Green space is an essential part of the city urbanism. Research dedicated to development of the greenery and emergence of the first public parks contributes substantially to the understanding of urban issues and urban history. Green space has an aesthetic function, but is also a socially stratified space. Every city has its own unique greenery. It is not different in the case of Prague, whose dominant - Prague Castle creates unique linking of urban and green with Petřín and Malá Strana. The thesis "Green spaces in the city, their development and transformation on the example of Prague in the 19th and 20th century" aims to bring the historical development of Prague's greenery, especially the creation of public green space and point out the fact that people commonly accepted phenomenon of public parks was not always a matter of course. Development of green space, the struggle for its development and rescue, employed clubs, societies and individuals and has become one of the priorities for urban policy. Mainly the contemporary guides were used as a source for this work and for describing the emergence of the first public parks in the 19th century and the transformation of types of urban green areas. Other sources featured professional literature, contemporary book- published titles, memoirs, maps,...

Stadtbewohner sind häufig mit multiplen Umweltbelastungen konfrontiert, die Stress erzeugen und zu einem Gesundheitsrisiko werden können. Dennoch ist wenig über das Zusammenwirken multipler Umweltstressoren und über das gesundheitliche Potential natürlicher Ressourcen bekannt. Diese Arbeit untersucht daher das Zusammenwirken multipler Stressoren und das Potential natürlicher Ressourcen hinsichtlich der psychischen Gesundheit. Auf Basis eines theoretischen Rahmenmodells erfolgten drei Studien in Berlin. Mittels Online-Studie wurden die für die Berliner Bevölkerung subjektiv kritischsten Umweltfaktoren identifiziert. Daran schloss sich eine Raumanalyse von Umweltdaten an, um Straßenblocks mit hohem versus geringen multiplen Belastungsgrad als Untersuchungsstandorte auszuwählen. In diesen Wohnblocks erfolgte eine Fragebogen-Studie. An einer Teilstichprobe wurden ergänzend qualitative Daten und Haar-Cortisol als objektiver Indikator für chronischen Stress gewonnen. Es zeigte sich, dass multiple Stressoren oder Ressourcen räumlich und zeitlich kovariieren. Die Bewohner hoch belasteter Blocks verhalten sich gesundheitsschädlicher als die Bewohner gering belasteter Blocks, unterscheiden sich jedoch nicht in ihrer Gesundheit. Allerdings besteht ein Zusammenhang zwischen der wahrgenommenen Luftverschmutzung und der subjektiven Gesundheit. Zudem weisen Personen, die sich durch Luftverschmutzung beeinträchtigter, belästigter oder gefährdeter fühlen, höhere Cortisol-Niveaus auf. Dieser Zusammenhang besteht nur bei objektiv hoher, nicht aber bei geringer Luftbelastung, was chronischen Umweltstress mit gesundheitlichen Folgen nahelegt. Schließlich sind der Blick auf eine hohe Quantität unterschiedlicher Vegetationsarten von der Wohnung aus, und die regelmäßige Nutzung spezifischer Grünflächen mit geringerem Cortisol-Niveau und teilweise mit höherer Lebenszufriedenheit assoziiert. Es werden mögliche Implikationen für eine nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung diskutiert. / City residents are often exposed to multiple environmental burdens that may cause stress and thereby pose a health risk. However, little is known about the co-occurrence of stressors, and on the health potential of natural resources. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the co-occurrence of multiple environmental burdens and the potential of natural resources with respect to the mental health of city residents. Based on a comprehensive theoretical model three consecutive studies were conducted in Berlin. An online survey facilitated the identification of critical local environmental factors. Subsequently a spatial analysis was conducted using a Geographic Information System in order to select neighborhood street blocks with high versus low multiple burden levels. A household survey was conducted in the selected study sites that additionally assessed the perceived level of other locally relevant burdens. Qualitative data and hair cortisol level as an objective indicator of chronic stress, were supplemented in a subsample. Results showed that either multiple stressors co-occurr or multiple resources are co-present. Residents from high-burden blocks behave in a less healthy manner than residents from low-burden blocks, but they do not differ in regard to health. However, perceived air pollution is related to perceived health. Moreover, individuals who feel more impaired, annoyed, or at risk by air pollution have higher cortisol levels. This relation exists with a high level of objective air pollution only, while no such relation exists when objective air pollution is low. This finding suggests chronic environmental stress with detrimental health consequences. Finally, residents whose homes have views onto high amounts of diverse kinds of vegetation, as well as who regularly use a park or a vegetated way have lower cortisol levels and partly report higher life satisfaction. The results have implications for sustainable urban development.

永續發展的概念現今已被運用於都市，其中，都市綠地在環境、生態、景觀、社會各層面之機能皆可提升都市永續性，在快速的都市化下，都市內綠地減少，土地利用變遷帶來之環境衝擊影響已自個體單元累積到全球。然而，過去研究中未有關注在綠地的變化趨勢與其他土地利用間的互動關係，以及在不同區域下的變化差異。因此，本研究採用GIS和景觀指數看在1995年至2006年間台北都會區綠地變遷趨勢，並分區探討土地利用間的互動關係，最後藉由二元羅吉斯迴歸分析綠地變化可能原因。 研究結果顯示，在1995年至2006年間，台北都會區整體發展是建地增加，林地也呈上升趨勢，而草地是土地利用轉移下被犧牲掉最多的土地，綠地轉移成其他土地利用情形以都會邊緣地區最嚴重。不同綠地型態在1995年至2006年間的變遷仍有差異，林地在整個台北都會區屬於景觀中的基質，主導性未受動搖，僅在都會中心減少並受破壞；而農地面積略微下降，呈破碎化發展，尤其以都會中心外圍區農地被破壞情形最明顯；草地面積亦下降，破碎化情形較農地更嚴重，在都會郊區、次中心之草地被破壞嚴重，草地各方面機能降低。透過二元羅吉斯迴歸分析發現自然環境、社會經濟與計畫環境皆影響台北都會區的綠地變遷。根據研究結果，建議未來政府於都市計畫上應將綠地空間納入考量，對於不同綠地型態應有不同管制措施，考量各區域綠地型態之差異性，以及自然環境、社會經濟和計畫環境對於綠地變遷的影響，以促進都市朝向永續發展。 / The concept of sustainable development has been applied in cities. Urban green space plays an important role in enhancing the sustainability of the city in regards to the environment, ecology, landscape and society aspects. Under rapid urbanization, green space has greatly declined in cities. Environmental impact resulting from land use change has grown from local to global proportions. However, researches did not pay attention to interactions between green spaces and other land-use change trends or different types of change in different areas. This research used GIS and landscape metrics to investigate the green space change trend and interactions among different land use types in the Taipei metropolitan area from 1995 to 2006. Furthermore, this research analyzed possible reasons that may have caused green space change through logistic regression. The results showed that, from 1995 to 2006, the built up area and the forest increased in Taipei Metropolitan Area; however, the grass decreased because of land use change. Urban fringe was the place that green space changed to other land-use most. There were differences of land use change for different types of green space. Forest was the matrix in the landscape of Taipei metropolitan area. It still kept the predominant role, only decreased and was destroyed in the center of metropolitan area. Farmland slightly decreased and became fragmented, especially in the periphery of the urban center. Grassland area decreased and became fragmented much more than farmland. In suburb and sub-center, grassland was destroyed seriously and became less functional. Through binary logistic regression, the study found that natural environment, socio-economic and government planning do have influence on green space changes in the Taipei metropolitan area. According to the result of the study, the recommendation was that government should take green space into consideration when doing urban planning. For different types of green space and different areas, the government needs to have different measures and needs to consider the impact factors of green space change in order to accelerate sustainable development in cities.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-24T19:53:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIANNA MARQUES ROCHA FERREIRA –TESE (PPGRN) 2018.pdf: 4043233 bytes, checksum: 486e1ad8ad7101f70e07637566fa13f8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T19:53:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIANNA MARQUES ROCHA FERREIRA –TESE (PPGRN) 2018.pdf: 4043233 bytes, checksum: 486e1ad8ad7101f70e07637566fa13f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-27 / A urbanização tem sido uma das principais causas de mudança do uso e ocupação da terra em todo o mundo, muitas vezes com consequências irreparáveis para a prestação de bens e serviços ecossistêmicos fundamentais para o bem-estar físico, metal e espiritual humano, bem como para a manutenção da vida no planeta. Esta pesquisa analisa a mudança da disponibilidade de bens e serviços ecossistêmicos em função do uso e ocupação da terra, no período de 1989, 2007 e 2014; e a valoração social de benefícios prestados por uma microbacia hidrográfica predominantemente urbanizada, inserida no ecótono Agreste (área de transição entre os biomas Mata Atlântica e Caatinga), no Nordeste do Brasil. Técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e sistema de informação geográfica foram utilizadas para quantificar as mudanças no uso e ocupação da terra na Microbacia Hidrográfica Riacho das Piabas, Paraíba. Método de transferência de benefícios foi aplicado para quantificar as mudanças na oferta de bens e serviços ecossistêmicos, entre os anos analisados. A percepção das partes interessadas (comunidade, técnico e especialista) acerca dos ambientes que ofertam bens e serviços ecossistêmicos na área de estudo e seus respectivos níveis de importância foram obtidos por meio de mapeamento participativo. A substituição de área de vegetação arbórea (46% da área de estudo em 1989 e 5% em 2014) por ambiente construído foi o fator-chave que impulsionou o declínio de 73% da disponibilidade de bens e serviços ecossistêmicos entre os anos de 1989 e 2014. A expansão urbana promoveu a perda de 89% da oferta de oito serviços ecossistêmicos, incluindo regulação do clima, regulação do fluxo de água, moderação de perturbações, ciclagem de nutrientes e controle biológico, que quando se considera a tendência regional de aridificação e as pressões existentes sobre os recursos hídricos, são relevantes localmente. Houve diferença significativa entre a percepção das partes interessadas quanto ao número de áreas mapeadas por seção de bens e serviços ecossistêmicos disponibilizados pela área de estudo para a população (Anova fatorial, F= 21,62; p< 0,001). A visão da comunidade sobre os benefícios oferecidos pela microbacia hidrográfica estudada distinguiu de técnicos e de especialistas. Os ambientes que mais ofertaram bens e serviços ecossistêmicos foram as áreas de transição entre ambiente dulcícola e terrestre; e espaços verdes. O serviço de manutenção do ciclo hidrológico e fluxos de águas apresentou média de nível de importância social muito alto. A gestão que deseja reduzir os impactos do processo de urbanização na provisão de bens e serviços ecossistêmicos deve considerar implementação do planejamento espacial baseado em ecossistemas, com foco na infraestrutura urbana verde e na restauração de habitats naturais e sua conectividade. Ademais, é fundamental abordar a percepção de partes interessadas no processo de planejamento e tomada de decisão para minimizar e gerenciar potenciais conflitos sociais. / Urbanisation has been a main cause of land use land cover (LULC) change worldwide, often with irreparable consequences to the provision of goods and ecosystem services that are fundamental to human physical, mental and spiritual well-being, as well as to the maintenance of life on the planet. This research analyzes the goods and ecosystem services availability change as a function of LULC, in the period of 1989, 2007 and 2014; and the social valuation of ecosystem benefits provided by a predominantly urbanised microwatershed, located in the Agreste ecotone (transition area between Atlantic Forest and Caatinga biomes), in Northeast Brazil. Remote sensing techniques and geographic information system were used to quantify LULC changes in Riacho das Piabas microwatershed, Paraíba. The benefit transfer method was applied to quantify changes in the ecosystem goods and services supply between the years analyzed. The stakeholders perception (community, technical and expert) about the environments that offer ecosystem goods and services in the study area and their respective importance levels were obtained through participatory mapping. Replacement of tree vegetation area (46% of the study area in 1989 and 5% in 2014) by the built environment was the key factor driving the 73% decline in the ecosystem goods and services availability between 1989 and 2014. Urban sprawl resulted losses of 89% in the eight ecosystem services supply, including climate regulation, water flow regulation, moderation of disturbance, nutrient cycling and biological control, which are critical locally when considering the regional trend towards aridification and the existing pressures on water resources. There was a significant difference between the stakeholders perception about the mapped areas number per ecosystem goods and services section available by the study area to the population (Factorial Anova, F = 21.62, p <0.001). The community perception about the benefits offered by the studied microwatershed distinguished from technicians and experts. The environments that most offered ecosystem goods and services were transitional areas between the between freshwater and terrestrial environments; and green spaces. The service maintenance of hydrological cycle and water flux presented very high average importance level. Management that wishes to reduce the urbanisation impacts on the provision of ecosystem goods and services should consider implementation of ecosystem-based spatial planning, focusing on urban green infrastructure and natural habitats restoration and their connectivity. In addition, it is fundamental to approach the stakeholders perception in the planning process and decision making to minimize and manage potential social conflicts.

No description available.

The paper evaluates nature-based solutions for a retrofitting proposal for the combined regeneration, climate adaptation, and green space management of the industrial area Gåsebäck in Helsingborg, Sweden. The objective of this study was to evaluate options for how Gåsebäck could be sustainably regenerated and developed, while providing additional security against future negative effects of climate change, through the implementation of nature-based solutions. The methods used were unstructured interviews, literature study, thematic data analysis, and scoping review. Some urban societal challenges the area is facing were identified as Urban regeneration, Climate adaptation, and Green space management. The suggested NBSs to address these challenges are phytoremediation, mycoremediation, street trees and bushes, green walls, green roofs, flower beds, permeable surfaces, roadside greenery, rain gardens, de-culvertation and pocket parks. Examples of how the identified nature-based solutions can be retrofitted to block Italien are installing green walls on the old fire station for noise and pollution abatement, biodiversity increase, climate regulation, and enhancement of green elements; green roofs on various buildings for e.g. water management, increased biodiversity and green elements; street trees and bushes along the streets Södergatan and Malmöleden/Gåsebäcksvägen for noise and pollution abatement, water management, biodiversity increase, and enhancement of green elements; site specific installation or pocket park with phyto- or mycoremediation; flower beds and roadside traffic to increase attractiveness; and rain gardens and permeable surfaces for water management. / <p>20180620</p>

No description available.

Physical inactivity and disconnection from natural environments threatens human health. However, research has demonstrated that natural environments potentially support health-enhancing physical activity which could confer greater physical and mental health benefits than physical activity in other types of environment. This thesis approached the study of physical activity in natural environments through three related pieces of research. Firstly, an experimental study was carried out to explore how the presence of litter in beach environments affected psychophysiological responses to exercise. Responses to exercise did not differ in littered and clean conditions but there was evidence that order effects influenced findings. Visual attention to the two scenes differed, but did not mediate differences in psychophysiological responses. Secondly, analysis of a national dataset was undertaken to explore the form and quantity of physical activity conducted within natural environments in England. A series of linear regressions revealed that higher-intensity physical activities occurred in countryside environments, but more total energy expenditure occurred in coastal environments. Thirdly, a quantitative content analysis of brochures which promote recreational walking in natural environments was conducted which investigated their use of persuasive behavioural messages. These brochures omitted behavioural techniques which may be effective at motivating inactive individuals to walk. Extending this, an online survey tested whether improving brochure content heightened intentions to walk in natural environments. By designing content based on the theory of planned behaviour, the intentions of inactive individuals to undertake walking in natural environments were increased. The findings from this thesis demonstrate that the protection of natural environments is vital for preserving and promoting active recreation and could contribute to population-level increases in physical activity with theory-based promotion in the future.

Tehran, the capital of Iran has undergone major urbanization in the last century, which has caused uncontrollable urban growth. Poor regulation and control of this growth has given rise to environmental problems including high air and water pollution. In turn, this has led to urban growth towards the mountains in the north, where the environment is better. However, this pressure to develop in the north has increased segregation of the city and created a clear social division of class between the northern and southern parts of the City. In light of this, and in the context of Tehran as an extremely dense city with limited green space, the City sees a possibility in transforming an unused military airport in the southern districts of the city into a new urban park. This master thesis explores how to reclaim the 270Ha former airfield and develop it as an urban park with strengthened links to surrounding neighbourhoods. The work aims to gain an understanding of how large vacant areas can become successful public areas and green places in the community. The work is based on urban theory and site analysis and brings forward design proposals for the park. Analysis work is divided into an investigative and exploratory stage. The investigative part includes literature studies, data collection and mapping of the city’s urban morphological development, taking into account physical and socio-economic processes. The exploratory part consisted of inventories, site studies and interviews in Tehran, as well as integration analysis with space syntax to explore accessibility and connections in the new park. Throughout the study shows how and why the city has evolved and highlights a connection between living in the southern districts, which are low-income areas, with also having poor access to public and recreation areas. This analysis forms the foundations for the design proposal, visualizations and programs presented about how the area can be designed as a new urban city park. In conclusion, the study highlights that in order to be able to develop new places or renew existing area’s, consideration must be given to urban morphological development. This includes the socio-economic and socio-ecological process. It further concludes, that a ecological viewpoint together with a understanding of the physical environment, the urban landscape identity and the need of people in the context needs to be brought together to plan and create parks and urban spaces

Bumble bees (Bombus spp.) are adept pollinators of countless cultivated and wild flowering plants, but many species have experienced declines in recent decades. Though urban sprawl has been implicated as a driving force of such losses, urban green spaces hold the potential to serve as habitat islands for bumble bees. As human populations continue to grow and metropolitan areas become larger, the survival of many bumble bee species will hinge on the identification and implementation of appropriate conservation measures at regional and finer scales. North Texas is home to some the fastest-growing urban areas in the country, including Denton County, as well as at least two declining bumble bee species (B. pensylvanicus and B. fraternus). Using a combination of field , molevular DNA and GIS methods I evaluated the persistence of historic bumble bee species in Denton County, and investigated the genetic structure and connectivity of the populations in these spaces. Field sampling resulted in the discovery of both B. pensylvanicus and B. fraternus in Denton County's urban green spaces. While the relative abundance of B. fraternus in these spaces was significantly lower than historic levels gleaned from museum recors, that of B. pensylvanicus was significantly higher. Statistical analyses found that both bare ground and tree cover surrounding sample sites were negatively associated with numbers of bumble bee individuals and hives detected in these green spaces. Additionally, limited genetic structuring of bumble bee populations was detected, leading to the conclusion that extensive gene flow is occurring across populations in Denton County.