experimentos foram realizados no Laboratório de Biocatálise e Tecnologia Enzimática do ICTA/UFRGS. As uvas utilizadas nos experimentos foram da variedade Concord fornecida pela empresa Vitivinícola Jolimont, de Canela, RS. As preparações enzimáticas utilizadas foram caracterizadas em relação a cinco atividades enzimáticas, sendo elas, pectinase total (PE), poligalacturonase (PG), pectina liase (PL), pectina metil esterase (PME) e celulase (CE). Desta mesma forma, os combi-CLEAs foram caracterizados em relação as suas atividades enzimáticas, além disso, sua estabilidade, reutilização e pH e temperatura ótima foram avaliados. Os compostos bioativos foram identificados e quantificados por HPLC-DAD-MS (cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência - detector de arranjo de diodos - espectro de massa) e a atividade antioxidante foi avaliada através dos métodos de ABTS e de capacidade redutora. Rendimentos superiores de suco foram obtidos com os preparados que apresentaram altas concentrações de PG e PME ou PL. Quando, o preparado Pectinex® Ultra Clear (PUC) foi utilizado, observou-se um aumento de 8,7% na quantidade de suco extraído em comparação com o controle. Já os maiores valores de compostos bioativos foram encontrados com os preparados que apresentaram em sua composição uma maior atividade CE (Lallzyme® Beta, LB). Entretanto, quando PUC e LB foram adicionados em conjunto, maiores valores de rendimento e compostos bioativos foram encontrados. Já os combi-CLEAs, se mostraram como uma ótima forma de enzima imobilizada para a clarificação do suco de uva. Dentre os combi-CLEAs produzidos, destacaram-se o combi-CLEA-BSA devido à melhor atividade enzimática e maior estabilidade térmica (3 vezes mais que a enzima solúvel), podendo ser reutilizados por 6 ciclos com conversão total do substrato em produto. Além disso, o combi-CLEA-BSA melhorou a clarificação do suco, obtendo uma redução da turbidez de 56.7 % em 1 h. Por fim, pode-se afirmar que o trabalho atingiu melhorias produtivas e qualitativas ao suco de uva através da tecnologia enzimática. / In grape juice production, the addition of enzyme preparations during the maceration prior to pressing is a prerequisite for obtaining satisfactory juice yield, besides it improves the organoleptic quality, improving color and bioactive compounds extraction. A second enzyme application may be performed after the pressing process in cloudy juice, in order to reduce this turbidity, facilitating clarification and filtration processes. However, there are a great number of commercial enzymes available to the application on the fruit juice industry, so it is important to know the ability of each enzyme preparation for correct use. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the composition of the different enzymatic preparations in the extraction, quality and bioactive compounds of grape juice from Concord variety. Firstly, the effect of eight different enzyme preparations was evaluated for extraction and quality of grape juice. Subsequently, the best enzyme preparations (Pectinex® Ultra Clear and Lallzyme® Beta) were used in an experimental design to find the optimal time, temperature, enzyme concentration and ratio of Pectinex® Ultra Clear/Lallzyme® Beta which could maximize the extraction of grape juice. Finally, cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) were obtained as a way to immobilize the different enzymes found in the enzyme preparations for grape juice clarification. The experiments were performed at the Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Technology, ICTA/UFRGS. The grapes (Concord variety) were provided by Vitivinícola Jolimont, Canela, RS. The enzymatic preparations were characterized through of five enzymatic activities, being total pectinase (PE), polygalacturonase (PG), pectinlyase (PL), pectin methyl esterase (PME) and cellulase (CE). In the same way, the combi-CLEAs were characterized regarding their enzymatic activities, thermal, pH and operational stabilities, and optimal pH and temperature. The bioactive compounds were identified and quantified by HPLC-DAD-MS (High Performance Liquid Chromatography - Diode Array Detector – Mass Spectrum) and the antioxidant activity was performed by the method of ABTS and reducing capacity. High juice yield was obtained with the preparations that presented higher concentrations of PG, PME or PL activities. The Pectinex® Ultra Clear, when compared with the control, provided an increase of 8.7 % in the amount of juice extracted. On the other hand, the highest values of bioactive compounds were found for preparations with higher CE activity (Lallzyme® Beta). However, when PUC and LB were added together, higher values for yield and bioactive compounds were found. Already, regarding the combi-CLEAs, it appears to be a potential immobilized enzyme for clarification of grape juice. Among the combi-CLEAs obtained, combi-CLEAs-BSA presented the best enzyme activities, higher thermal stabilities (3 times more than the soluble enzyme) and it can be reused for 6 cycles with a total conversion of substrate to product. Furthermore, the combi-CLEA-BSA improved the juice clarification, obtaining 56.7 % in turbidity reduction in 1 h. Finally, it can be concluded that the work reached productive and qualitative improvements for grape juice through enzymatic technology.

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure (150-200-250 MPa) on the microbial load and quality parameters (pH, color, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural-HMF) of white (Sultaniye) and red (Alicante Bouschet) grape juices with combination of temperature (20-30-40&deg / C) and holding time (5-10-15 min) was studied. Increased pressure and temperature showed significant effect on microbial reduction in white and red grape juices (p&lt / 0.05). The effect of pressure and time on pH drop was found to be insignificant (p&gt / 0.05). HHP resulted in E&lt / 1 for white grape and E&lt / 7 for red grape juice samples. Shelf life analysis for HHP treated white grape juice (200 MPa-40&deg / C-10min) and red grape juice (250 MPa-40&deg / C-10min) revealed no microbial growth up to 90 days when stored at 25&deg / C. Although HMF formation was observed in industrially manufactured, pasteurized samples (65&deg / C for 30 min), no HMF was detected in HHP treated white and red grape juices. HHP at the suggested conditions can be recommended as a better production alternative to heat treatment for white and red grape juice with respect to microbial load and studied quality parameters even at temperatures lower than required for pasteurization.

The aim of this study was to determine the rheological properties of tahin/pekmez blends at different tahin concentrations (20-32%) and temperatures (35-65 &deg / C) by using a concentric cylinder rotational viscometer. Samples were sheared with seven different rotational speeds at an increasing order. The shear rates (0.75-63.9 s-1) were calculated by the Power-law Approximation method. Tahin/pekmez blends were found to exhibit non-Newtonian, shear thinning behavior at all temperatures and tahin concentrations. The experimental data of apparent viscosity versus shear rate were successfully described by the Power-law model. The model parameters / flow behavior index, n varied in the range of 0.7-0.85, whereas the values for the consistency coefficient, K, were in the range of 282-2547 mPa.sn. Apparent viscosity and consistency coefficient of blends increased with increasing tahin concentration and decreasing temperature. Temperature dependency of K was described by an Arrhenius-type equation. Activation energies (Ea) of the blends appeared in the range of 13376-28592 J/mol as the tahin concentration was increased from 20% to 32%. The effect of temperature on n was found to be significant but did not follow any descriptive trend. The relationship between K and tahin concentration was explained by exponential and power functions while tahin concentration had no significant effect on flow behavior index. Power function was found to be superior in explaining the variation of Ea with tahin concentration. A mathematical model was formulated to determine the combined effect of temperature, tahin concentration and shear rate on apparent viscosity.

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.