Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

This thesis explores ancient ideas regarding the constructive properties of intoxicating drinks, as presented in Greco-Roman sources from the first to third centuries AD. In doing so, it responds to Mary Douglas' Constructive Drinking (1987), which emphasised that, contrary to anthropological findings, many societies' authorities tend to focus upon, and overemphasise, the destructive aspects of alcohol consumption. This pattern is particularly prevalent in modern Western scholarship. The same trend can be detected within both Greco-Roman society and classical scholarship. Although many Greeks and Romans undoubtedly consumed quantities of wine, on a regular basis, in a manner which was widely considered 'moderate', the literary evidence from this period tends to focus most heavily upon excessive and/or destructive drinking. Similarly, much of the modern scholarship which addresses drinking in the Roman Empire focuses upon drunkenness and the destructive aspects of drinking. Yet it is clear that Greco-Roman society considered wine consumption to be significantly beneficial, in a wide variety of ways, provided that moderation was employed. The destructive consequences of drinking were almost exclusively associated with excessive and inappropriate consumption. In reaction to this bias in the sources and scholarship, this thesis undertakes a re-reading of the ancient evidence through the 'Constructive Drinking' lens. It identifies and explores the ways in which the Greeks and Romans of this period considered drinking to be important, useful, or otherwise 'constructive' to the individual and society. Where possible, this thesis attempts to identify how important and widespread such beliefs were. This thesis has two main areas of focus. First, the ways in which intoxicating drink was considered to be constructive for an individual's health and wellbeing. Second, the ways in which intoxicating drink was considered to be of social benefit to both individuals and groups. This thesis accordingly provides a fresh perspective on drinking in antiquity, and illustrates the methodological significance of the Constructive Drinking lens for future research.

Cette recherche de doctorat concerne l’étude des fragments céramiques utilisés comme supports pour l’écriture dans l'Égypte gréco-romaine, c'est-à-dire les ostraca. Les deux groupes d'ostraca, objet de cette analyse, proviennent des fouilles archéologiques modernes effectuées dans deux sites qui se trouvent dans le désert occidental égyptien : Dime es-Seba/Soknopaiou Nesos (Fayoum) et Amheida/Trimithis (Dakhla). Le deux sites sont respectivement fouillés par la Mission archéologique du Centro di Studi Papirologici dell'Universita del Salento-Lecce (2003-2012) et de l’Université de New York -ISAW (2004-2013). Les aspects liés à la matérialité des ostraca (des fragments de récipients en céramique utilisés généralement pour écrire des textes en grec et démotique) ont été complètement ignorés par le passé en faveur de l’étude du texte. La raison principale de cette négligence est liée à la qualité médiocre du matériel céramique, considéré sans valeur. Par ailleurs, les études de céramologie en Égypte ainsi que l’étude des circuits économiques dans lesquels la poterie était utilisée sont très récents. En outre, il est communément admis que les scribes ramassait les fragments de céramique au hasard dans des dépotoirs et que n’y avait pas de sélection dans le choix des supports. Notre recherche démontre que ce concept est une fausse supposition, au moins pour ce qui concerne les deux groupes d'ostraca examinés. En revanche, il est clair que les scribes faisaient un choix sélectif des tessons selon leurs besoins et que, dans certains cas, il y avait une fragmentation ultérieure des morceaux. Rien a été laissé au hasard: le contenu des textes était strictement adapté à la nature de tessons utilisés comme support. De plus, la classification de la céramique des deux sites a été un point essentiel pour mettre en rapport la culture matérielle et l’organisation de la société égyptienne qui l’a produite entre le IIIe siècle av. J.-C. et le IVe siècle apr. J.-C. / This doctoral dissertation focuses on the study of the pottery sherds that were used as writing surfaces for painted texts in Greco-Roman Egypt, called ostraka. Two groups of ostraka found in two modern excavations, Dime es-Seba/Soknopaiou Nesos (Fayyum), and Amheida/Trimithis (Dakhla Oasis) are the main subjects of the investigation. The two archaeological sites are under excavation by, respectively, the Centro di Studi Papirologici dell’Università del Salento-Lecce (2003-2012), and New York University-ISAW (2004-2013).Both settlements are located in the Western Desert of Egypt, in areas far from the Nile Valley and the main centers of power. The ostraka, which are re-used broken fragments of ceramic vessels with texts in Greek and Demotic, have been in the past seldom considered as archaeological objects because of the predominant importance of their texts. The material part of the ostraka being made from pottery vessels generally unrefined and of poor quality, have deterred most scholars from studying them accurately. Moreover, ceramological studies in Egypt and the interest towards the economy of the pottery manufacture and re-use are very recent. Finally, it is commonly believed that scribes collected the ceramic fragments to be used as ostraka randomly from open-air dumps. This research proved that this concept has to be considered as a wrong assumption, at least for the two groups of ostraka examined. On the contrary, it is very clear that the ancient scribes made a proper selection of the sherds they needed for specific purposes and that in some cases they reworked the sherds. It seems clear that nothing was left to the chance: the content of the texts and their use is strictly related to the kind of potsherds used to hold it. Additionally, the study of the ceramic types used in both settlements, analyzed as signifiers of the cultural environments for which they were produced, has shed light to the complex society of Egypt between the third century BCE and the fourth century CE.

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The thesis regards the extraordinary power of Sappho in the 1860s as resulting in a form of “Sapphic Possession” which laid hold on Swinburne, shaped his verse, produced a provocative new poetics, and which accounted for a critical reception of his work that was both hostile and enthralled. Using biographical material and Freudian psychology, I show how Swinburne became attracted to Sappho and came to rely on her as a substitute mistress and particular kind of muse, and I demonstrate the pre-eminence of the Sapphic presence in Poems and Ballads: 1, as a dominant female muse who exacts peculiar sacrifices from the poet of subjection, necrophilia, and even a form of “death” in the loss of his own personality; as a result, he is finally reduced to acting as the muse’s mouthpiece, a state akin to that of Pythia or Sibyl. Verse written under such duress instigates a new poetics where the demands and constructs of the muse produce a sublime composed of aberrance, fracture and the darkness of myth. To explicate this argument I read Poems and Ballads: 1 through carnival, a form of Bacchanal or Sapphic Komos which has the effect of blurring the boundaries between life and lyric, and which demands a joyous and reciprocal response from its readers, in which they must acknowledge their own attraction to the Sapphic sublime.

The symbolic role of Helena throughout the Byzantine period has never been considered in any detail. Many of the literary sources, particularly historiographical and hagiological texts, are not easily accessible and have not been translated. The visual sources referring to Helena, such as works of late Roman and Byzantine art, coinage, illustrated manuscripts, reliquaries, and wall paintings, have never been collected. My thesis collects and re-evaluates the textual and visual evidence from the fourth to the fifteenth century in order to explore the origins and development of Helena's cult; the emergence of a Helena-legend with symbolic and metaphorical functions; and the ways that the Byzantines reconstructed, judged, and appreciated her role. Special attention is given to the relationship between word and image, as well as the influence exerted on them by contemporary political and social developments. This thesis demonstrates that memories of Helena as an empress and as a saint were manufactured in several distinct stages over several centuries; and that her role differed in the eastern and western halves of the former Roman empire. The evidence is analysed thematically and in chronological order.

Šiuolaikinės graikų – romėnų imtynės sparčiai vystosi – didėja konkurencija tarp sportininkų, tobulėja sportininkų atrankos sistema. Sparčiai gerėja sportiniai rezultatai, keičiasi taisyklės, o tai skatina ieškoti moksliškai pagristų sportininkų rengimo metodų, priemonių ir treniruotės organizavimo formų. Darbe atlikta Lietuvos olimpinio sporto centro jaunųjų graikų – romėnų imtynininkų rengimo per metinį treniruočių ciklą (2005 – 2006 m.) analizė. Išanalizuota jaunųjų imtynininkų metinio rengimo struktūra, treniruočių krūvių apimtis, specifiškumas, fizinio, funkcinio imtynininkų pajėgumo, bei specialios ištvermės kaita per metinį treniruočių ciklą. Tyrimai parodė, kad imtynininkų metinio rengimo ciklo programos atskirų periodų turinys yra pernelyg vienodas. Mažai besikeičiantis santykinai bendram ir specialiam fiziniam rengimui skiriamas laiko kiekis bei mažai kintantis treniruočių intensyvumas. Tai patvirtina ir imtynininkų fizinio ir funkcinio pajėgumo rodiklių maža kaita metiniame treniruočių cikle. Darbo išvados leidžia daryti prielaidą, kad būtina tobulinti Lietuvos olimpinio sporto cento jaunųjų graikų-romėnų imtynininkų metinio treniruočių ciklo programą. / Contemporary Greco – Roman wrestling has been rapidly developing – competition among sportsmen has increased sportsmen’s selection system. Sporting results have been becoming better, the rules are changing fast and thus all these things stimulate the interest of searching for scientifically approved methods, means and forms of trainings of sportsmen preparation. The study comprises the analysis of the cycle of annual trainings (years 2005-2006) for young Greco – Roman wrestlers of the Lithuanian Olympic Sport Center. The structure of the annual preparation of sportsmen, volume of training, specification, change of physical, functional and special capacity during the annual cycle of training sessions have been analyzed. The research has shown the content of separate periods of the wrestlers’ annual preparation cycle to be too monotonous. Comparatively small amount of time spent for general and special physical preparation. This is confirmed by wrestlers’ minor change of physical and functional capacity in the cycle of annual training session. The conclusion of this study allow us to presume that the plan of annual training cycle for young Greco – Roman wresters at Lithuanian Olympic sport center must be improved.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:18:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OZEIAS ROCHA JUNIOR - METODISTA_FINAL.pdf: 758088 bytes, checksum: 689930e6fc5a25337f24df135f97cf87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-28 / Our research aims to determine the influence of Hellenistic meal in the customs of a Mediter-ranean Jewish community in the first century. We, then, a survey of contacts in the Jewish community in general had with the Greco-Roman both the diffusion and exchange of their values as in the spaces occupied by both cultures and their symbolic conceptions. Thus, we studied the influence of Greek meal in the writings of Luke and Acts. First, in exegetical reading of Luke 24.13-53, the disciples on the way to Emmaus, we see evidence that this narrative, especially in the scene of the table, the meal was marked by the inclusion of a foreigner. In a way, the constitution of the Lucan community points, especially regarding the meal for the formation of their identity. Then we find in the writings of Luke-Acts the conse-quences of contact. The material of Luke, both the Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles, presents narratives that focus on table therefore found that the act of Jesus was at table with unqualified persons, according to Jewish customs and the prospect of this material Lucan, shows the influence of Greek meal in the practice of Jewish followers of Jesus and that this practice was assimilated by this community in the early years of its formation. / Nossa pesquisa tem como meta verificar a influência da refeição helênica nos costumes de uma comunidade judaica do Mediterrâneo no primeiro século. Fizemos, então, um levantamento dos contatos em que a comunidade judaica, em geral, teve com a cultura greco-romana, tanto na difusão e troca de seus valores como nos espaços ocupados por ambas as culturas e suas concepções simbólicas. Em seguida, estudamos a influência da refeição grega nos escritos do Evangelho de Lucas e em Atos. Primeiramente, na leitura exegética de Lucas 24,13-53, os discípulos a caminho de Emmaús, percebemos nesta narrativa indícios de que, especialmente na cena da mesa, a refeição foi marcada pela inclusão de um estrangeiro. De certa forma, a constituição da comunidade lucana aponta, principalmente no que diz respeito a refeição, para a formação de sua identidade. Por fim, verificamos nos textos de Lucas-Atos as consequências desse contato. O material de Lucas, tanto o Evangelho quanto os Atos dos Apóstolos, apresenta narrativas que dão ênfase à mesa, portanto constatamos que o ato de Jesus estar à mesa com pessoas desqualificadas, segundo os costumes judaicos e na perspecti-va deste material lucano, mostra a influência da refeição grega na prática dos judeus seguidores de Jesus e que esta prática foi assimilada por essa comunidade nos primeiros anos de sua formação.

This thesis examines the lives of women in Classical Greece in the context of war. War is often regarded as the domain of men but actually it is a social phenomenon where everybody is involved. Scholarship has begun to be interested in issues of women and war in Classical Greece, while they are insightful and demonstrate portions of women’s experience, studies to date have not attempted to create a holistic view. In such studies, women are generally depicted as a single homogeneous group, their involvement in war is viewed as limited and exceptional, and they are only seen as the marginal victims of war. This thesis, by contrast, strongly argues for diversity in women’s experiences during war. It demonstrates the centrality of war to women’s lives in Classical Greece, as well as how women’s experience might vary according to (for example) their social and economic circumstances. By analysing both written sources and archaeological material across the Classical period, this thesis intends to produce a broader perspective. By providing the first full-length study on the subject, this thesis, thus, contributes to the disciplines of both gender studies and warfare studies. This thesis begins by investigating the way in which ancient sources outlined wartime boundaries for women. While there were no formal ‘rules of war’, ancient writers nonetheless suggest that there were certain social conventions particular to the treatment of women in Classical Greece at times of war. As chapter 1 shows, perhaps surprisingly, women were not always evacuated from their communities as is commonly thought, they were not supposed to be maltreated, nor killed in Classical Greek warfare. Chapter 2 then examines ancient authors’ positive and negative evaluations on the behaviour of women in war. By analysing the way in which different sources rationalized women’s wartime behaviour, this thesis shows that there existed boundaries for women in war. Having established women’s potential involvement in war, an exploration follows of their contributions to the war effort, both in the city and abroad. Two observations emerge from chapter 3. First, women were heavily involved in crucial wartime activities such as defending the city, distribution of food and missiles, giving military advice, among others. However, they also participated in negative and traitorous wartime behaviour such as facilitating enemy soldiers to escape a city under conflict. Second, their wartime contributions were not perceived to be ‘breaking social norms’ as is commonly maintained in much scholarly discussion. In chapter 4, the analyses of the different social and economic impacts of war on women reveals that war affected them directly through their experience of evacuations and their necessity to find employment due to wartime poverty, but war also affected women in more insidious ways, especially in their family life and relationships. Finally, chapter 5 then analyses the impact of war with special reference to women’s experiences in post-war contexts such as captivity, slavery, and rape and sexual violence. By showing the variety of experiences and how there existed selection processes with regards to women, this chapter demonstrates that not all women were going to experience the same fates after war. The result is the emergence of a rounded picture of the wartime lives of women in Classical Greece.