Radionuclide liquid wastes generated from nuclear facilities can affect humans and the environment, thus substantial attention for their safe management has been received worldwide. Treatment of radionuclide liquid wastes is an important step in its management. In the present work, new composite nanomaterials, graphene oxide base nanomaterial (GO) are developed for treatment purpose. Graphene oxide (GO), one of the most graphene derivatives, its unique properties, such as chemical stability, hydrophilicity, large surface area and functional groups, make them able to form strong chemical bonds with radionuclides. GO was successfully synthesized via Hummers method, characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), UV/Vis Spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and applied as an adsorbent in removal of the metallic long-lived radionuclide 68Ge from of aqueous solution The method used for evaluation of nanomaterials retention properties was sorption experiment, being based on contact of solid material with tracer solution under defined boundary conditions (solid/solution ratio, solution composition etc.). Two sorption experimental methods were used in this study. Firstly, an aqueous solution of 68Ge radionuclide solution mixed with GO solution, the solution was filtered using syringe filter membrane unit and the aliquot was quantified by gamma spectrometry. Secondly, the 68Ge radionuclide was mixed with GO solid powder, suspension rotated in a mechanical shaker, centrifuged, an aliquot of 1.0 ml sample taken for gamma spectroscopy and the supernatant was put in an oven to dry overnight for characterization analysis. The results obtained from experiments were the evaluated, using sorption percentage equation and showed that the GO had much low sorption capacity for the pre-concentration of radionuclides from aqueous solutions. The function of the pH, the ionic strength and the reduction of GO will be investigated for future studies for the improvement of the research results. / Physics / M. Sc. (Physics)

Dès sa découverte, le graphène oxydé (GO), le plus accessible des précurseurs du graphène, a été largement utilisé pour des applications en science et technologie. La motivation de ce travail est d'étudier, d'un point de vue fondamental, le couplage entre des bicouches amphiphiles auto-associées (lesquelles peuvent être vues comme une matrice anisotrope formée d'objets bidimensionnels) et un objet lui-même bidimensionnel, en l'occurrence le feuillet de graphène oxydé, quand ils sont dispersés dans un solvant commun. La compétition entre les élasticités intrinsèques des bicouches et des feuillets de GO, ainsi que les interactions directes bicouche-bicouche, bicouche-GO et GO-GO, permet d'envisager un riche polymorphisme en fonction de la composition du système. Après avoir développé une procédure destinée à contrôler, dans une gamme étendue de teneur en GO, le système binaire GO-eau, le domaine confiné des dispersions aqueuses de GO a été exploré et, par la suite, le diagramme de phases ternaire a été construit. Les systèmes obtenus ont été caractérisés par des techniques comme la microscopie optique et la diffusion du rayonnement (diffusion dynamique de la lumière et diffusion des rayons-X aux petits angles). Les propriétés élastiques et thermodynamiques ont été décrites par l'application de modèles initialement conçus pour les phases lamellaires à deux constituants et adaptés dans le cadre de cette étude. / Since the discovery of graphene oxide (GO), the most accessible of the precursors of graphene, this material has been widely studied for applications in science and technology. The motivation of this work is to study with a fundamental perspective the coupling between amphiphilic bilayers, which can be seen as an anisotropic matrix formed of two-dimensional objects, and another two-dimensional object, namely the graphene oxide sheet when they are dispersed in a common solvent. The competition between the intrinsic elasticities of the bilayers and GO sheets, as well as between direct bilayer-bilayer, bilayer-GO and GO-GO interactions allows us to envisage a rich polymorphism, depending on the composition of the system. Following the development of a dedicated procedure for controlling in an extended range of GO content the binary GO-water system, the confined domain of aqueous GO dispersions was first investigated, and the ternary phase diagram then constructed. The obtained systems have been characterised, using techniques such as optical microscopy, light and x-ray scattering. Elastic and thermodynamic properties have been described by applying, and adapting to the scope of this study, models for two-component lamellar stacks. / Desde sua descoberta, o grafeno oxidado (GO), o mais acessível dos precursores do grafeno,tem sido amplamente utilizado para aplicações na ciéncia e tecnologia. A motivação destetrabalho é de estudar, de um ponto de vista fundamental, o acoplamento entre bicamadas anfifílicas auto-organizadas (que podem ser vistas como uma matriz anisotrópica formada por objetos bidimensionais) e um objeto ele mesmo bidimensional, neste caso a folha de óxido de grafeno, quando estão dispersados em um solvente comum.A competição entre as elasticidades intrínsecas das bicamas e das folhas de GO, assimcomo as interaçãoes diretas bicamada-bicamada, bicamada-GO e GO-GO, permitem esperar um rico polimorfismo em função da composição do sistema. Seguindo o desenvolvimento de um procedimento destinado ao controle, em um intervalo extendido da quantidade de GO, o sistema binário GO-água, o domínio confinado de dispersões aquosas de GO foi explorado e, em seguida, o diagrama de fases ternário contruído.Os sistemas obtidos foram caracterizados por t_ecnicas como microscopia ótica, espalhamento dinâmico de luz e espalhamento de raios-x à baixos ângulos. As propriedadeselásticas e termodinâmicas foram descritas pela aplicação de modelos inicialmente concebidos para fases lamelares à dois constituintes e adaptados ao escopo deste estudo.

Les fibres de carbone sont actuellement utilisées dans les matériaux composites pour les secteurs de l'aérospatiale, l’aéronautique et les sports de compétition. Leur application sur les marchés de grande consommation est toutefois entravée par le coût élevé des matières premières et le procédé de carbonisation, notamment l’étape de stabilisation. Par conséquent,les matériaux précurseurs alternatifs et peu coûteux sont très demandés. La lignine, une ressource naturelle très abondante contenant de grandes quantités de carbone, est considérée comme un bon candidat. Jusqu'à présent, les fibres de lignine ont été principalement préparées par filage en voie fondue et en mélange avec des polymères thermoplastiques pour améliorer leur aptitude au filage et leurs propriétés mécaniques, mais en réduisant fortement leurs rendements de carbonisation et en augmentant leur prix. Nous proposons dans cette thèse des fibres précurseur à base de lignine obtenues par un procédé de filage en continu par coagulation. En combinaison avec de petites proportions d'alcool polyvinylique, on obtient des fibres composites hautement flexibles et infusibles, contenant jusqu'à 70-90 % de lignine industrielle. Notre développement nous permet de fabriquer des fibres de carbone avec des rendements de l’ordre de 30 % qui présentent des propriétés prometteuses. Jusqu'à présent, les fibres de carbone à base de lignine mentionnées dans la littérature n'atteignent pas les propriétés mécaniques requises pour des applications à hautes performances en raison de leur structure de carbone amorphe. Cependant, en incorporant des cristaux liquides de feuillets d'oxyde de graphène ou des nanocristaux de cellulose dans nos fibres précurseurs de lignine, nous pouvons améliorer l'orientation des plans de carbone obtenus après la carbonisation. Nos systèmes de fibres à base de lignine avec une structuration améliorée représentent donc une étape importante vers la mise en oeuvre industrielle de la lignine en tant que matériau précurseur «vert» pour les fibres de carbone à faible coût et à haute résistance. / Carbon fibres are currently used in composite materials for the aerospace, transportation and energy sectors. Their application in mass markets however is hindered by the high cost of the fibre raw materials. Therefore, alternative and inexpensive precursor materials are in high demand. Especially lignin, a widely abundant natural resource containing high quantities of carbon, is considered as an important candidate. So far, lignin fibres have mostly been prepared by melt-spinning and by blending with thermoplastic polymers to enhance their spinnability and mechanical properties, but strongly lowering their carbonization yields and raising their price. We propose lignin-based precursor fibres obtained through a continuous wet-spinning process. In combination with only small ratios of polyvinyl alcohol, highly flexible and infusible composite fibres, containing up to 70-90 % of industrial lignin, can be obtained.Our development enables us to manufacture carbon fibres in high yields which exhibit promising properties. Until now, lignin-based carbon fibres reported in literature do not reach the mechanical properties required for high-performance applications due to their amorphous carbon structure. However, by incorporation of liquid crystalline graphene oxide flakes or cellulose nanocrystals into our lignin precursor fibres, we are able to improve the orientation of the carbon planes obtained after carbonization. Our lignin-based fibre systems with enhanced structuration thus represent an important step towards the industrial implementation of lignin as “green” precursor material for low-cost and high-strength carbon fibres.

Os Hidróxidos Duplos Lamelares (HDL) constituem uma classe de materiais que apresentam estrutura lamelar, consistindo de camadas positivamente carregadas de um hidróxido duplo, intercaladas com ânions hidratados no domínio interlamelar. Estes materiais têm recebido bastante atenção nos últimos tempos, devido ao baixo custo e relativa simplicidade de preparação, a possibilidade de combinação de uma variedade de cátions e ânions, aliados às propriedades que os HDL podem apresentar como: propriedades ácidas e básicas, \"efeito memória\", elevada área superficial, etc. Os HDL também podem ser utilizados em combinação com outros materiais, como por exemplo, óxido de grafeno, formando compósitos, com a finalidade melhorar as propriedades destes materiais. Podem ainda serem utilizados para a preparação de outros compósitos e/ou réplicas de carbono, por tratamento térmico de um HDL intercalado com um monômero, por exemplo, 4-vinil benzeno sulfonato (VBS), que pode ser polimerizado \"in situ\" e posteriormente carbonizado produzindo a réplica de carbono. A utilização dos materiais descritos anteriormente como suporte para imobilização de enzimas pode proporcionar uma plataforma alternativa para construção de dispositivos biossensores. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi a preparação e caracterização de materiais como HDL, Compósitos e/ou Réplicas de Carbono derivadas de HDL ou compósitos de HDL/ óxido de grafeno, como suporte da enzima Glicose Oxidase, estudando suas propriedades eletroquímicas, visando as potenciais aplicações destes materiais como biossensores. Para isto, foram preparados e caracterizados HDL de Mg-Al e Zn-Al intercalados com o ânion carbonato, pelo método de coprecipitação a pH variável; compósitos e/ou réplicas de carbono derivadas de um HDL precursor de Mg-Al-VBS, preparados, por coprecipitação a pH constante e compósitos de Mg-Al/óxido de grafeno que também foram preparados por coprecipitação a pH constante. Estes materiais foram utilizados na imobilização da enzima Glicose Oxidase (GOx), em eletrodos modificados e foi realizado o estudo eletroquímico dos mesmos e de suas potenciais aplicações. Foi possível observar que os HDL de Mg-Al-CO3, Zn-Al-CO3, Mg-Al-VBS e o compósito Mg-Al/óxido de grafeno exibiram boa cristalinidade, estabilidade térmica, e outras características como porosidade e superfícies positivamente carregadas, viabilizando a xiii utilização dos mesmos para a imobilização e estudo eletroquímico da enzima Glicose Oxidase. O estudo eletroquímico dos eletrodos modificados com estes materiais e a enzima Glicose Oxidase mostrou que os mesmos apresentam boa resposta catalítica frente ao substrato glicose e a importância destes materiais na atividade desta enzima. Os eletrodos modificados apresentaram boa sensibilidade, estabilidade à longo prazo e reprodutibilidade do método, podendo estes serem aplicados para a preparação de biossensores. / Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) constitute a class of materials with a layered structure consisting of positively charged layers of a double hydroxide and hydrated anions intercalated in the interlayer domain. These materials have received much attention lately because they offer many advantages: they display acidic and basic properties, \"memory effect\", and high surface area; are inexpensive and easy to prepare; and can combine with a variety of cations and anions. Combination of LDH with materials like graphene oxide affords composites with improved properties as compared to the starting organic component. Heat treatment of LDH intercalated with a monomer such as 4-vinyl-benzene sulfonate (VBS), followed by \"in situ\" polymerization and carbonization, produces composites and/or carbon replica. The materials described above could be applied as support to immobilize enzymes and may provide an alternative platform for biosensor devices. In this study, we aimed to prepare and characterize LDH, composites and/or carbon replica derived from LDH, and LDH/graphene oxide composites and support glucose oxidase enzyme (GOx) on these matrixes. We investigated the electrochemical properties of the resulting materials and evaluated their potential application as biosensors. More specifically, we prepared and characterized Mg-Al and Zn-Al LDH systems intercalated with carbonate ion by the coprecipitation method; composites and/or carbon replica derived from a precursor LDH Mg-Al-VBS by coprecipitation at constant pH; and Mg-Al/graphene composites by coprecipitation at constant pH. We used these materials to immobilize GOx on modified electrodes and assessed the electrochemical activity and potential application of the immobilized enzyme as biosensor. Mg-Al-CO3, Zn-Al-CO3, Mg-Al-VBS LDH and Mg-Al/graphene oxide composite were crystalline, thermally stable, and porous and exhibited positively charged surface, which favored immobilization and electrochemical investigation of the GOx enzyme. The modified electrodes displayed good catalytic response to glucose, as substrate, and improved the activity of the enzyme as compared to GOx alone. Additionally, the modified electrodes were sensitive, stable, and reproducible, paving the way for their use in the design of biosensors.

Orientador: Antonio Riul Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-02T14:50:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ly_KallyCheinSheng_M.pdf: 2442128 bytes, checksum: 86716c6c19fa3a9db425b32c36463141 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Resumo: Materiais biomiméticos são inspirados em estruturas biológicas para a obtenção de propriedades e funcionalidades específicas. Dentre os materiais biomiméticos, os que são capazes de se regenerar (self-healing) despertaram grande interesse pelo potencial de aplicação em diversas áreas. Para ilustrar, alguns materiais autorregeneráveis poliméricos apresentam regeneração múltipla, necessitando apenas de água para que a regeneração ocorra em alguns minutos, aumentando consideravelmente a proteção mecânica da superfície contra desgastes, danos mecânicos entre outros. Entretanto, múltiplas imersões em água ou em meios aquosos pode degradar o material e neste contexto este projeto visa incorporar a hidrofobicidade a um sistema regenerável. Desta forma, o material regenerável hidrofóbico, durante sua regeneração imersa em água, poderá diminuir a interação da superfície não danificada com a água, reduzindo corrosões e degradações devido a meios aquosos. Estudamos a nanoestruturação de materiais através da técnica de automontagem por adsorção física (LbL, do inglês Layer-by-Layer) utilizando os polieletrólitos poli(etileno imina) (PEI) e poli(ácido acrílico) (PAA), a fim de produzir revestimentos capazes de se regenerar a danos mecânicos micrométricos. Adicionalmente, foram incorporados a estes dois materiais nanofolhas de óxido de grafeno reduzido (rGO) funcionalizados com poli(cloridrato de alilamina) (GPAH) e poli(estireno-sulfonato de sódio) (GPSS), com o intuito de verificarmos um aumento de resistência a abrasão do material e alterações nas propriedades elétricas na nanoestrutura formada para aumentar o potencial de aplicação em eletrônica flexível. A arquitetura molecular (GPAH-PEI/GPSS-PAA)60 foi caracterizada com espectroscopia Raman, medidas de ângulo de contato, microscopia de força atômica, medidas elétricas e nanoindentação. Foi observada boa regeneração do material após 15 minutos de imersão em água a temperatura ambiente em um dano mecânico da ordem de 10 micrômetros. Também observamos boa hidrofobicidade do filme LbL (GPAH-PEI/GPSS-PAA)60 ( teta = 136º), e medidas de microscopia de força atômica e perfilometria indicaram, respectivamente, rugosidade superficial de 55 nm em uma área de (2 ?m x 2 ?m) e espessura de filme de 30 ?m. A análise Raman apontou para uma forte interação das nanofolhas de rGO com os polímeros, corroborando o tem caráter elétrico isolante do filme (GPAH-PEI/GPSS-PAA)60, que apresentou função trabalho ~ 5,2 eV e condutividade elétrica da ordem de 10-7 S/cm, que acreditamos resultar das fortes interações das nanofolhas com os polímeros. Por fim, medidas de nanoindentação indicaram que a incorporação de nanofolhas de GPSS e GPAH aumentou em 10 vezes a dureza do nanocompósito formado, sem comprometer a regeneração / Abstract: Biomimetic materials are inspired in biological structures to obtain specific properties and functionalities and among them, those capable of self-healing brought great interest due to high potential of application in different areas. To illustrate, some polymeric self-healing materials present multiple regeneration in the presence of water, with the regeneration occurring within a few minutes, increasing considerably the mechanical protection of a surface against wear and mechanical damage among others. Nevertheless, multiple immersions in water or in aqueous media can degrade the material and in this context this project aims the incorporation of hydrophobicity to a self-healing system. In this way, the self-healing, hydrophobic material during its immersion in water may decrease the interaction of the damaged surface with water, reducing corrosion and degradation due to aqueous media. We study the nanostructuration f materials through the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique using poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) in order to produce self-healing coatings from micrometric mechanical damages. In addition, we also incorporate to these materials reduced graphene oxide (rGO) functionalized with poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (GPAH) and poly(styrene-sodium sulfonate) (GPSS), with the purpose of verifying an increase in the mechanical abrasion resistance of the material and changes in the electrical properties of the nanostructures formed to increase the potential application in flexible electronics. The molecular architecture (GPAH-PEI/GPSS-PAA)60 was characterized by Raman spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy, electrical measurements and nanoindentation. It was observed good self-healing capacity after 15 min f immersion in water at room temperature in a mechanical scratch of the order of 10 micrometers. It was also observed good hydrophobicity in the (GPAH-PEI/GPSS-PAA)60 LbL film ( teta = 136º) and atomic force microscopy and perfilometer indicate, respectively, surface roughness of 55 nm in a (2 ?m x 2 ?m) area and film thickness of 30 ?m. Raman analysis pointed out to a strong physical interaction between the rGO nanoplatelets with the polymeric materials, corroborating the strong insulating nature of (GPAH-PEI/GPSS-PAA)60 film that displayed a work function of 5.2 eV and electrical conductivity of 10-7 S/cm, which we believe results from the strong interactions of the nanosheets with the polymers. Finally, nanoindentation measurements indicated that the incorporation of GPAH and GPSS nanoplatelets increased hardness by 10 times, without compromising the regeneration / Mestrado / Física / Mestra em Física / 1543078/2015 / CAPES

Orientador: Miguel Ángel Ramírez Gil / Resumo: O óxido de grafeno reduzido (OGR) é um nanomaterial que possui propriedades como elevada área superficial e resistência mecânica, e é altamente dispersível em água. A literatura é muito escassa sobre a aplicação deste nanomaterial em materiais da construção civil, como argamassas cimentícias. Este trabalho abordou a influência do OGR nas propriedades mecânicas, físicas e microestruturais em argamassas cimentícias com dosagens já testadas para o óxido de grafeno (OG) 0,03%, 0,05%, 0,07% e 0,09% (em relação ao peso de cimento), em idades de 7, 28 e 91 dias. Com adição de 0,05% de OGR, a resistência à compressão teve aumentos 12,0%, 9,6%, e 7,8%, respectivamente, em todas as idades de cura, em relação a amostra sem adição de OGR. Em relação a resistência à compressão diametral e absorção de água por capilaridade, não houve melhoras aos 7 e 28 dias de cura, somente aos 91 dias, nas amostras com as maiores dosagens de OGR de 0,07% e 0,09%, apresentando um aumento de 16% da resistência à tração por compressão diametral. Na absorção de água por capilaridade aos 91 dias de cura, houve uma redução de 18,2% e 27,3%, com adição de 0,07 e 0,09%, respectivamente. As microestruturas mais favoráveis para bons resultados foram as que os cristais de hidratação se assemelham a bastonetes, lâminas, flocos e cristais lamelares que se sobrepõem tornando-se compactos e/ou densos. / Abstract: Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is a nanomaterial that has properties such as high surface area and strength, it can be highly dispersible in water. The literature is very scarce on the application of this nanomaterial in civil construction materials, such as cement mortar. This work deals with the influence of RGO on the mechanical, physical and microstructural properties of cement mortar with already tested dosages for 0.03%, 0.05%, 0.07% and 0.09% graphene oxide (GO) (in relation to the weight of cement), with ages 7, 28 and 91 days. With addition of 0.05% RGO, the resistance of compression had increases of 12.0%, 9.6%, and 7.8%, respectively, in all curing ages, in relation to the sample without addition of RGO. The resistance by diametrical compression and water absorption by capillarity did not improve at 7 and 28 days of cure, only at 91 days of cure, in samples with higher RGO values of 0.07% and 0.09%, there was an average increase of 16.0% in the resistance by diametrical compression. / Mestre

Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse ont porté sur la réalisation de polymères conducteurs de type polyaniline et de leurs composites associés à du graphène en vue d’une utilisation en tant que matériaux d’électrodes dans des dispositifs de stockage d’énergie de type supercondensateurs. Les travaux se sont tout d’abord orientés sur la synthèse de nouveaux liquides ioniques protiques (LIP) associant des cations pyrrolidinium (Pyrr+) et imidazolium (Imi+) avec des anions p-toluène sulfonate (PTS-), hydrogénosulfate (HSO4-) ou (+)-camphre-10-sulfonate (Cs-), et de l’étude de leur propriétés physico-chimiques (conductivité, viscosité) dans des mélanges binaires LIP/eau. Après avoir déterminé les formulations permettant d’atteindre les propriétés de transport optimales, les capacitances spécifiques de la Pani/HCl dans ces milieux LIP ont été déterminées et nous avons montré que les performances de dispositifs symétriques sont améliorées en capacitance, énergie et en puissance (400 F/g, 7 Wh.kg-1 et 4 kW.kg-1 pour les valeurs les plus élevées) par rapport à un milieu H2SO4 1M. Ces milieux LIP ont également été utilisés comme milieu de synthèse de la Pani. Nous avons ainsi montré que la nature des LIP, qui sont des milieux nanostructurants, pouvait modifier les propriétés électroniques, morphologiques et thermiques des Pani. Un optimum de conductivité électronique de la Pani (22 S/cm) a été atteint avec une synthèse réalisée dans le mélange binaire [Imi][HSO4]/eau 70/30 (pourcentage massique) générant une morphologie fibrillaire et une bonne cyclabilité (93% de rétention de capacitance sur 1000 cycles dans H2SO4 1M. Des valeurs de près de 400 F/g ont été obtenues dans le mélange [Pyrr][HSO4]/eau 41/59 optimisé. Dans le cas de la synthèse de la Pani réalisée dans [Pyrr][PTS]/eau, un gain en stabilité thermique (360°C) est obtenu grâce au dopage par l’anion PTS-. Finalement, une étude exploratoire sur la préparation de composites Pani/graphène et Pani/oxyde de graphène a été réalisée. Les synthèses des nanocomposites ont été effectuées dans les mélanges LIP/eau. L’optimisation de la composition du composite a été étudiée et indique que des rapports massiques de graphène ou oxyde de graphène d’environ 15% permettent d’atteindre des performances de stockage prometteuses et exaltées par rapport à celles obtenues pour des Pani sans graphène. / The work carried out during this PhD thesis is based on the preparation of conducting polymers such as polyaniline (Pani) and their composites associated with graphene for use as electrode materials for supercapacitors application. This work was first dedicated to the synthesis of new protic ionic liquids (PILs) combining pyrrolidinium (Pyrr+) or imidazolium (Imi+) cations with p-toluene sulfonate (PTS-), hydrogen sulfate (HSO4-) or (+)-camphor-10-sulfonate (Cs-) anion, and the study of their physico-chemicals properties (conductivity, viscosity) in binary mixtures PILs/water. After determining the formulations needed to achieve the optimum of transport properties, the specific capacitance of Pani/HCl in these PILs medium was determined, and we have shown that the performance of symmetrical devices are improved in capacitance, specific energy and specific power (400F/g, 7Wh/kg and 4kW/kg for the higher values) in comparison to those obtained in a H2SO4 1M medium. These PILs mediums were also used as a synthesis medium of Pani. We have shown that the nature of PILs, acting as soft template, could change the electronic, morphological and thermal properties of Pani. An optimum of electronic conductivity of Pani (22 S/cm) was obtained with a synthesis realized in the binary mixture [Imi][HSO4]/water 70/30 generating a fibrillar morphology and a good cyclability (93% capacitance retention over 1000 cycles in H2SO4 1M at 2 A/g). For Pani synthesis in [Pyrr][PTS]/water, a thermal stability gain (360 °C) is obtained thanks to a PTS- doped Pani. Finally, a preliminary study on the preparation of composite Pani/graphene and Pani/graphene oxide was performed. The syntheses of nanocomposites were realized in PILs/water mixtures. The optimization of the composition of the Pani nanocomposites was studied and it was found that a mass ratio of about 15% in weight of graphene or graphene oxide enables to obtain promising nanomaterials with higher electrochemical performances compared with pristine Pani.

Ces dernières années, les énormes progrès réalisés en nanotechnologie ainsi qu’en science des matériaux ont conduit à la préparation de nombreuses nouvelles nanoparticules sans réellement connaître l’ensemble des propriétés associées à leurs dimensions. La première partie de notre travail vise à évaluer les risques et les problèmes associés aux nanomatériaux, en termes de toxicité, en utilisant des nanoparticules de ZnO. Nous avons tout d’abord étudié la capacité de ces nanoparticules à générer des espèces réactives d’oxygènes (EROs) sous irradiation UV en utilisant trois types des quantum dots (QDs) comme modèles, ZnO, ZnO dopé avec des ions Cu2+ et ZnO avec des ions Cu2+ adsorbés à sa surface. Les trois types des QDs ont montré une forte capacité à générer des EROs mais ceux modifiés par les ions Cu2+ en périphérie sont les plus producteurs. Ces QDs inhibent également le plus fortement la croissance de la bactérie E. coli. La toxicité n’est cependant pas dépendante des EROs photo-produits ni du zinc (+2) libéré par les QDs et montre qu’un mécanisme plus complexe doit être considéré. Dans une second partie, nous avons tenté d’améliorer l’activité photocatalytique de nanobâtonnets de ZnO en les associant à de l’oxyde de graphène réduit (rGO). Des nanocomposites ZnO/rGO ont été préparés par voie solvothermale et utilisés pour la phototodégradation du colorant Orange II comme modèle de polluant. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le photocatalyseur ZnO/rGO est très efficace sous irradiation solaire ou visible et qu’il est peu sensible à des variations de pH ou à la présence de perturbateurs dans le milieu. Finalement, le photocatalyseur est très stable et peut être réutilisé plus de dix fois sans perte notable d’activité. / In recent years, tremendous advances in nanotechnology and materials science have led to the synthesis of many new nanoparticles without really knowing all the properties associated with their dimensions. The first part of our work aims to evaluate the risks and problems associated with nanomaterials, in terms of toxicity, using ZnO nanoparticles. We first studied the ability of these nanoparticles to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) under UV irradiation using three ZnO-based quantum dots (QDs) as models, ZnO, ZnO doped with Cu2+ ions and ZnO with chimisorbed Cu2+ ions at their periphery. The three QDs have a strong capacity of generating ROS but those modified with Cu2+ at their surface were found the be the highest producers. These dots were also found to inhibit more markedly the growth of the E. coli bacteria. The toxicity does neither depend on the amount of photo-generated ROS nor on the amount of Zn(+2) leaked by the QDs, thus indicating that a more complex mechanism should be considered. In a second part, we tried to improve the photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO nanorods by associating these nanomaterials with reduced graphene oxide (rGO). ZnO/rGO composites were prepared by a solvothermal method and applied for the photodegradation of Orange II used as model pollutant. Results obtained demonstrate that the ZnO/rGO photocatalyst is highly efficient under solar and under visible light irradiation and weakly sensitive to pH changes and to the presence of perturbators in the reaction medium. Finally, the photocatalyst is stable and can be reused up to ten times without significant loss of catalytic activity.

Submitted by Maria Aparecida (cidazen@gmail.com) on 2017-04-12T15:30:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Santos Farias.pdf: 1234303 bytes, checksum: 420e49b91acb05fb1346e95075411509 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T15:30:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Santos Farias.pdf: 1234303 bytes, checksum: 420e49b91acb05fb1346e95075411509 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-06 / CAPES, FAPEMA,CNPQ / This paper describes the development of a simple and new sensor electrochemical determination of flutamide in voltamétrica formulations pharmaceutical and artificial urine specimens using a carbon electrode vitreous (ECV) modified with oxidized carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide (NCO-OG), which was named ECV/NCO-OG. Electronic microscopy techniques scanning (SEM) and Raman Spectroscopy were used for the characterization of carbon based materials. The electrochemical response of the analyte front of the ECV/NCO-OG was investigated by cyclic voltammetry techniques (VC) and square wave voltammetry (VOQ). The sensor exhibited a high activity eletrocatalítica for the reduction of flutamide in 0.05 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The parameters experimental influence the response of the electrode was investigated and the optimum conditions were found for the electrode modified with NCO-OG, in Britton-Robinson buffer solution-BR on concentration of 0.1 mol L-1 (pH 5). The proposed sensor presented a wide range of linear response of concentration for the flutamide of 0.1 to 1000 µmol L-1 (or µ g L-1 27.6 to 0.27 g L-1) for n = 15 (R2 = 0.997), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and sensitivity of 0.03 µmol L-1, 0.1 µmol L-1, and 0.30 µmol µA -1 L, respectively. The ECV/NCO-OG was successfully applied to the determination of flutamide in pharmaceutical formulations used in the treatment of prostate cancer and artificial urine samples. The results obtained with the proposed sensor were compared with the method described in the literature and showed a level of 95% confidence, demonstrating that there is no statistical difference between the method of reference and the method proposed. The addition and recovery studies show that the proposed method presents a satisfactory accuracy with average value of 101% recovery ( 1)%. for the fortified samples. / Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um simples e novo sensor eletroquímico para determinação voltamétrica de flutamida em formulações farmacêuticas e amostras de urina artificial empregando um eletrodo de carbono vítreo (ECV) modificado com nanotubos de carbono oxidado e óxido de grafeno (NCO-OG), o qual foi denominado ECV/NCO-OG. As técnicas microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e a Espectroscopia Raman foram utilizadas para a caracterização dos materiais à base de carbono. A resposta eletroquímica do analito frente ao ECV/NCO-OG foi investigada através das técnicas de voltametria cíclica (VC) e voltametria de onda quadrada (VOQ). O sensor exibiu uma alta atividade eletrocatalítica para a redução da flutamida em 0,05 V vs Ag/AgCl. Os parâmetros experimentais que influenciam a resposta do eletrodo foram investigados e as condições ótimas foram encontradas para o eletrodo modificado com NCO-OG, em solução tampão Britton-Robinson-BR na concentração de 0,1 mol L-1 (pH 5). O sensor proposto apresentou uma ampla faixa de resposta linear de concentração para a flutamida de 0,1 a 1000 µmol L-1 (ou 27,6 µg L-1 a 0,27 g L-1) para n=15 (R2=0,997), com limite de detecção (LOD), limite de quantificação (LOQ), e sensibilidade de 0,03 µmol L-1, 0,1 µmol L-1, e 0,30 µA µmol-1 L, respectivamente. O ECV/NCO-OG foi aplicado com sucesso para a determinação de flutamida em formulações farmacêuticas utilizadas no tratamento de câncer de próstata e amostras de urina artificial. Os resultados obtidos com o sensor proposto foram comparados com o método descrito na literatura e observou-se um nível de confiança de 95%, demonstrando que não há diferença estatística entre o método de referência e o método proposto. Os estudos de adição e recuperação mostram que o método proposto apresenta uma exatidão satisfatória com valor médio de recuperação de 101% ( 1) %. para as amostras fortificadas.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-02T20:34:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KayniLima.pdf: 2329691 bytes, checksum: f4483166f9b35c9a8cce0606f988ddb5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-02T20:34:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KayniLima.pdf: 2329691 bytes, checksum: f4483166f9b35c9a8cce0606f988ddb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The present work describes the development of a novel platform for the electrocatalysis of isoniazid (INH) employing a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) adsorbed on reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The modified electrode (GCE/OGr/DDQ) was covered with a Náfion® film to avoid the leaching out of the composite from electrodic surface. The materials rGO, DDQ and rGO/DDQ were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the analytical response of the sensor for the analyte was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometry techniques. The sensor showed excellent electrocatalytic activity for INH oxidation with a decrease in the overpotential about 660 mV vs Ag/AgCl and anodic peak current about 4 times higher than the observed response at an electrode unmodified. The increase of the reaction rate for INH was attributed to the efficient electron transfer between the studied specie and immobilized material on the surface of the GCE surface. The number of electrons determined in the INH oxidation process on the modified electrode was equal to 2. Under the optimized operational and experimental conditions, the sensor showed a wide linear range for INH from 0.5 to 380 µmol L-1 for n = 16 (r2 = 0.999); good sensibility and limit of detection equal to 0.42 µA µmol-1 L, and 0.15 µmol L-1, respectively. The proposed sensor was successfully applied for INH determination in drug samples used in the tuberculosis treatment and results obtained in studies of addition and recovery showed that the proposed method has good accuracy with recovery values between 98.46 and 101 % to INH. / O presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de uma nova plataforma para a eletrocatálise de isoniazida (INH) empregando um eletrodo de carbono vítreo (ECV) modificado com 2,3-dicloro-5,6-diciano-p-benzoquinona (DDQ) adsorvido em óxido de grafeno reduzido (OGr). O eletrodo modificado (ECV/OGr/DDQ) foi coberto com um filme de náfion® para evitar o lixiviamento do compósito da superfície eletródica. Os materiais OGr, DDQ e OGr/DDQ foram caracterizados por Espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e a resposta analítica do sensor para o analito foi estudada através das técnicas voltametria cíclica (CV) e amperometria. O sensor apresentou uma excelente atividade eletrocatalítica para a oxidação de INH com uma diminuição do sobrepotencial cerca de 660 mV vs Ag/AgCl e corrente de pico anódica quatro vezes maior que a resposta observada em um eletrodo não modificado. O aumento na velocidade de reação para a INH foi atribuído à eficiente transferência eletrônica entre a espécie estudada e os materiais imobilizados na superfìcie do ECV. O número de elétrons determinado no processo de oxidação de INH sobre o eletrodo modificado foi igual a 2. Sob as condições experimentais e operacionais otimizadas, o sensor apresentou uma relação linear para a INH de 0,5 à 380 µmol L-1 para n=16 (r2 = 0,999); boa sensibilidade e limite de detecção igual a 0,42 µA µmol-1 L e 0,15 µmol L-1, respectivamente. O sensor proposto foi utilizado com sucesso para a determinação INH em amostras de medicamentos utilizadas no respectivo tratamento da tuberculose e os resultados obtidos nos estudos de adição e recuperação mostraram que o método proposto apresenta boa exatidão com valores de recuperação entre 98,46 e 101% para a INH.