The Mud Bay, British Columbia study site is located on eastern shores of Mud Bay, south of the Serpentine River, west of the King George & 99 highways, and north of the Nicomekl River in the Vancouver suburb of Surrey. The site consists of approximately 400 hectares of land. The site is bordered by a growing community on Panama Ridge to the north and Crescent Beach to the south who are exploring the study area. The site is also a rich biologically productive area that lies on the Pacific Flyway route for migratory birds. With the increasing population and the rich ecological significance of the site, it seems natural to explore the possibilities for a greenway on the site. This is further proven when looking at a map. One notices that Mud Bay sits as a greenway gap in Boundary Bay. To the east is the Boundary Bay Park Network, and to the south is Crescent Beach. If Mud Bay were to become a greenway, then one could potentially follow the Boundary Bay shore and walk from Blaine to Point Roberts USA and would form part of a border to border trail. Currently, when one reaches Mud Bay, one must leave the shore and travel far inland to regain the waterside trail. A Mud Bay greenway would fill in the gap for a greenway corridor along Boundary Bay. A Mud Bay greenway would also fill in the gap that the Serpentine Fen Nature Reserve has with Mud Bay. Currently, the Serpentine Fen Nature Reserve is separated from the Bay. With the creation of a Mud Bay greenway that is designed for the sensitive habitat, Serpentine Fen would be better connected with the bay and it would help maintain the site as important feeding and resting ground along the Pacific Flyway. These are the issues and factors that were considered in the project. The project developed a greenway that is sensitive to wildlife while allowing for recreation to take place within it. The greenway design is structured so that it can be implemented over a period of time to form the final design. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

Greenway trails, or linear community parks, are growing in popularity around the world and are increasingly prevalent in cities of all sizes in the United States. At their best, greenways can provide affordable transportation, access to jobs, safe recreation space, community building, biodiversity protection, stormwater drainage, and air and noise quality benefits. Yet, commonly, neoliberal governance and design of greenways leads to diminished social and environmental design in favor of economic development. Intentional design for social, environmental and economic stability is crucial for successful greenways, though they are often viewed as innately sustainable. Urban Political Ecology (UPE), Actor Network Theory (ANT), and Campbell's Sustainable Development are used together as lenses to better understand the greenway development process and its outcomes. This research is a case study of the Roanoke River Greenway (RRG) in Roanoke, Virginia which was conducted in attempt to discover who benefits from the greenway, in what ways, and by what means. Semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and mapping combined to answer research questions. Participants were eleven neighborhood residents, five greenway commissioners, and five city and regional leaders involved with the greenway. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and grouped into themes, along with map data and field notes. I combined these methods to draw conclusions that shed light on the complex system surrounding the RRG. Conclusions are (1) that residents who live near the greenway and want to use it for recreational purposes as well as the City of Roanoke and its elite class of businessowners and homeowning residents who live near the greenway benefit the most from the RRG benefit because the greenway is catered toward recreation and economic development, in form, function, and process, (2) that the system which enables these benefits and prioritizes their beneficiaries is the greenway's evolving planning process, a system both steeped in mindsets of traditional economic development and exclusive planning aesthetics and imbued with innovative approaches of connecting residents to the outdoor environment, and (3) that Roanoke's greenway movement is strong because of its popularity but is vulnerable, because there are no provisions to officially protect it for the future, in terms of maintenance, increased use, and public opinion. Implications for praxis are that communities with greenway trails should diversify the people and perspectives who have power in the planning practice, that environmental and social design should be addressed directly and consistently in greenway development and maintenance, and greater outreach efforts should be made to residents in order to make the greenways more accessible and welcoming to diverse users. Implications for research are for increased research conducted with low-income and minority residents and on microlevel social and economic impacts in neighborhoods. / Doctor of Philosophy / Greenway trails, or linear community parks, grow in popularity around the world and are increasingly prevalent in cities of all sizes in the United States. At their best, greenways can provide affordable transportation, access to jobs, safe recreation space, community building, biodiversity protection, stormwater drainage, and air and noise quality benefits. Yet, commonly, neoliberal governance and design of greenways leads to diminished social and environmental design in favor of economic development. Intentional design for social, environmental and economic stability is crucial for successful greenways, though they are often viewed as innately sustainable. Urban Political Ecology (UPE), Actor Network Theory (ANT), and Campbell's Sustainable Development are used together as lenses to better understand the greenway development process and its outcomes. This research is a case study of the Roanoke River Greenway (RRG) in Roanoke, Virginia which was conducted in attempt to discover who benefits from the greenway, in what ways, and by what means. Semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and mapping combined to answer research questions. Participants were eleven neighborhood residents, five greenway commissioners, and five city and regional leaders involved with the greenway. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and grouped into themes, along with map data and field notes. These combined to draw conclusions that shed light on the complex system surrounding the RRG. Conclusions are (1) that residents who live near the greenway and want to use it for recreational purposes as well as the City of Roanoke and its elite class of businessowners and homeowning residents who live near the greenway benefit the most from the RRG benefit because the greenway is catered toward recreation and economic development, in form, function, and process, (2) that the system which enables these benefits and prioritizes their beneficiaries is the greenway's evolving planning process, a system both steeped in mindsets of traditional economic development and exclusive planning aesthetics and imbued with innovative approaches of connecting residents to the outdoor environment, and (3) that Roanoke's greenway movement is strong because of its popularity but is vulnerable, because there are no provisions to officially protect it for the future, in terms of maintenance, increased use, and public opinion. Implications for praxis are that communities with greenway trails should diversify the people and perspectives who have power in the planning practice, that environmental and social design should be addressed directly and consistently in greenway development and maintenance, and greater outreach efforts should be made to residents in order to make the greenways more accessible and welcoming to diverse users. Implications for research are investigations into residents who do not use the greenway, for long-term and minority residents.

Li Wai Man Ruth. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 1998-99, design report." / Includes bibliographical references (leave 67 (last gp.)). / Acknowledgement / Chapter 1.0 --- Site Analysis / Chapter 2.0 --- Urban Startegy / Chapter 3.0 --- Design Concept and Develpoment / Chapter 4.0 --- Program / Chapter 5.0 --- Evironmental Issues / Chapter 6.0 --- Secnario of Center / Chapter 7.0 --- Conclusion/Comments / Chapter 8.0 --- Presentationand Final Products / Appendix / Chapter - --- Precedents / Blibiography / Attachment / Chapter - --- Reserch and Programming Report

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Laurence A. Clement, Jr. / Increasing population in Manhattan, Kansas and rising enrollment at Kansas State University have increased the interest in establishing new residences and commercial businesses within the city limits. Locations for development include the revitalization of Manhattan’s south end and sites adjacent to Seth Child Road, US Highway 24, and K-177. Recent development patterns in Manhattan, such as residential development near Wildcat Creek, have resulted in severe environmental impacts. While most development enhances existing land use patterns, undeveloped natural areas along K-177 present several environmental opportunities and restraints that must be assessed and well-planned for to accommodate projected growth in a sustainable way. Topography, existing vegetation, drainage networks, wildlife habitats, and proximity to the Kansas River contribute to limitations in development along and extending from K-177. This proximity and resulting development could reduce existing wildlife habitat, plant species, and the overall health of Manhattan’s and the surrounding area’s air, soil and water quality. Developmental strategies are needed to ensure the conservation of sensitive ecosystems and to direct development to the most suitable areas. After conducting an inventory of the land’s natural resources and land use patterns, two suitability models were created to express areas most suitable for development based on two sets of values; conservation-minded and developer-minded. As sites for development were located and assessed, a trail suitability model was then created to express potential connections between new and old development and to show links to other significant destinations. This trail system also establishes greenway selection criteria, aiming to further protect remaining natural areas while providing a public amenity. Fulfillment of the goals and objectives of the Gateway to Manhattan Plan (GMP), establishes development suitability through a conservationist approach to ensure significant preservation of land. Such an approach and related conservation strategies are then discussed to act as a platform for decision making as lands along K-177 are developed. The trail suitability study and proposed greenway network provide solutions for meeting the GMP’s goals of establishing multi-modal connectivity along and across K-177 while conserving environmental resources. In addition to controlling development patterns, these greenways will act as conduits for wildlife, help maintain or enhance air, soil and water quality, protect endangered flora and fauna, and provide recreational amenities while minimizing overall negative environmental impacts.

Santiago is the 7th largest major city of Latin America with almost 8 million inhabitants and is situated in a fairly closed watershed, surrounded on the eastern side by the high Andean mountain chain with altitudes of 5,000 m. From the Andean mountains, the Mapocho River and a set of large and small streams transport -often torrentially- water and sediment. In thirty years, Santiago has increased its size two fold, replacing previous agricultural lands, native forests and shrubs with urban land uses, and occupying rivers beds and streams. These land use and cover changes have had dramatic environmental consequences. The mentioned urban dynamic has produced a city in constant collision with the natural system. This structural disarticulation produces many environmental problems such as an increase in city’s surface and air temperatures, an accelerated disappearance of vegetation, a major interruption in wind, sediment and water flows, and finally, increasing people’s exposure to environmental hazards. Since streams, canals and rivers are structural components of Santiago’s landscape, they can function as key links between the urban-social and natural system and provide multiple ecosystem services, helping to reduce environmental problems and ensure long-term urban sustainability. Traditionally, the analysis of river and streamsides has been focused on rural and natural landscapes as well as on environmental protection and nature conservation. Nowadays, there is an increasing interest and necessity to understand the environmental status, functions and possibilities of riparian zones in urban environments in order to delineate and plan greenways, which provide social and ecological benefits. Green infrastructure such as urban greenways is a key component of sustainable cities. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the socio-ecological status of urban riparian zones and even fewer to assess these areas in terms of their potential as multifunctional greenways. New efforts should be conducted to develop analytical application-oriented frameworks in the green infrastructure field. This research elaborates and proposes a transferable conceptual-methodological framework for evaluating the potential for multifunctional riparian greenway development. An analytical application-oriented framework to assess the potential for multifunctional green infrastructure development is proposed by articulating and improving three analyses hitherto used separately: multicriteria, least cost path and opportunities-challenges. The Mapocho River was selected for the application and testing of the proposed conceptual-methodological framework to contribute to multifunctional green infrastructure planning in Santiago as a city representative of the structure and processes of megacities in Latin America. First, the main ecological and social characteristics of the Mapocho’s riparian zone are analyzed, making a synthesis of the socio-ecological status. Second, the suitability to provide multiple ecosystem services of the riparian zone is spatially explicitly modelled, first separately, as mono-functional suitability, and then, integrated into a multifunctional suitability evaluation. Third, the opportunities and challenges perceived by government actors are identified and analyzed as well as those derived from an institutional and regulatory analysis. Finally, the assessment phase concludes with a discussion on the main potential for the development of a greenway, resulting from the synthesis and integration of the most relevant findings of the suitability and opportunities analysis The socio-ecological status of the riparian zones is characterized by being highly altered in ecological terms, diverse in social terms, and highly used by the metropolitan transport infrastructure with a concentration of green areas in a few municipalities. This means that the riparian zone provides limited physical support for important social and ecological functions characteristic of these zones in urban environments: habitat, aesthetic, cooling, transport route and flood mitigation. The results reveal a significant east-west gradient in the socio-ecological status of riparian zone, which gradually decreases from east to west. The riparian zone of the Mapocho River in Santiago has good suitability as a wind corridor, providing a cooling effect and to mitigate flood hazards. The main challenges for the development of a multifunctional urban greenway in the Mapocho River corresponds to low levels of inter-jurisdictional and inter-sectoral coordination and cooperation, maintenance costs and the existence of urban highways in the zone. On the contrary, the main opportunities are the existence of important sectors of vacant land, increased political and social importance of urban green areas and the existence of a set of consolidated riparian parks. In synthesis, the assessment developed in the Mapocho River identifies the most important aspects to be considered and the greatest potentialities to capitalize in planning a multifunctional greenway along the Mapocho River. This is key when thinking about a possible master plan for the Mapocho River that returns the river to the city and values it as an axis for urban integration. The development of a multifunctional greenway in Santiago can considerably contribute to the social and ecological connectivity and thereby mitigate the socio-ecological segregation and disconnection characteristic of cities in the region. It may also contribute significantly to reconcile urban growth with ecological health and people’s quality of life, maintaining functions and key ecosystem services and mitigating the negative effects of urbanization.

La question de l’environnement et de la biodiversité se place au cœur du débat international autant au plan scientifique que politique. La croissance exponentielle des activités humaines, en particulier l’accélération de l’urbanisation et la pression massive sur les ressources naturelles qui en résultent, annonce l’âge de l’Anthropocène. Cette thèse porte sur les « trames vertes urbaines », conçues comme de nouveaux outils d’aménagement du territoire visant à reconstituer un réseau écologique afin de préserver la biodiversité autant dans les espaces naturels que dans les espaces urbanisés. Le schéma spatial des trames vertes trouve ses racines dans les pratiques des paysagistes et des urbanistes à l’international depuis la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. Nous partons de l’hypothèse que les trames vertes urbaines sont des moyens d’aménité urbaine. Trois approches ont été mobilisées : biographique, géo-historique et des représentations sociales. Cette thèse accord une attention particulière à la question des représentations et pratiques sociales associées à la « nature en ville » : une entrée mobilisée pour appréhender les modalités de mise en œuvre des trames vertes à Marseille et à Strasbourg / The problems of the environment and biodiversity is at the heart of the international debate scientifically and politically. The exponential growth of human activities, particularly the acceleration of urbanization and the resulting massive pressure on natural resources, heralds the era of the Anthropocene. This thesis focuses on "urban green frames", conceived as new land-use planning tools aimed at reconstituting an ecological network in order to preserve biodiversity both in natural areas and in urban areas. The spatial pattern of green frames has its roots in the practices of landscape architects and urban planners internationally since the second half of the nineteenth century. We start from the hypothesis that urban green fields are means of urban amenity. Three approaches have been mobilized: biographical, geo-historical and social representations. This thesis pays particular attention to the question of representations and social practices associated with "nature in the city": an entry mobilized to understand the methods of implementation of green networks in Marseille and Strasbourg.

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A l’échelle de la Bretagne comme de la France, la gestion et la protection des paysages passe en premier lieu par leur connaissance, ainsi que le stipule la Convention Européenne du Paysage (2000). La présente recherche propose une approche objectivée du paysage, considéré comme une partie visible du territoire, dont les caractères peuvent s’étudier àdifférentes échelles. Un état de l’art de la définition et de la cartographie des unités paysagères permet tout d’abord de passer en revue les différentes approches, scientifiques et plus usuelles, de la délimitation des paysages, et conduit à proposer une méthode alliant traitements d’une classification pixel à moyenne résolution spatiale et connaissances expertes, afin de produire un découpage harmonisé des ensembles paysagers à l’échelle régionale. Une seconde méthodologie basée sur le traitement « orienté-objet » de données télédétectées à haute résolution spatiale aboutit ensuite à la définition des unités paysagères à l’échelle infradépartementale sur deux zones d’étude (le Pays de Saint-Brieuc et l’ensemble paysager des Landes de Lanvaux), et à l’approche renouvelée du traitement des limites de ces unités :l’utilisation de buffers permet d'établir une typologie quantitative de ces limites, du passage franc au continuum paysager. Enfin, l’analyse paysagère et les cartographies produites dans les deux premières parties de la réflexion sont appliquées, dans une optique écopaysagère, à la problématique actuelle de délimitation des Trames Vertes et Bleues impulsée par le Grenelle de l’Environnement ; elles peuvent constituer un socle de réflexion dans la caractérisation des réseaux écologiques par l’approche « habitat », mais également permettre spécifiquement une délimitation plus fine des paysages de vallées, dans une optique d’aide à la décision dans ces politiques publiques / At the level of France or of Brittany, landscapes management and protection cannot be undertaken without an identification of landscape units, as noted in the European Landscape Convention (2000). The present research proposes a descriptive approach of landscape, as an area visible on a territory, which characters can be studied on several scales. A state of art ofthe definition and the cartography of landscape units allows reviewing the different approaches, scientific or more usual, of landscapes delimitation, and then leads to propose a method which combines some automatic processing of a medium spatial resolution, per-pixel classification, with expert-knowledge, in order to produce a harmonized delimitation oflandscape sets at regional scale. A second methodology based on the “object-oriented” processing of high-resolution remote sensed data leads to the definition of landscape units at infradepartmental scale, on two different study areas (the Pays de Saint-Brieuc and the landscape group of Lanvaux moorland, in Brittany). It also leads to the renewed approach ofthe analysis of landscape unis boundaries: using buffers provide a quantitative typology of these boundaries, from straight crossing to landscape continuum. Finally, landscape analysis and cartographies produce in the first two parts of the research are applied to the actual question of greenways and blueways delimitation, in order to set up an eco-landscapeapproach; they can frame a first step in the characterization of ecological networks with the habitat approach, but also allows a finer delimitation of landscape valleys, in order to contribute to public policies

The City of Davis is currently updating its Parks and Recreation Facilities Master Plan. During the update, greenbelts were identified as a highly used and desired facility. This Greenbelt Master Plan serves as a plan focused on the opportunities greenbelts can provide as recreational and transportation facilities. This report has analyzed community feedback, greenbelt coverage, greenbelt capacity, and existing local, state, and federal design guidelines. The final plan is a set of goals, objectives, policies, and programs, along with a greenbelt map, which is aimed at improving the greenbelt infrastructure in Davis through the year 2020.

Cycle tourism presents for the Czech Republic an opportunity to address new touristic segment of relative higher purchasing power and attract tourists to regions. Cycle tourism presents also opportunity for economic growth in rural, often less developed, areas. It is one of the most popular sorte of sustainable tourism, which doesn't harm the enviroment. However, there are still reservers in the cycling infrastructure of the Czech Republic. The obstacles of getting investments for its development are missing economic arguments. The aim of this thesis is to design a method to quantify economic gains of cycling infrastructure. Based on the designed methodology, a large analysis of Greenways and long-distance cycling routes economic gains should take place.