CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um nanocompósito polimérico de óxido de grafeno reduzido e poli(ácido 3 hidroxibenzóico) para a modificação de eletrodos de grafite, visando o desenvolvimento de um genossensor para a detecção do DNA genômico de Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris. Esta é uma bactéria associada à deterioração de sucos ácidos, como o suco de laranja, do qual o Brasil é o maior produtor mundial. Neste contexto, os biossensores aparecem como dispositivos de detecção rápidos e fáceis de manusear, com grande potencial para serem utilizados em toda a cadeia produtiva do suco. Para a construção do genossensor, óxido de grafeno foi produzido pelo método de Hummers modificado, gotejado sobre a superfície do eletrodo de grafite e reduzido eletroquimicamente. O ácido 3-hidroxibenzóico foi eletropolimerizado sobre esta superfície contendo o nanomaterial. Análises por espectroscopia no infravermelho e voltametria cíclica comprovaram a redução do óxido de grafeno. Além disso, as análises eletroquímicas evidenciaram que o nanocompósito produzido apresenta propriedades eletrônicas superiores às do filme polimérico. Sobre este nanocompósito foi imobilizado um oligonucleotídeo sonda ALIC1, específico para A. acidoterrestris, o qual foi utilizado para detecção de um oligonucleotídeo alvo complementar ALIC2 pela técnica de voltametria de pulso diferencial (VPD), tanto direta quanto indiretamente, esta última utilizando-se o intercalante da dupla fita de DNA Hoechst 33258. Um lisado celular obtido a partir de uma cultura de A. acidoterrestris também foi detectado de maneira indireta pela técnica de VPD, e uma curva de calibração foi construída. O genossensor proposto apresentou um limite de detecção de 174 ng mL-1 e limite de quantificação de 581 ng mL-1, sendo capaz de detectar o DNA genômico em uma amostra real de suco de laranja e de discernir entre amostras de A. acidoterrestris e Escherichia coli. Deste modo, este bioeletrodo apresenta-se como a primeira plataforma de detecção eletroquímica do DNA genômico de A. acidoterrestris na literatura científica. / In this work a polymeric nanocomposite of reduced graphene oxide and poly (3- hydroxybenzoic acid) was developed for the modification of graphite electrodes, aiming the development of a genossensor for the detection of the Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris genomic DNA. This bacterium is associated with the spoilage of acidic juices, such as orange juice, of which Brazil is the largest producer in the world. In this context, biosensors appear as fast and easy to handle detection devices, with great potential for use throughout the juice production chain. For the construction of the genosensor, graphene oxide was produced by the modified Hummers method, dripped onto the surface of the graphite electrode and reduced electrochemically. The 3-hydroxybenzoic acid was electropolymerized on this surface containing the nanomaterial. Analyzes by infrared spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry proved the reduction of graphene oxide. In addition, the electrochemical analysis showed that the nanocomposite produced has higher electronic properties than the polymeric film. On this nanocomposite, an oligonucleotide probe ALIC1, specific for A. acidoterrestris, was immobilized, and was used to detect a complementary target oligonucleotide ALIC2, both directly and indirectly, the latter using the Hoechst 33258 double strand DNA intercalator, by the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique. A cell lysate obtained from an A. acidoterrestris culture was also indirectly detected by DPV, and a calibration curve was constructed. The proposed genosensor presented a limit of detection of 174 ng mL-1 and limit of quantification of 581 ng mL-1, being able to detect the genomic DNA in a real sample of orange juice and to distinguish between the samples of A acidoterrestris and Escherichia coli. Thus, this bioelectrode presents as the first platform of electrochemical detection of the genomic DNA of A. acidoterrestris in the scientific literature. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Submitted by Vitor Alexandre Maraldi (vitor.maraldi@unesp.br) on 2018-09-25T18:18:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VITOR ALEXANDRE MARALDI - DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO - PPGCM.pdf: 2617548 bytes, checksum: 63b9cbae1372330aed7477cb3f68209f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-09-25T19:08:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 maraldi_va_me_ilha.pdf: 2617548 bytes, checksum: 63b9cbae1372330aed7477cb3f68209f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-25T19:08:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 maraldi_va_me_ilha.pdf: 2617548 bytes, checksum: 63b9cbae1372330aed7477cb3f68209f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Este trabalho apresenta a preparação do óxido de grafeno (OG) através do Método de Hummers Modificado e subsequente modificação química de sua superfície com nanopartículas de pentacianonitrosilferrato(III) de cobre (OGCuNP). Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados por diferentes técnicas, tais como: Espectroscopia na Região do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier, Espectroscopia Raman, Espectroscopia de Fotoelétrons Excitados por Raios-X, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão e Difração de Raios-X. O OGCuNP foi caracterizado por Voltametria Cíclica, empregando um eletrodo de pasta de grafite. O voltamograma cíclico do OGCuNP exibiu dois pares redox bem definidos com potencial médio (Eθ’) de 0,27 V e 0,77 V, para o primeiro e segundo par redox, que foram atribuídos aos processos redox Cu(I)/Cu(II) e Cu(II)Fe(II)(CN)5NO/Cu(II)Fe(III)(CN)5NO, respectivamente. O eletrodo de pasta de grafite modificado com OGCuNP apresentou resposta eletrocatalítica à três substâncias, a saber: hidrazina, isoniazida e N-acetilcisteína. Para a eletro-oxidação catalítica da hidrazina, o eletrodo de pasta de grafite modificado com OGCuNP apresentou resposta linear com concentração em um intervalo de 1,0×10-5 a 5,0×10-3 mol L-1 de hidrazina, com limite de detecção de 1,58×10-6 mol L-1. O eletrodo modificado também exibiu atividade eletrocatalítica para isoniazida, nos picos anódicos I e II, apresentando limite de detecção de 6,93×10-5 mol L-1 e de 2,16×10-5 mol L-1, em uma faixa de concentração de 6,0×10-5 a 6,0×10-3 mol L-1 e 6,0×10-4 a 7,0×10-3 mol L-1 de isoniazida, respectivamente. Para a detecção de N-acetilcisteína, o eletrodo de pasta de grafite modificado com OGCuNP apresentou atividade eletrocatalítica apenas para o pico anódico II, com limite de detecção de 2,63×10-5 mol L-1 e intervalo de concentração de 5,0×10-4 a 6,0×10-3 mol L-1 de N-acetilcisteína. Realizou-se ainda uma investigação da influência dos principais interferentes na detecção eletrocatalítica dos analitos estudados, de forma que a interferência observada não mostrou-se significativa. Desta maneira, o complexo bimetálico formado inclui-se no rol dos materiais obtidos como potenciais candidatos para a construção de sensores eletroquímicos na detecção de hidrazina, isoniazida e N-acetilcisteína. / This work presents the prepare of graphene oxide (OG) by the Modified Hummers Method, besides the chemical modification of its surface with nanoparticles of copper pentacyanonitrosylferrate(III) (OGCuNP). The materials obtained were characterized by different techniques, such as: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microcopy and X-Ray Diffraction. The OGCuNP was characterize by the Cyclic Voltammetry technique, where the graphite paste electrode was used. The cyclic voltammogram of the OGCuNP exhibited two well-defined redox pairs with medium potential (Eθ’) 0,27 V and 0,77 V, for the first em second redox process, attributed to the redox processes of Cu(I)/Cu(II) and Cu(II)Fe(II)(CN)5NO/Cu(II)Fe(III)(CN)5NO, respectively. The graphite paste electrode modified with OGCuNP presented electrocatalytic response for three substances: hidrazine, isoniazide and N-acetylcysteine. For catalytic electro-oxidation of hidrazine, the grafite paste electrode modified with OGCuNP presented linear response in the concentration between 1,0×10-5 and 5,0×10-3 mol L-1 of hidrazine, with detection limit of 1,58×10-6 mol L-1. The modified electrode too exhibited electrocatalytic activity for isoniazide for the both anodic peaks I and II, and it presented detection limit of 6,93×10-5 mol L-1 and 2,16×10-5 mol L-1 in a concentration range of 6,0×10-5 to 6,0×10-3 mol L-1 and 6,0×10-4 to 7,0×10-3 mol L-1 of isoniazide, respectively. For the detecction of N-acetylcysteine, the graphite paste electrode modified with OGCuNP presented electrocatalytic activity only for the anodic peak II, with detection limit of 2,63×10-5 mol L-1 and concentration range of 5,0×10-4 to 6,0×10-3 mol L-1 of N-acetylcysteine. It still was investigated the influence of the main interferentes in the electrocatalytic detection of the analyzed analytes, so that the noticed interferences were not significant. By this way, the bimetallic complex formed is included in the list of materials obtained as potential candidates for the construction of electrochemical sensors in the hidrazine, isoniazide and N-acetylcysteine detection.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Bottled mineral water is a widely consumed product in Brazil because it is considered a reliable source of drinking water. On the other hand, there is the great use of pesticides, which can reach and contaminate groundwater, the main source of mineral water. The present research had the objective of developing a method for the determination of residues of pesticides in bottled mineral water, using the technique of solid phase extraction with alternative adsorbent to the base of graphene oxide and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. For that, tests were performed to optimize the instrumental and extraction conditions for the analysis of 6 pesticides (alachlor, atrazine, carbaryl, carbofuran, pyrimicarb and endosulfan sulfate). The analytes were extracted with graphene oxide and a mixture of methanol and acetonitrile, presenting satisfactory recovery values (76 ± 1.6 and 100 ± 2.4%) in a concentration range of 0.5 to 2.5 μg L-1. In optimal conditions good linearity and sensitivity were obtained in a range of 1 to 1000 μg L-1 with determination coefficients above 0.99. The relative standard deviations for triplicate determinations were less than 12% and the limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.0003-0.017 μg L-1 0.001-0.05 μg L-1, respectively. The proposed method was applied in the determination of pesticides residues in bottled mineral water produced in Sergipe. / A água mineral engarrafada é um produto largamente consumido no Brasil por ser considerada fonte confiável de água potável. Em contrapartida, há o grande uso de agrotóxicos, que podem atingir e contaminar águas subterrâneas, principal fonte de água mineral. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um método para determinação de resíduos de agrotóxicos em água mineral engarrafada, utilizando a técnica de extração em fase sólida com adsorvente alternativo a base de óxido de grafeno e cromatografia líquidaespectrometria de massas. Para tanto, foram realizados testes para otimizar as condições instrumentais e de extração para análise de 6 agrotóxicos (alacloro atrazina, carbaril, carbofurano, pirimicarbe e sulfato de endosulfam). Os analitos foram extraídos com óxido de grafeno e uma mistura de metanol e acetonitrila, apresentando valores de recuperação satisfatórios (76±1,6 e 100±2,4%) em um intervalo de concentração 0,5 a 2,5 μg L-1. Sob condições ótimas foi obtida boa linearidade e sensibilidade em um intervalo de 1 a 1000 μg L-1 com coeficientes de determinação superiores a 0,99. Os desvios padrão relativos para determinações em triplicata foram inferiores a 12% e os limites de detecção e quantificação ficaram no intervalo de 0,0003–0,017 μg L-1 0,001–0,05 μg L-1, respectivamente. O método proposto foi aplicado na determinação de resíduos de agrotóxicos em água mineral engarrafada produzida em Sergipe. / São Cristóvão, SE

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-10T13:05:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 eduilybenvindovazfreire.pdf: 26345792 bytes, checksum: f56583c0c3a78800d1e94a7d0a63726f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-01-23T11:45:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 eduilybenvindovazfreire.pdf: 26345792 bytes, checksum: f56583c0c3a78800d1e94a7d0a63726f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-23T11:45:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 eduilybenvindovazfreire.pdf: 26345792 bytes, checksum: f56583c0c3a78800d1e94a7d0a63726f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-18 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Recentemente, o óxido de grafeno (GO) tornou-se um material de grande interesse físico e tecnológico e não só um material intermediário na síntese de grafeno, mas também como um produto para aplicações diretas. Na tentativa de tornar o GO mais próximo do grafeno, estruturalmente e tecnologicamente falando, o material passa por um processo de redução dos grupos funcionais oxigenados aderidos. Entretanto esse processo de redução não consegue retirar totalmente os grupos funcionais, e a esse material não completamente livre de grupos baseados no oxigênio damos o nome de óxido de grafeno reduzido (rGO). O rGO ao longo dos últimos anos se tornou alvo de pesquisas e muitas aplicações científicas e tec-nológicas como, por exemplo, em dispositivos eletrônicos orgânicos, como diodos emissores de luz (OLEDs), células solares, entre muitos outros. Para tornar este material ainda mais interessante para a área de eletrônica orgânica, propomos a dopagem das nossas moléculas de óxido de grafeno reduzido (rGOm) com átomos de boro, nitrogênio, alumínio silício, fósforo, gálio, germânio e arsênio, um de cada vez e de forma substitutiva. Nosso objetivo e´ fazer com que nosso material se torne um melhor condutor, mantendo ou melhorando sua transparência, pensando no uso deste material como eletrodos em dispositivos orgânicos. Neste trabalho, objetivamos estudar nossas moléculas de óxido de grafeno reduzido (rGOm) nos seus aspectos estruturais e eletrônicos, utilizando métodos semi-empíricos e ab initio a nível DFT, implementados nos programas GAMESS e MOPAC. Usamos como modelos de rGO estruturas contendo 42, 84 e 154 átomos, derivados da molécula de coroneno com adição de três grupos funcionais oxigenados: hidroxil, carboxil e epoxi. Começamos o trabalho fazendo uma busca conformacional da estrutura das nossas rGOm incluindo cada grupo funcional oxigenado ligado aos carbonos dos coronenos. Estudamos as rGOm juntamente com a dopagem, substituindo carbonos na estrutura pelos seguintes átomos: nitrogênio (N), boro (B), fósforo (P), silício (Si), alumínio (Al), arsênio (As), germânio (Ge) e gálio (Ga). Substituímos um átomo da folha de carbono de cada vez. Analisamos o gap de energia entre os estados eletrônicos de fronteira do material, a fim de encontrar tanto o sítio com menor energia total como o sítio com menor valor de gap. Realizamos os cálculos de energia e valor de gap das dopagens mencionadas acima em diferentes níveis de métodos, utilizamos tanto métodos semiempírico (PM3, PM6), quanto DFT (B3LYP, com base 6-31G), fizemos também comparação entre diferentes tipos de aproximação (UHF e RHF) com o objetivo de saber se essas aproximações eram compatíveis entre sícomparando energia total, gap e geometria. Por fim, um dos principais resultados foi a dopagem da rGOm com alumínio. O alumínio quando colocado em alguns sítios específicos promove a aproximação dos orbitais de fronteira, diminuindo o gap, tornando a rGOm do-pado com alumínio um material com propensão a melhor condução elétrica que a rGOm sem dopagem, o que aumenta o interesse na utilização deste material para eletrônica orgânica. / Recently, graphene oxide (GO) has become a material of great physical and technological interest and not only an intermediate material in the synthesis of graphene, but also as a product for direct applications. In an attempt to make GO closer to graphene, structurally and technologically speaking, the material undergoes a process of reduction of adhered oxygenated functional groups. Howe-ver, this reduction process does not completely remove the functional groups, and this material which is not completely free of oxygen-based groups, is called redu-ced graphene oxide (rGO). Over the past few years, RGO has become the target of research and many scientific and technological applications, such as organic electronic devices such as light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), solar cells, and many others. To make this material even more interesting to the area of organic elec-tronics, we propose the doping of our reduced graphene oxide molecules (rGO m) with boron, nitrogen, silicon aluminium, phosphorus, gallium, germanium and arsenic, one at a time and in a substitute way. Our goal is to make our material become a better conductor, maintaining or improving its transparency, thinking of using this material as electrodes in organic devices. In this work, we aim to study our reduced graphene oxide molecules (rGOm) in their structural and electronic aspects, using semi-empirical and ab initio methods at the DFT level, implemented in the GAMESS and MOPAC programs. We used as RGO models structures containing 42, 84 and 154 atoms derived from the coronon molecule with addition of three oxygenated functional groups: hidroxyl, carboxyl and epoxy. We begin the work by making a conformational search of the structure of our rGOm including each oxygenated functional group attached to the carbon atoms of the coronenes. We study the rGOm along with doping, replacing carbons in the structure with the following atoms: nitrogen (N), boron (B), phosphorus (P), silicon (Si), aluminium (Al), arsenic, germanium (Ge) and gallium (Ga). We replace one atom of the carbon sheet each time. We analyzed the energy gap between the border electronic states of the material in order to find both the site with the lowest total energy and the site with the least gap value. We performed the energy calculations and gap value of the above-mentioned dops at different levels of methods, we used both semi-empirical methods (PM3, PM6) and DFT (B3LYP, based on 6-31G), we also compared different types of approximations (UHF and RHF) in order to know if these were compatible with each other comparing total energy, gap and geometry. Finally, one of the main results was the doping of rGOm with aluminium. Aluminium when placed at some specific sites promotes the approach of border orbitals by reducing the gap, making aluminium-doped rGOm a material with a propensity for better electrical conduction than rGOm without doping, which increases the interest in using this material for organic electronics.

Différents systèmes polyoxométallates@M-colorants ont été réalisés dans cette thèse pour électrochimique dégagement d'hydrogène catalytique et génération photocourant.• Des films hybrides, basés sur des interactions électrostatiques entre une porphyrine tetracationique et des nanoparticules stabilisées par des POMs du type POM@Pt sur ITO, ont été formés par la méthode dite couche par couche et ont été utilisés pour la génération de H2 ou de photocourant. • Pour améliorer le transfert de charge entre les nanoparticules POM@M et le substrat, la réduction de l'oxyde de graphène a été réalisée pour former des systèmes hybrides rGO/POM@Pt. Le dégagement d'hydrogène a été mesuré.• Les copolymères polycationiques bis-porphyrine ont également été obtenus par électropolymérisation avec des espaceurs bis-pyridinium. Par réaction de métathèse, l’incorporation avec divers POM de type Keggin ou des nanoparticules du type POM@Ag ont ensuite été realise. Leurs performances photovoltaïques ont ensuite été étudiées.• Enfin des films hybrides PEDOT dopés avec des nanoparticules du type POM@M ont également été fabriqués. Les performances photovoltaïques ont été examinés montrant une forte amélioration sous illumination dans le domaine du visible. L’ensemble de ces matériaux hybrides ont montré des propriétés intéressantes pour des applications photovoltaïques et la conversion d'énergie. / Polyoxometalates@M NPs-dyes molecular hybrid systems were realized in this thesis for electrochemical catalytic hydrogen evolution and photocurrent generation. • First, hybrid films, based on electrostatic interactions between the tetracationic porphyrin and POMs@Pt NPs composites on ITO slides, were formed by the so called Layer-by-Layer method for HER and photocurrent generation.• To improve the charge transfer between POMs@M NPs and the substrate, reduced graphene oxide was introduced to form rGO/POMs@Pt NPs hybrid systems. Hydrogen evolution was measured after dropping this composites onto the surface of glassy carbon electrodes.• Polycationic bis-porphyrin copolymers have been also obtained by an electropolymerization leading to the formation of new bis-porphyrin copolymers with pyridinium as spacers. Incorporation with various Keggin type POMs or POMs@Ag was then achieved, their photovoltaic performances were also studied.• POMs@M NPs doped PEDOT hybrids films have been also fabricated. The photovoltaic performances has been examined showing particularly strong enhancement under visible light. In conclusion, these polyoxometalates based hybrids materials have shown interesting properties for photovoltaic application and energy conversion.

The hybrid nanostructures exhibit excellent performances in various fields such as catalysis, sensing, and energy conversion as compared to their individual ones. The thesis deals with the new methods for the synthesis of different type of hybrids with doped/pristine carbon nanostructures in the form of graphene, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as one component and metals nanostructures (Ag, Pd, Pt and Au), carbide (Fe3C), metal chalcogenides (Ni3S2 and Co9S8) and oxide (CoO) as the other components. Various synthesis techniques such as modified galvanic replacement reaction at room temperature, hydrothermal, microwave and pyrolysis have been explored for the synthesis of different hybrid nanostructures. Furthermore, various hybrid nanostructures have been explored for various catalytic activities such as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) reduction. It may be noted that the ORR and OER which are undoubtedly vital for their applications in fuel cells, metal-air batteries and water oxidation reaction. Interestingly, the catalytic activities of these hybrid nanostructures are comparable or better as compared to the commercial benchmark precious catalysts.

This diploma thesis deals with the concept of use of nanotechnology for cement composites and UHPC. In the theoretical part of this diploma thesis there are theoretical principles described for successful design of high performance concrete and characteristics of main feedstock and its production. Furthermore, there is a focus on nanoparticles, especially the ones with carbon base in the form of carbon nanotubes CNT, in addition to that, graphenes GN that are new on the market, moreover, graphene oxide GO and its application in cement composites to mechanical characteristics and its durability. The first part of the practical part devotes in trying to find out an optimal parameter for ultrasonic mix with a suitable surface active substance of three graphenes. The other two parts of the practical part are about influence of graphenes on mechanical characteristics, cement paste microstructure, and application in the mix of concrete C 35/45 and UHPC

Nanomaterials such as graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes, have demonstrated excellent properties for membrane desalination, including decrease of maintenance, increase of flux rate, simple solution casting, and impressive chemical inertness. Here, two projects are studied to investigate nanocarbon based membrane desalination. The first project is to prepare hybrid membranes with amyloid fibrils intercalated with graphene oxide sheets. The addition of protein amyloid fibrils expands the interlayer spacing between graphene oxide nanosheets and introduces additional functional groups in the diffusion pathways, resulting in increase of flux rate and rejection rate for the organic dyes. Amyloid fibrils also provide structural assistance to the hybrid membrane, which supresses cracking and instability of graphene oxide sheets. The second project is to fabricate polymer nanocomposite membranes with carbon nanotubes encapsulated by polymerized surfactants. The designed polymerizable surfactant forms lyotropic liquid crystalline mesophases in an aqueous medium with hexagonal packing of cylindrical micelles. The adsorption of surfactants on the surface of carbon nanotubes allows a stable dispersion of carbon nanotubes encapsulated in the cylindrical micelles, resulting in the ordered structure. After photo-polymerization, the composite membranes display enhanced dye rejection. Both projects have shown promising ways to improve membrane filtration by using nanomaterials.

Here we propose, for the first time, a new and green ethanol-thermal reaction method to synthesize highquality and pure thiophene–sulfur doped reduced graphene oxide (rGO), which establishes an excellent platform for studying sulfur (S) doping effects on the physical/chemical properties of this material. We have quantitatively demonstrated that the conductivity enhancement of thiophene–S doped rGO is not only caused by the more effective reduction induced by S doping, but also by the doped S atoms, themselves. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the S doping is more effective in enhancing conductivity of rGO than nitrogen (N) doping due to its stronger electron donor ability. Finally, the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSCC) employing the S-doped rGO/TiO₂ photoanode exhibits much better performance than undoped rGO/TiO₂, N-doped rGO/TiO₂ and TiO₂ photoanodes. It therefore seems promising for thiophene–S doped rGO to be widely used in electronic and optoelectronic devices.

The current state of wireless sensing technologies possesses a good reliability in terms of time response and sensing on movable parts or in embedded structures. Nevertheless, these tech- nologies involve energy supply such as battery and suffer from low resolution and bulky signal conditioning system for data processing. Thus, a RFID passive wireless sensor is a good candidate to overcome these issues. The feasibility of implementing microstrip patch antennas for sensing application were successfully investigated; however, low sensitivity was always a big issue to be concerned. Sensors based on nanocomposites attracted a lot of attention because of their excellent performance in term of light weight, high sensitivity, good stability and high resistance to corrosion but it lacks the capability of high conductivity, which limit their implication into RFID applications. This work introduces a novel high sensitive passive wireless strain and temperature sensors based on nanocomposites as sensing layer. To accomplish this, intrinsically conductive polymer based on carbon nanofillers nanocomposites are deeply studied and characterized. Then it’s performance is evaluated. Among them a novel tertiary nanocomposite is introduced, which opens the gate to new nanocomposite applications and thus broad- ens the application spectrum. Understanding the transport mechanism to improve the conductivity of the nanocomposite and extracting individually different models based on physical explanation of their piezoresistivity, and behavior under temperature and humidity have been developed. Afterwards, selected nanocomposites based on their high sensitivity to either strain or temperature are chosen to be used as sensing layer for patch antenna. The fabricated patch antenna has only one fundamental frequency, by determining the shift in its resonance frequency as function of the desired property to be measured; the wireless sensor characteristics are then examined. For strain sensing, the effect of strain is tested experimentally with the help of end-loaded beam measurement setup. For temperature sensing, the sensors are loaded in a controlled temperature/humid chamber and with the help of a vector network analyzer, the sensitivity of the antennas are extracted by acquiring the shift in the resonance frequency. The fabricated wireless sensors based on patch antenna are fabricated on very low lossy material to improve their gain and radiation pattern. This approach could be expanded also to include different type of substrates such as stretchable substrates i.e. elastomer polymer, very thing substrates such as Kapton, paper-based substrates or liquid crystal polymer.