The aim of this field study was to analyze, by taking into consideration the small farmers' perspective, the possibilities and obstacles for an implementation of a Green Revolution in southern Niassa, Northern Mozambique. We also highlighted the following question: In what sense are the findings in Asia, presented by Djurfeldt, relevant for the situation in southern Niassa? The analytical framework used is based on the scheme developed by Nitsch and Åkesson. This scheme has been used to understand the small farmer's relationship toward the technology linked to the Green Revolution. The Green Revolution is a result of an initiative to resolve the food crisis by increasing crop yields and augmenting aggregate food supplies. By the 1970s it become known as a 'package' consisting of improved seeds, farm technology, better irrigation, and chemical fertilizers. We have chosen to use Göran Djurfeldt's, a Swedish professor at the University of Lund, concept of the Green Revolution in Asia. Through his findings, he concludes that the success of the Green Revolution in this area is not only due to the technology but also that the strategy was a state-driven, small-farmer based, and market-mediated which arose due to particular domestic and geopolitical factors. By taking this in consideration we conclude that neither the state, market nor the geopolitical context are working in favor of a Green Revolution in Mozambique, however the factors are vital if a Green Revolution will succeed in Niassa. The small farmers have to deal with many obstacles if a Green Revolution will be possible. To summarize the small farmer’s attitude toward the Green Revolution we look at the individual circumstances, the direct surrounding and the society in general. We first concluded that the small farmer does not have much knowledge about the Green Revolution. This makes it hard for her or him to have an opinion neither about it nor about the techniques related to the Green Revolution. Secondly, the small farmer have several reason to why she or he do not want to implement the Green Revolution, due to risk taking, tradition, former bad experiences with new technique etc. Thirdly, there are also numerous obstacles that hinder the small farmer to implement the Green Revolution technology. Those are the small farmer's health and time, the lack of extension workers, the international and the domestic agricultural politics, and the lack of inputs and credits etc.

In this dissertation, the socio-ecological transformations that occurred during Cuba’s Revolución Agrícola are explored, against the backdrop of the historical subalternisation of the country as a consequence of Spanish and American imperialism, and in relation to the continuing subalternisation of the country and its people through the neoliberal mass media. To contextualize such exploration, the origins of large-scale privatization of common land, and the subsequent process of urbanization in the West, are investigated, before Cuba’s similar developmental path – as a result of Spanish colonialism, U.S. imperialism, and communist influence – is detailed. Thereafter, the way in which Cuba established an alternative food paradigm, characterised by local, communal, and urban production during the country’s ‘Special Period’ in the 1990s, is discussed, with a view to illustrating how this eco-socialist model of food production, in both rural and urban areas, led to new relations between people and nature. This Cuban model is then posited as a socio-ecologically sustainable model of food production, deserving of the attention of communities around the world, who seek to gain a degree of autonomy from neoliberal agribusiness. Conversely, the efforts of mainstream neoliberal mass media to silence the immensely positive characteristics of the revolution are also investigated, and framed in terms of the historical subjugation of Cuban voices in the American mass media, and the contemporary marginalisation of the country and its people in the neoliberal mass media. Finally, the dissertation concludes by examining the alternative media response, on the part of several prominent Cubans and those sympathetic to their cause, to bring attention to the value of the socio-ecological transformations that have occurred on the island, against the backdrop of various theorisations of the importance of alternative media platforms as a radical counterforce to neoliberal mass media hegemony.

The new philanthropy is increasingly seen as a panacea and an alternative source of global development finance for rural development, especially in developing countries. The theoretical underpinning of the new philanthropy entails the idea that the private sector, led by philanthropists and civil society organisations in social policy issues can lead to more effective outcomes through partnership. The existing literature on the new philanthropy mainly focuses on its economic or commercial impact. This is particularly the case in the rural parts of Ghana; there has been very little research on the new philanthropy’s impact on the livelihoods of the poorest segments of society. Therefore, this research investigates the impact of new philanthropy on the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Northern Ghana in order to fill the gap. The study employed ethnographic research, utilising qualitative techniques involving 20 stakeholders in philanthropy and livelihood affairs and 100 smallholder farmers. The research findings suggest that there is a significant relationship between philanthropic sponsored interventions in Ghana and an increase in smallholder farmers’ yields. The few farmers who purchased improved seeds and other agricultural inputs registered significant increases. However, this study identified some bottlenecks inhibiting access to agricultural inputs by smallholder farmers. Majority of smallholder farmers revealed that they could not afford them (seeds, chemical fertilizer and other inputs) despite the subsidies. Furthermore, rainfall variability gives rise to fluctuating food production from one season to another; meanwhile, there is a lack of strategy from philanthropic practitioners to address the variability in rainfall. Through philanthropy, other methods of faming such as irrigation farming agroecology, and permaculture could be exploited to the benefits of smallholder farmers. The outcomes of this study have policy implications for philanthropic practitioners. This study shows that the failure to involve farmers directly in decisions that affect their livelihoods is a major cause of livelihood interventionist programme failures in Ghana. Thus, this study argues that understanding the socioeconomic dynamics in the Northern Region and amongst the farmers should be an important part of policy formulation for philanthropic involvements seeking to improve livelihood of smallholder farmers. Lastly, the study called for a separate policy framework for philanthropy that would have a key objective of mobilising private philanthropic resources to support steady economic growth and sustainable development, dealing directly with recipients. / Government of Ghana.

Technological change, and technology transfer as an aspect of this process, is examined by providing a comparative assessment of models of this phenomenon from economics, history, sociology, and neo-Schumpeterian-evolutionary studies. The Green Revolution, which is used as the empirical basis for testing these models, is generally referred to as the change in agricultural technology observed in some Third World countries in the 1960s and 70s as a result of the transfer of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of seeds and a new culture of agricultural practice resulting in high productivity of the land. It is found that most of the examined models of technological change do not completely account for this process. It is argued that technological change should be conceptualized as a process of knowledge change. Artifactual change, which the examined models accentuate, should be viewed as the manifestation of the knowledge change at a secondary level. With the Green Revolution as the empirical basis, arguments are presented for a comprehensive model of technological change within the framework of "technology as knowledge." / Ph. D.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:44:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 STEFANIA POLIANA DE LIMA ALVES.pdf: 775188 bytes, checksum: 113e0f2d170215c5f06fd17e12f1ab88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-14 / Through the sustainability bias, emphasizing the Green Revolution package, it is expected , the need to ensure the survival of endemic species of the Cerrado biome, which has been destroyed, mainly due to agriculture and pasture formation due to the Green Revolution. The State of Goiás houses most of the Cerrado. Being one of the richest ecosystems in Brazil, considering the use of the Green Marketing tools for the preservation of the Biome in question, as well as the awareness of society. Question is: 1 - If the Green Revolution increased the economy, emphasized the development and technologies in the agricultural environment, did not generate environmental impacts Cerrado and society? 2 - With the use of marketing tools you can help to raise awareness in society regarding the importance of conservation of the Cerrado biome? 3 - Part of the Cerrado has been explored as a consequence, loss of endemic species; still be possible to modify this process or decrease the damage caused by green marketing? The relationship between man and the environment becomes increasingly complex, it is up to society to seek knowledge and skill so that they can preserve what remains in the Cerrado biome. Can diminish the impact, first breaking paradigms with respect to preservation, so that the human being through a systemic view understands the importance and necessity of it for their own survival. But say that you can combine sustainability the Cerrado, in a capitalist country, which has its economy around agriculture and livestock, mainly in the state of Goiás. / Através do viés da sustentabilidade, com ênfase no pacote da Revolução Verde, prevê-se, a necessidade de garantir a sobrevivência de espécies endêmicas, do bioma Cerrado, o qual vem sendo destruído, principalmente em virtude da agricultura e formação de pastagem em decorrência da Revolução Verde. O Estado de Goiás abriga a maior parte do Cerrado. Sendo um dos ecossistemas mais ricos do Brasil, tendo em vista a utilização de ferramentas do Marketing Verde em prol da preservação do Bioma em questão, bem como a conscientização da sociedade. Pergunta-se: 1- Se a Revolução Verde elevou a economia, enfatizou o desenvolvimento e as tecnologias no meio agrícola, não gerou impactos ambientais ao Bioma Cerrado e a sociedade? 2 - Com a utilização das ferramentas de marketing será possível auxiliar para a conscientização da sociedade no que tange a importância da preservação do bioma Cerrado? 3 - Parte do Cerrado já foi explorado, em consequência disso, perdas de espécies endêmicas; ainda será possível modificar esse processo ou diminuir os prejuízos causados através do marketing verde? A relação entre homem e o meio ambiente torna-se cada vez mais complexa, cabe a sociedade buscar conhecimento e habilidade para que se possa preservar o que ainda nos resta do bioma Cerrado. Pode-se, diminuir os impactos, primeiramente quebrando paradigmas com relação a preservação, de forma que o ser humano através de uma visão sistêmica compreenda a importância e a necessidade do mesmo para sua própria sobrevivência. Porém afirmar que será possível aliar a sustentabilidade ao Cerrado, em um país capitalista, o qual tem sua economia em torno da agricultura e pecuária, principalmente no estado de Goiás.

This report will outline a new framework for improved yields and increased sustainability in Sub-Saharan African smallholder agriculture. Given the failures of agricultural development aid and policy in the past, cross-sector collaboration among local farmer networks, national governments, and private corporations could represent a new model to foster sustainable agricultural production and growth, as each has had past successes but have not traditionally come together to work as a collaborative unit. This paper will examine each sector to look at best practices and then develop a framework for such collaboration. After a normative case with a positive outlook as to the potential for implementing the framework to Senegal‘s groundnut sector, the paper concludes that the framework can work in a variety of settings as long as one is aware of and respects local conditions. / text

Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-11-17T16:10:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ellen Adeliane Fernandes Magni Dunck - 2016.pdf: 1621445 bytes, checksum: 4d874d3b81796d5eefc5ca63bf0ef6e1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-11-17T16:11:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ellen Adeliane Fernandes Magni Dunck - 2016.pdf: 1621445 bytes, checksum: 4d874d3b81796d5eefc5ca63bf0ef6e1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-17T16:11:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Ellen Adeliane Fernandes Magni Dunck - 2016.pdf: 1621445 bytes, checksum: 4d874d3b81796d5eefc5ca63bf0ef6e1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-29 / The incident of aerial spraying of pesticides occurred in May of 2013 on the Municipal Rural School São José do Pontal, within the rural settlement Pontal dos Buritis located 130 km from Rio Verde - Goiás, where more than 100 children and adults were Intoxicated, was the inspiration for this research. The objective is to study the Brazilian agricultural production system from 1960, coinciding with the "green revolution". Developed after World War II by large corporations, the study of the "green revolution" showed that it was more of a violent policy than a peaceful solution to eradicate hunger and increase and improve food productivity as it preached. This new rationality based on the homogeneity of the production brought about by the "green revolution", its science and its politics, made possible the development of the Agroindustrial Complexes, favoring the hegemonic power. The "green revolution" was rather a technical-scientific package that would impose the mechanization of crops and the massive use of highly toxic chemical substances - agrochemicals, generating ever more ecological and social scarcity and violence. / O incidente de pulverização aérea de agrotóxicos ocorrido em maio de 2013 sobre a Escola Municipal Rural São José do Pontal, dentro do assentamento rural Pontal dos Buritis situado a 130 km de Rio Verde – Goiás, onde mais de 100 (cem) crianças e adultos foram intoxicadas, foi a inspiração para a presente pesquisa. O objetivo é estudar o sistema produtivo agrário brasileiro a partir de 1960, período coincidente com a “revolução verde”. Desenvolvida pós segunda guerra mundial por grandes corporações, o estudo da “revolução verde” mostrou que se tratava mais de uma política violenta que de uma solução pacífica para erradicar a fome e aumentar e melhorar a produtividade de alimentos como pregava. Essa nova racionalidade pautada na homogeneidade da produção trazida pela “revolução verde”, sua ciência e sua política, possibilitaram o desenvolvimento dos Complexos Agroindustriais, favorecendo o poder hegemônico. A “revolução verde” era antes, um pacote técnico-científico que imporia a mecanização das lavouras e o uso massivo de substâncias químicas altamente tóxicas – agrotóxicos, gerando cada vez mais escassez ecológica e social e violência.

Over the past 10 years individual capitalists have become increasingly involved in philanthropy, setting up charitable foundations targeted at helping to reduce social problems such as poverty, disease and food security. This form of neoliberal capitalist philanthropy is both politically and ideologically committed to market-based social investment through partnerships, to make the market work or work better for capital. The new structures of philanthropy have received much praise in the media for imbuing capitalist business principles into the non-profit sector and for their potential for social transformation. While philanthropic activities may be considered worthy in themselves, this article examines the relationship between giving and business interest and the agency associated with neoliberal capitalist philanthropy. It questions partnerships between philanthropists and private corporations and their motivations for engaging in poverty-related philanthropy. The discussion focuses on capitalist philanthropic foundations' involvement in the process of agricultural commodification in sub-Saharan Africa through the New Green Revolution and genetically modified (gm) technologies.

Thesis (MPhil (Sustainable Development Planning and Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / The main aims of this thesis were to assess the sustainability of the original Green Revolution (GR) farming methods for small-scale farmers in developing countries, to identify alternative farming methods which may be more sustainable and to comment on the New GR for Africa, currently being promoted by the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA). A key element of the thesis was primary research done in India, in order to gather the experience of selected small-scale farmers in that country who had converted from GR to low-external input farming methods. The experience of the farmers in India was used to highlight points made in the thesis. Both primary and secondary data were used to inform the study. Firstly, a literature review was conducted in order to assess the original GR, identify alternative farming methods and gather information on the New GR for Africa. In order to assess sustainability, a framework was developed which defined sustainability at a global level and also at the level of the individual small-scale farmer. This framework was based on a discussion of sustainable development and the sustainable livelihoods approach. Key elements of GR and alternative farming methods were identified and assessed according to this framework. Secondly, primary data was gathered in India from a group of small-scale farmers who had taken part in a programme by a nongovernmental organisation called Dharamitra. The data was collected through semistructured interviews and participant observation techniques. This data was used in order to illustrate points made in the literature review. The study concluded that many elements of farming methods from the original GR are unsustainable, both globally and at the level of the small-scale farmer. The main findings were that GR farming methods caused damage to the environment and in particular made small-scale farmers reliant on external inputs. Alternative farming methods which used organic and low external input approaches were found to enhance and preserve the environment, while at the same time being more affordable for small-scale farmers. The experience of the farmers interviewed in India confirmed these findings and provided a useful illustration of concepts presented from the literature review. Lastly, the New GR for Africa was found to present elements of the original GR which are unsustainable for small-scale farmers, especially in terms of the reliance that would be created on external inputs. The study concluded with recommendations around the need to promote farming methods to small-scale farmers which promote better care of the environment and are better able to promote sustainable livelihoods, namely organic or low external input methods. Recommendations were also made regarding the need for further research into the influence of AGRA’s policies and documentation of sustainable farming practices in Africa.

L’implantation de la Révolution verte a transformé les caféières, associant polyculture et élevage, en monocultures en fonction d’agrochimiques de synthèse. Pesticides, engrais et variétés hybrides à haut rendement et résistantes aux phytomaladies sont des dispositifs technoscientifiques au service du forçage des agroécosystèmes. Nous montrons comment le binôme monoculture/agrochimiques de synthèse a plongé les caféiculteurs dans une crise de valeurs, déterminée par un verrouillage technologique qui a emporté dans une spirale de dégradation la santé publique, la biodiversité des agroécosystèmes et la stabilité politique et économique des populations. Nous soulignons aussi comment les pratiques de pilotage des écosystèmes caféiers, proposées par l’agroécologie, favorisent un agencement pluraliste des valeurs et un déblocage du système technique. Cette thèse mène ainsi une analyse axiologique du sujet pluriel de la caféiculture technicisée dans le département colombien du Quindío. / The Green Revolution has transformed the coffee culture, combining mixed farming and breeding, into single-crop farming depending on synthesized agrochemicals. Pesticides, fertilizers, and high yield hybrids varieties resistant to phyto-diseases are technoscientific devices aiming at forcing the agroecosystems. We show how the duo single-crop farming/synthesized agrochemicals has drowned the coffee producers into a value crisis determined by a technological lock down which took in a spiral of deterioration of public health, agroecosystem biodiversity, political and the economic stability of populations. We highlight as well how the steering practices of the coffee ecosystems, offered by agroecology, have favored a pluralist organization of values and unlocked the technical system. Thus, this PhD leads to an axiological analysis of the multi-agent technologized coffee culture in the Colombian department of Quindío.