Three different green technologies are compared in terms of net energy and carbon savings for a theoretical Toronto rooftop. Embodied energy values are calculated through Life Cycle Analysis and compared to the estimated energies produced and/or saved by each technology. Results show that solar photovoltaics displace the most carbon per m2 of roof space and solar thermal (for hot water) displaces the most energy. An in-depth analysis of an intensive green roof for growing food indicates that the high embodied energy of the materials is not quickly repaid by the sum of six energy savings that were examined (direct and indirect cooling, run-off treatment, transport of food, on-farm energy use, and activities that would otherwise be carried out). However, the energy and carbon benefits are not insignificant, but depend strongly on various assumptions. The methodology used is replicable and therefore useful for other locations.

Three different green technologies are compared in terms of net energy and carbon savings for a theoretical Toronto rooftop. Embodied energy values are calculated through Life Cycle Analysis and compared to the estimated energies produced and/or saved by each technology. Results show that solar photovoltaics displace the most carbon per m2 of roof space and solar thermal (for hot water) displaces the most energy. An in-depth analysis of an intensive green roof for growing food indicates that the high embodied energy of the materials is not quickly repaid by the sum of six energy savings that were examined (direct and indirect cooling, run-off treatment, transport of food, on-farm energy use, and activities that would otherwise be carried out). However, the energy and carbon benefits are not insignificant, but depend strongly on various assumptions. The methodology used is replicable and therefore useful for other locations.

Vegetated roof technologies are increasingly being adopted as treatment measures to mitigate the effects of urban stormwater. A mass balance approach was used to assess the wet weather performance of a vegetated roof on the top of city hall in Waterloo, Ontario. Vegetated and control roof sections were instrumented to measure precipitation inputs, storage and outflow for 18 storm events from June to October, 2006. Concentrations of suspended solids (SS), total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) in precipitation and roof (vegetated and control) runoff were measured. A total of 155.6 mm of rain fell during the study period. The vegetated roof retained 64.5 mm (41.5%) of the total rainfall while the control roof retained ~ 5.1 mm (3.3 %). For individual rain events, the vegetated roof retained an average of 3.5 mm (47.6 %) while the control roof retained ~ 0.3 mm (4.7 %). Water retention varied with storm size, season and was influenced by wetting history. The vegetated roof retained 80.6 % of precipitation for light storm events (≤ 3.5 mm) and 34.9 % for large storm events (> 3.5 mm). The control roof retained 7.6 % light storm events and 3.7 % for large storm events. Water quality from the vegetated roof did not show significant improvement as only Zn concentrations in runoff from the vegetated roof were significantly lower than that measured in runoff from the control roof. Concentrations of SS, Cu, Cr and Cd in vegetated roof runoff were relative to concentrations in rainfall and control roof runoff and TP and SRP concentrations were significantly higher than that in rainfall or control roof runoff. Results gained from this study may assist people in planning and stormwater management by providing insight into the monitoring, development and application of new stormwater controls.

Vegetated roof technologies are increasingly being adopted as treatment measures to mitigate the effects of urban stormwater. A mass balance approach was used to assess the wet weather performance of a vegetated roof on the top of city hall in Waterloo, Ontario. Vegetated and control roof sections were instrumented to measure precipitation inputs, storage and outflow for 18 storm events from June to October, 2006. Concentrations of suspended solids (SS), total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) in precipitation and roof (vegetated and control) runoff were measured. A total of 155.6 mm of rain fell during the study period. The vegetated roof retained 64.5 mm (41.5%) of the total rainfall while the control roof retained ~ 5.1 mm (3.3 %). For individual rain events, the vegetated roof retained an average of 3.5 mm (47.6 %) while the control roof retained ~ 0.3 mm (4.7 %). Water retention varied with storm size, season and was influenced by wetting history. The vegetated roof retained 80.6 % of precipitation for light storm events (≤ 3.5 mm) and 34.9 % for large storm events (> 3.5 mm). The control roof retained 7.6 % light storm events and 3.7 % for large storm events. Water quality from the vegetated roof did not show significant improvement as only Zn concentrations in runoff from the vegetated roof were significantly lower than that measured in runoff from the control roof. Concentrations of SS, Cu, Cr and Cd in vegetated roof runoff were relative to concentrations in rainfall and control roof runoff and TP and SRP concentrations were significantly higher than that in rainfall or control roof runoff. Results gained from this study may assist people in planning and stormwater management by providing insight into the monitoring, development and application of new stormwater controls.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Telhados verdes são uma alternativa interessante para mitigar o risco de enchentes dada a enorme área de telhados não utilizada das superfícies impermeáveis nas áreas urbanas. Graças a sua capacidade de armazenagem de água, os telhados verdes podem reduzir significativamente o pico de escoamento dos eventos de maior pluviosidade. Investigações sobre a composição de substratos baseados em materiais locais e projetos adequados para regiões climáticas tropicais são menos frequentes. Vegetação e substrato são elementos de um telhado verde que precisam ser adaptados para cada microclima e não universalizados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de diferentes composições de substratos baseados em solo local, biomassa de coco, condicionador de solo e componentes comerciais, com a finalidade de maximizar a capacidade de retenção da água de chuva e diminuir necessidades de manutenção. Um pré-ensaio de colunas avaliou a capacidade de retenção hídrica e a relação peso seco x peso úmido de 15 composições de substrato. As composições com melhores resultados constituíram os substratos S1(15% solo + 55% coco + 30%componentes comerciais), S2 (30% solo + 40% coco + 30%componentes comerciais) e S3 (60% solo + 10% coco + 30%componentes comerciais). A caracterização físico-química dos substratos, solo e fibra de coco foi realizada. Em seguida um teste de colunas avaliou a capacidade de retenção hídrica dos substratos sob duas condições de precipitação: uma leve (8,77 mm/h); e outra mais forte (42,0 mm/h). Os resultados apontaram que os substratos S2 e S3 apresentaram melhores resultados de retenção para ambas as intensidades de precipitação. Observou-se que S1, que apresentou melhor capacidade de retenção no pré-ensaio, teve desempenho inferior aos demais o que pode ser atribuído à maior concentração de fibra de coco na sua composição e o consequente surgimento de caminhos preferenciais ao longo do perfil da coluna, por onde a água escoou mais rapidamente. Em eventos de precipitação mais leve, os substratos reteram de 60 a 100% do total aplicado. Quando se aplicou uma intensidade de precipitação mais forte, a faixa de retenção ficou entre 40% e 59%. No entanto, as variáveis analisadas para avaliar a qualidade da água de escoamento dos substratos (pH, CE, P, NO3, NH4, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Co, Ni) ficaram acima dos valores comumente encontrados na literatura, indicando que as composições aqui adotadas para os substratos podem implicar em uma fonte de poluição hídrica. Os substratos para uso em telhados verdes apresentados neste estudo atenderam seu objetivo quanto à retenção hídrica, mas a qualidade da água percolada torna seu uso inviável até o momento. Verificou-se a necessidade de estudar mais profundamente a qualidade da água lixiviada por cada componente dos substratos, individualmente, a fim de identificar as fontes dos elementos que presentes em concentrações elevadas tornam-se poluentes. Pode ser considerada a remoção de algum (s) dos componentes presentes na composição para se atingir um nível satisfatório de qualidade da água de escoamento. / Green roofs are an interesting alternative to mitigate the risk of flooding given the huge area of unused roofs of impermeable surfaces in urban areas. Thanks to its ability to store water, green roofs can significantly reduce the peak flow events with higher rainfall. Investigations on the composition of substrates based on local materials and designs suitable for tropical climatic regions are less frequent. Vegetation and substrate are elements of a green roof that need to be adapted to each microclimate and not universalized. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of different substrate compositions based on local soil, coconut biomass, soil conditioner and commercial components in order to maximize retention capacity of rainwater and lower maintenance needs. A pre-test columns evaluated the water retention capacity and relative wet weight dry weight x 15 substrate compositions. The compositions were the best performing substrates S1 (15% soil + 55% + 30% coconut commercial components), S2 (30% soil + 40% + 30% coconut commercial components) and S3 (60% + 10% soil + coco 30% commercial components). The physicochemical characterization of substrates, soil and coconut fiber was performed. Then a test column evaluated the water retention capacity of the two substrates under precipitation conditions: a gentle (8.77 mm / h), and another strong (42.0 mm / h). The results showed that the substrates S2 and S3 showed better retention results for both intensities of rainfall. It was observed that S1, which showed better retention capacity in the pre-test, performance was inferior to the others which can be attributed to the higher concentration of coconut fiber composition and the consequent emergence of preferential paths along the profile of the column, through which water drained more quickly. In lighter precipitation events, the substrates while retaining 60-100% of the total applied. When applied a stronger intensity of precipitation, the band retention was between 40% and 59%. However, the variables analyzed to evaluate the quality of the water drainage of the substrates (pH, CE, P, NO3, NH4, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Co, Ni) were higher than the values generally found in the literature, indicating that the compositions here adopted for the substrates can bring in a source of water pollution. The substrates for use in green roofs presented in this study met its goal for retaining water, but the quality of percolated water makes its use impractical until now. There was the need to study further the quality of water leached for each component of the substrates individually in order to identify sources of the elements present in high concentrations become pollutants. It can be considered the removal of some (s) of the components present in the composition to achieve a satisfactory level of quality of the water flow.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Telhados verdes são uma alternativa interessante para mitigar o risco de enchentes dada a enorme área de telhados não utilizada das superfícies impermeáveis nas áreas urbanas. Graças a sua capacidade de armazenagem de água, os telhados verdes podem reduzir significativamente o pico de escoamento dos eventos de maior pluviosidade. Investigações sobre a composição de substratos baseados em materiais locais e projetos adequados para regiões climáticas tropicais são menos frequentes. Vegetação e substrato são elementos de um telhado verde que precisam ser adaptados para cada microclima e não universalizados. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de diferentes composições de substratos baseados em solo local, biomassa de coco, condicionador de solo e componentes comerciais, com a finalidade de maximizar a capacidade de retenção da água de chuva e diminuir necessidades de manutenção. Um pré-ensaio de colunas avaliou a capacidade de retenção hídrica e a relação peso seco x peso úmido de 15 composições de substrato. As composições com melhores resultados constituíram os substratos S1(15% solo + 55% coco + 30%componentes comerciais), S2 (30% solo + 40% coco + 30%componentes comerciais) e S3 (60% solo + 10% coco + 30%componentes comerciais). A caracterização físico-química dos substratos, solo e fibra de coco foi realizada. Em seguida um teste de colunas avaliou a capacidade de retenção hídrica dos substratos sob duas condições de precipitação: uma leve (8,77 mm/h); e outra mais forte (42,0 mm/h). Os resultados apontaram que os substratos S2 e S3 apresentaram melhores resultados de retenção para ambas as intensidades de precipitação. Observou-se que S1, que apresentou melhor capacidade de retenção no pré-ensaio, teve desempenho inferior aos demais o que pode ser atribuído à maior concentração de fibra de coco na sua composição e o consequente surgimento de caminhos preferenciais ao longo do perfil da coluna, por onde a água escoou mais rapidamente. Em eventos de precipitação mais leve, os substratos reteram de 60 a 100% do total aplicado. Quando se aplicou uma intensidade de precipitação mais forte, a faixa de retenção ficou entre 40% e 59%. No entanto, as variáveis analisadas para avaliar a qualidade da água de escoamento dos substratos (pH, CE, P, NO3, NH4, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Co, Ni) ficaram acima dos valores comumente encontrados na literatura, indicando que as composições aqui adotadas para os substratos podem implicar em uma fonte de poluição hídrica. Os substratos para uso em telhados verdes apresentados neste estudo atenderam seu objetivo quanto à retenção hídrica, mas a qualidade da água percolada torna seu uso inviável até o momento. Verificou-se a necessidade de estudar mais profundamente a qualidade da água lixiviada por cada componente dos substratos, individualmente, a fim de identificar as fontes dos elementos que presentes em concentrações elevadas tornam-se poluentes. Pode ser considerada a remoção de algum (s) dos componentes presentes na composição para se atingir um nível satisfatório de qualidade da água de escoamento. / Green roofs are an interesting alternative to mitigate the risk of flooding given the huge area of unused roofs of impermeable surfaces in urban areas. Thanks to its ability to store water, green roofs can significantly reduce the peak flow events with higher rainfall. Investigations on the composition of substrates based on local materials and designs suitable for tropical climatic regions are less frequent. Vegetation and substrate are elements of a green roof that need to be adapted to each microclimate and not universalized. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of different substrate compositions based on local soil, coconut biomass, soil conditioner and commercial components in order to maximize retention capacity of rainwater and lower maintenance needs. A pre-test columns evaluated the water retention capacity and relative wet weight dry weight x 15 substrate compositions. The compositions were the best performing substrates S1 (15% soil + 55% + 30% coconut commercial components), S2 (30% soil + 40% + 30% coconut commercial components) and S3 (60% + 10% soil + coco 30% commercial components). The physicochemical characterization of substrates, soil and coconut fiber was performed. Then a test column evaluated the water retention capacity of the two substrates under precipitation conditions: a gentle (8.77 mm / h), and another strong (42.0 mm / h). The results showed that the substrates S2 and S3 showed better retention results for both intensities of rainfall. It was observed that S1, which showed better retention capacity in the pre-test, performance was inferior to the others which can be attributed to the higher concentration of coconut fiber composition and the consequent emergence of preferential paths along the profile of the column, through which water drained more quickly. In lighter precipitation events, the substrates while retaining 60-100% of the total applied. When applied a stronger intensity of precipitation, the band retention was between 40% and 59%. However, the variables analyzed to evaluate the quality of the water drainage of the substrates (pH, CE, P, NO3, NH4, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Co, Ni) were higher than the values generally found in the literature, indicating that the compositions here adopted for the substrates can bring in a source of water pollution. The substrates for use in green roofs presented in this study met its goal for retaining water, but the quality of percolated water makes its use impractical until now. There was the need to study further the quality of water leached for each component of the substrates individually in order to identify sources of the elements present in high concentrations become pollutants. It can be considered the removal of some (s) of the components present in the composition to achieve a satisfactory level of quality of the water flow.

Because of the rapid process of population increase in urban centers and the consequent soil waterproofing, the draining systems of rain water are insufficient because of the increasing superficial outflow, output peaks and flood spots. In order to attenuate these problems, the use of techniques related to the reduction of the superficial outflow is being encouraged in different scales, being the green roofs indicated as alternatives. In broad terms, the green roofs are structures which have different layers: plants, substrates and draining, which perform different tasks in accordance with their characteristics. Although the usage of green roofs is already encouraged, their real contributions on the rain water output are not well-known. In this paper, it is shown the result of a research carried out with four different systems of commercial green roofs and a system developed from recyclable materials, that aimed to evaluate the retention capability of each system and how the substrate and the draining system may interfere in the values. In order to achieve this goal, it was built an experimental stand system where five types of green roofs were set up with two compositions of substrate: without clay and with expanded clay. The commercial systems known as simple alveolar, grilled alveolar, hexagon module with gaiter were used as well as the system produced with recycled elements developed throughout this study. It was taken the hydrologic assessment for five months, with 35 events where it was assessed the precipitation and the superficial outflow coming from the draining of green roofs. The monitoring allowed to determine, for each kind of system, parameters that reflect the retention capacity of the rain water outflow, as a coefficient of outflow, the value of curvenumber (CN), and associate the retention capacity of the outflow to the previous soil humidity conditions (AMC). The results showed a significant difference in the rain water outflow retention among the modules and the substrates, being the most efficient system the module with gaiter, which presented retention value capacity of 13.3 mm/m² without expanded clay, and 14.2 l/m² with expanded clay. The coefficient of average outflow for this kind of green roof varied from 0.13 and 0.17, and, under these conditions CN assumed the values of 80.3 and 82.5 for the clay and non-clay substrates, respectively. The second most efficient system was the hexagonal one, followed by the alveolar one and the least efficient was the one built with recycled material, which had the outflow coefficient near 0.8. The results showed how the typology of the green roof as well as the substrate composition affects the capacity of storing water. / Com o acelerado processo de crescimento populacional nos centros urbanos, e consequente impermeabilização do solo, os sistemas de drenagem das águas pluviais se tornam insuficientes, devido ao aumento do escoamento superficial, picos de vazão, e pontos de alagamentos. Para mitigar esses problemas, a utilização de técnicas relacionadas à redução do escoamento superficial está sendo incentivada em diferentes escalas, sendo que os telhados verdes são indicados como uma alternativa neste sentido. De maneira geral, os telhados verdes são estruturas dotadas de diferentes camadas, sendo as principais: plantas, substratos e drenagem, que desempenham diferentes funções de acordo com suas características. Embora o uso de telhados verdes seja incentivado, ainda não são bem conhecidas as reais contribuições que as diferentes tipologias podem ter sobre o escoamento pluvial. Neste trabalho é apresentado o resultado de uma pesquisa conduzida com quatro diferentes tipos de sistemas de telhados verdes comerciais, e um sistema desenvolvido a partir de materiais recicláveis, que objetivou avaliar a capacidade de retenção do escoamento pluvial em cada sistema estudado, e como o substrato e o sistema de drenagem podem interferir neste valor. Para atingir ao objetivo, foi construído um sistema experimental de bancadas, onde os cinco tipos de telhados verdes foram, montados com duas composições de substrato: sem argila e com argila expandida. Foram utilizados os sistemas comerciais conhecidos como alveolar simples, alveolar grelhado, hexagonal e modular com galocha, além do sistema produzido com elementos recicláveis, desenvolvido ao longo desse estudo. Foi realizado o monitoramento hidrológico do experimento durante cinco meses, com um total de 35 eventos, sendo avaliadas a precipitação e o escoamento superficial oriundo da drenagem dos telhados verdes. O monitoramento permitiu determinar, para cada tipo de sistema, parâmetros que refletem a capacidade de retenção do escoamento pluvial, como o coeficiente de escoamento (C), o valor da curva-número (CN), e associar a capacidade de retenção do escoamento às condições de umidade antecedente (AMC) do solo. Os resultados apresentaram uma diferença significativa na retenção do escoamento pluvial entre os módulos e entre os substratos, sendo que o sistema de maior eficiência foi o modular com galocha, que apresentou os valores de capacidade de retenção de 13,3 mm/m² sem argila expandida, e de 14,2 l/m² com argila expandida. O coeficiente de escoamento médio para esse tipo de telhado verde variou entre 0,13 e 017, sendo que nessas condições o CN assumiu valores entre 80,3 e 82,5, para os substratos com argila e sem argila, respectivamente. O segundo sistema mais eficiente foi o hexagonal, seguido pelos alveolares e o menos eficiente foi o construído com recicláveis, com coeficiente de escoamento próximo a 0,8. Os resultados apresentados, juntamente como a tipologia do telhado verde e a composição do substrato, afeta consideravelmente a capacidade de armazenamento de água.

Les toitures végétalisées sont des écosystèmes urbains et construits en essor constant en France et dans le monde. Elles sont associées à plusieurs services écosystémiques tels que la limitation du ruissellement des eaux de pluie vers les canalisations, la réduction des effets d'îlots de chaleur urbains ou l'augmentation de la biodiversité en ville. L'amélioration de la quantité et de la qualité des services écosystémiques attendus nécessite de comprendre l'influence des interactions entre les composantes de la toiture végétalisée, à savoir la composition du sol, sa profondeur et la communauté végétale, sur les multiples fonctions écosystémiques associées. Pourtant, ces interactions n'ont jamais été étudiées dans le contexte des toitures végétalisées. A l'aide d'expérimentations en milieu contrôlé puis en conditions réelles sur une toiture parisienne, nous avons cherché à comprendre comment les interactions entre les composantes des toitures végétalisées influencent des fonctions majeures liées aux cycles biogéochimiques du carbone, de l'azote et de l'eau, ainsi qu'à la pollinisation. Nous avons mis en évidence une influence majeure des interactions entre type de sol, profondeur du sol, espèces de plantes et diversité végétale sur (1) le niveau de réalisation des fonctions écosystémiques ainsi que (2) les interactions entre ces fonctions. Nous avons montré que le choix des composantes d'une toiture pouvait conduire à des compromis entre services écosystémiques. Nous proposons des pistes de conception et de gestion pour obtenir des toitures végétalisées multifonctionnelles. / Green roofs are urban constructed ecosystems, associated with multiple ecosystem services, such as urban heat island and stormwater runoff mitigation or support for biodiversity. Enhancing the quality and quantity of expected ecosystem services requires to understand how interactions between substrate composition, substrate depth and plant community affect multiple ecosystem functions. However, such interactions have never been studied on green roofs. Using experimental approaches under controlled and real conditions on a Parisian rooftop, we focused on the influence of soil-plant interactions on key ecosystem functions related to carbon, nitrogen and water cycles as well as pollination. We highlighted that interactions between substrate type, substrate depth, plant species and plant diversity affect (1) the level of ecosystem functions and (2) interactions between functions. We found that the choice of green roof components could lead to trade-offs between ecosystem services. We propose general guidelines for the conception and management of multifunctional green roofs.

L’imperméabilisation des sols en ville génère des problématiques aigües au niveau du cycle de l’eau urbaine : dégradation de la qualité des eaux de ruissellement, saturation des réseaux de collecte, risque d’inondation. Parmi différentes solutions, la construction de toitures végétalisées offre de nouvelles perspectives dans la gestion de ces eaux pluviales urbaines. De telles structures jouent en effet un rôle de régulation hydrique en retardant les pics de débit lors des pluies d’orage et plus globalement en diminuant les flux envoyés vers les réseaux. L’objectif de cette thèse est de quantifier et de modéliser les performances hydriques ce type de Technosol urbain, en intégrant à la fois les variations saisonnières et le vieillissement de la toiture végétalisée. Le travail repose en premier lieu sur une caractérisation physique et hydrique des constituants des toitures, à travers une démarche pour partie originale de transposition des méthodes développées sur les sols. Ensuite, un suivi expérimental (monitoring des flux et paramètres météorologiques) de quatre modalités de toitures – dont deux équipées d’une structure innovante de stockage d’eau – a été effectué à deux échelles : le laboratoire et le bâtiment. La modélisation et la simulation numérique du transport de l’eau a enfin été effectuée à l’aide du logiciel HYDRUS-1D, avec le formalisme des équations de Richards qui décrivent le transfert en conditions insaturées et la résolution de van Genuchten-Mualem. Les recherches ont permis de caractériser, sur une base physique robuste, les écoulements au sein de ces milieux poreux complexes. Une estimation des performances de différentes modalités de toitures au cours de trois années climatiques est proposée en contexte climatique Lorrain. La démarche de modélisation permet de décrire fidèlement les transferts à l’échelle du laboratoire mais tend à sous-estimer les flux in situ. À plus long terme, ces travaux permettent d’envisager aussi bien la simulation du comportement de toitures végétalisées sous d’autres climats, que des développements technologiques basées sur des nouvelles associations de constituants. / The sealing in cities highly degrades the buffer and filter functions of soils which generates and/or emphasizes major environmental issues (e.g. urban heat island, flooding, pollution of the runoff water). Among other technologies, advances in green roof engineering provide solutions for the management of urban rainwater. Indeed, green roofs can highly contribute to water regulation service by delaying run-off peaks and decreasing water fluxes to storm water collection network. The purpose of this work is to quantify and model the hydric performances of such an urban Technosol by taking into account the seasonal variations and the aging of the green roof. Physic and hydric measurements were conducted on the green roof constituents. Then, water fluxes and meteorological parameters were monitored in four green roofs parcels – including two with an innovative water storage structure – both at the lab and the building scales. Finally, the hydrodynamics of green roofs was modeled and numerically investigated with HYDRUS-1D in the framework of the Richards equations and the van Genuchten-Mualem model that describe unsaturated flows. As a result: i) the water flows inside these complex porous media were physically characterized, ii) the hydric performances of different parcels over three years, under Lorraine climate, were evaluated, iii) the model approach reached to a good description of the hydraulic behavior at the lab-scale but tends to underestimate in situ water fluxes. Beyond that, this work can provide a robust approach to simulate water transfer in green roofs under different climates or situations and may also contribute to further technological development

This thesis describes the design and solution of the object for education of preschool aged children The nursery school situated in Ostrava consists of two classes, each with capacity of 20 children. Outdoor playground and parking lots for visitors and employees are included in the project. Building is designed as double-storeyed with partial basement and with extensive green roof. Floor plan is irregular, corresponds to few slipped (blended?) rectangles. Walls are made of ceramic blocks, ceilings is made of precast cencrete panels Spiroll.