Klimatförändringar ställer allt högre krav på våra städer då nederbörden ökar. Samtidigt förtätas städerna med stor andel hårdgjord yta och fler funktioner behöver konkurrera om ytorna. Risken för översvämningar ökar och dagvattnet förorenas då det traditionella VA- systemen inte klarar av nederbörden. Att klimatanpassa städerna ses som en stor samhällsutmaning, och som kräver ett mer hållbart dagvattensystem. Blå-grön-(grå) dagvattensystem bestående av växter och naturliga material, som fördröjer nederbörd anses vara goda alternativ för ett mer hållbart dagvattensystem. Blå-grön-(grå) dagvattensystem i befintlig stadsmiljö kan innebära en komplex process då nya former av infrastruktur byggs, inom dagvattenområdet som berör flera förvaltningar och aktörer. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka hinder, möjligheter och drivkrafter det finns för implementering av blå-grön-(grå) dagvattenhantering i befintlig stadsmiljö, samt hur kunskapsdelning av blå-grön-(grå) dagvattenhantering sker i de tre fallen. De teorier som utgör grunden för uppsatsen är kollaborativ styrning, som beskriver hur samverkan kan skapa drivkrafter och möjligheter för att lösa samhällsutmaningar. Samt teorin om good practice för att dela kunskap som väver samman expertkunskaper med platsspecifika kunskaper. Uppsatsen bygger på en flerfallstudie, där Lund, Malmö och Göteborg undersökts som enskilda fall. Flerfallsstudien bygger på kvalitativa dokumentstudier, intervjuer och platsbesök. Resultatet visar att det finns övergripande hinder (Platsutmaning, gällande regelverk) som kommunerna möter, men även lokala hinder. Samt att blå-grön-(grå) dagvattenhantering skapar möjligheter genom kostnadsbesparingar i förhållande till att separera kombinerat ledningsnät och genom ekosystemtjänster. Drivkrafter av olika karaktär identifierades och studien visar att flera olika typer av drivkrafter idag är gynnsamt för att kommuner ska vilja investera i blå-grön-(grå) dagvattenhantering. Kunskapsdelningen som sprider praktikerna vidare anser denna studie vara good practice och undersökta kommuner ser möjligheter att implementera mer blå-grön-(grå) dagvattenhantering i befintlig miljö, genom förvaltningsöverskridande samverkan. / Climate change poses increasing demands on our cities as precipitation levels rise. Simultaneously, cities are becoming denser with a large proportion of hardened surfaces, and more functions need to compete for space. The risk of flooding increases and stormwater becomes polluted as traditional water and sewage systems cannot handle the precipitation. Adapting cities to climate change is seen as a major societal challenge, requiring a more sustainable stormwater system. Blue-green-(grey) stormwater systems consisting of plants and natural materials that delay precipitation are considered good alternatives for a more sustainable stormwater system. Blue-green-(grey) stormwater systems in existing urban environments can entail a complex process when new forms of infrastructure are built within the stormwater sector, involving several administrations and stakeholders. The aim of the thesis is to investigate the obstacles, opportunities, and driving forces for implementing blue-green-(grey) stormwater management in existing urban environments, and how knowledge sharing of blue-green-(grey) stormwater management occurs in the three cases. The theories forming the basis of the thesis are collaborative governance, which describes how cooperation can create driving forces and opportunities to solve societal challenges, and the theory of good practice for sharing knowledge that combines expert knowledge with site-specific knowledge. The thesis is based on a multiple case study, where Lund, Malmö, and Gothenburg are examined as individual cases. The multiple case study is based on qualitative document studies, interviews, and site visits. The results show that there are overarching obstacles (site challenges, legislation) that municipalities face, as well as local obstacles. Additionally, blue-green-(grey) stormwater management creates opportunities through cost savings in relation to separating combined sewer systems and through ecosystem services. Various types of driving forces were identified, and the study shows that several different types of driving forces are currently favorable for municipalities to invest in blue-green-(grey) stormwater management. Knowledge sharing that disseminates the practices further is considered good practice by this study, and the investigated municipalities see opportunities to implement more blue-green- (grey) systems in existing environments, through cross-administrative collaboration.

Waste Load Allocation (WLA) in rivers refers to the determination of required pollutant fractional removal levels at a set of point sources of pollution to ensure that water quality standards are maintained throughout the system. Optimal waste load allocation implies that the selected pollution treatment vector not only maintains the water quality standards, but also results in the best value for the objective function defined for the management problem. Waste load allocation problems are characterized by uncertainties due to the randomness and imprecision. Uncertainty due to randomness arises mainly due to the random nature of the variables influencing the water quality. Uncertainty due to imprecision or fuzziness is associated with setting up the water quality standards and goals of the Pollution Control Agencies (PCA), and the dischargers (e.g., industries and municipal dischargers). Many decision problems in water resources applications are dominated by natural, extreme, rarely occurring, uncertain events. However usually such events will be absent or be rarely present in the historical records. Due to the scarcity of information of these uncertain events, a realistic decision-making becomes difficult. Furthermore, water resources planners often deal with imprecision, mostly due to imperfect knowledge and insufficient or inadequate data. Therefore missing data is very common in most water resources decision problems. Missing data introduces inaccuracy in analysis and evaluation. For instance, the sample mean of the available data can be an inaccurate estimate of the mean of the complete data. Use of sample statistics estimated from inadequate samples in WLA models would lead to incorrect decisions. Therefore there is a necessity to incorporate the uncertainty due to missing data also in WLA models in addition to the uncertainties due to randomness and imprecision. The uncertainty in the input parameters due to missing or inadequate data renders the input parameters (such as mean and variance) as interval grey parameters in water quality decision-making. In a Fuzzy Waste Load Allocation Model (FWLAM), randomness and imprecision both can be addressed simultaneously by using the concept of fuzzy risk of low water quality (Mujumdar and Sasikumar, 2002). In the present work, an attempt is made to also address uncertainty due to partial ignorance due to missing data or inadequate data in the samples of input variables in FWLAM, considering the fuzzy risk approach proposed by Mujumdar and Sasikumar (2002). To address the uncertainty due to missing data or inadequate data, the input parameters (such as mean and variance) are considered as interval grey numbers. The resulting output water quality indicator (such as DO) will also, consequently, be an interval grey number. The fuzzy risk will also be interval grey number when output water quality indicator is an interval grey number. A methodology is developed for the computation of grey fuzzy risk of low water quality, when the input variables are characterized by uncertainty due to partial ignorance resulting from missing or inadequate data in the samples of input variables. To achieve this, an Imprecise Fuzzy Waste Load Allocation Model (IFWLAM) is developed for water quality management of a river system to address uncertainties due to randomness, fuzziness and also due to missing data or inadequate data. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) incorporating a water quality simulation model is performed two times for each set of randomly generated input variables: once for obtaining the upper bound of DO and once for the lower bound of DO, by using appropriate upper or lower bounds of interval grey input variables. These two bounds of DO are used in the estimation of grey fuzzy risk by substituting the upper and lower values of fuzzy membership functions of low water quality. A backward finite difference scheme (Chapra, 1997) is used to solve the water quality simulation model. The goal of PCA is to minimize the bounds of grey fuzzy risk, whereas the goal of dischargers is to minimize the fractional removal levels. The two sets of goals are conflicting with each other. Fuzzy multiobjective optimization technique is used to formulate the multiobjective model to provide best compromise solutions. Probabilistic Global Search Lausanne (PGSL) method is used to solve the optimization problem. Finally the results of the model are compared with the results of risk minimization model (Ghosh and Mujumdar, 2006), when the methodology is applied to the case study of the Tunga-Bhadra river system in South India. The model is capable of determining a grey fuzzy risk with the corresponding bounds of DO, at each check point, rather than specifying a single value of fuzzy risk as done in a Fuzzy Waste Load Allocation Model (FWLAM). The IFWLAM developed is based on fuzzy multiobjective optimization problem with ‘max-min’ as the operator, which usually may not result in a unique solution and there exists a possibility of obtaining multiple solutions (Karmakar and Mujumdar, 2006b). Karmakar and Mujumdar (2006b) developed a two-phase Grey Fuzzy Waste Load Allocation Model (two-phase GFWLAM), to determine the widest range of interval-valued optimal decision variables, resulting in the same value of interval-valued optimal goal fulfillment level as obtained from GFWLAM (Karmakar and Mujumdar 2006a). Following Karmakar and Mujumdar (2006b), two optimization models are developed in this study to capture all the decision alternatives or multiple solutions: one to maximize and the other to minimize the summation of membership functions of the dischargers by keeping the maximum goal fulfillment level same as that obtained in IFWLAM to obtain a lower limit and an upper limit of fractional removal levels respectively. The aim of the two optimization models is to obtain a range of fractional removal levels for the dischargers such that the resultant grey fuzzy risk will be within acceptable limits. Specification of a range for fractional removal levels enhances flexibility in decision-making. The models are applied to the case study of Tunga-Bhadra river system. A range of upper and lower limits of fractional removal levels is obtained for each discharger; within this range, the discharger can select the fractional removal level so that the resulting grey fuzzy risk will also be within specified bounds. In IFWLAM, the membership functions are subjective, and lower and upper bounds are arbitrarily fixed. Karmakar and Mujumdar (2006a) developed a Grey Fuzzy Waste Load Allocation Model (GFWLAM), in which uncertainty in the values of membership parameters is quantified by treating them as interval grey numbers. Imprecise membership functions are assigned for the goals of PCA and dischargers. Following Karmakar and Mujumdar (2006a), a Grey Optimization Model with Grey Fuzzy Risk is developed in the present study to address the uncertainty in the memebership functions of IFWLAM. The goals of PCA and dischargers are considered as grey fuzzy goals with imprecise membership functions. Imprecise membership functions are assigned to the fuzzy set of low water quality and fuzzy set of low risk. The grey fuzzy risk approach is included to account for the uncertainty due to missing data or inadequate data in the samples of input variables as done in IFWLAM. Randomness and imprecision associated with various water quality influencing variables and parameters of the river system are considered through a Monte-Carlo simulation when input parameters (such as mean and variance) are interval grey numbers. The model application is demonstrated with the case study of Tunga-Bhadra river system in South India. Finally the results of the model are compared with the results of GFWLAM (Karmakar and Mujumdar, 2006a). For the case study of Tunga Bhadra River system, it is observed that the fractional removal levels are higher for Grey Optimization Model with Grey Fuzzy Risk compared to GFWLAM (Karmakar and Mujumdar, 2006a) and therefore the resulting risk values at each check point are reduced to a significant extent. The models give a set of flexible policies (range of fractional removal levels). Corresponding optimal values of goal fulfillment level and the grey fuzzy risk are all in terms of interval grey numbers. The IFWLAM and Grey Fuzzy Optimization Model with Grey Fuzzy Risk, developed in the study do not limit their application to any particular pollutant or water quality indicator in the river system. Given appropriate transfer functions for spatial distribution of the pollutants in water body, the models can be used for water quality management of any general river system.

Of the three manuscripts that form the basis of this thesis, MS Cape Town, South African Library, Grey 4c7 is, in musicological terms the most important of the three manuscripts. It is a complete Carthusian Antiphonary, of the late 14th century, written for the Charterhouse of Champmol, near Dijon, the mausoleum of the Dukes of Burgundy. It also contains an extensive Tonary, a Hymnary and a Kyriale. The two didactic verses which form part of the Tonary are of particular importance, since MS 4c7is one of the few manuscripts in the world intended for musical performance to contain the Ter terni by William of Hirsau; furthermore it is apparently the only Carthusian manuscript of any kind to contain the Oyapente et dyatessaron by Hucbald. The manuscript is placed in the context of the Carthusian liturgy of the 12th to the 16th centuries and is compared with 33 manuscripts of this period. It is shown that, although a marked textual similarity exists between the manuscripts, there are variant melodies. The conclusion is therefore drawn that the Carthusians did not have a single exemplar for the melodies in their liturgical books. It is shown that MS 4c7 and MS Oijon, Bibliotheque municipale 118, also written for Champmol, were copied from the same exemplar and that they are closely related to MSS Beaune, Bibliotheque municipale 27, 34 and 41, ot the neighbouring Charterhouse of Fontenay. The second manuscript, MS Grey 3c23, an Antiphonary for nuns, for Lauds and Vespers, written for the Charterhouse of Mont-Sainte-Marie, at Gosnay, near Arras, has been dated 1538 by the original scribe. This manuscript is almost identical to MS AGC C II 817. The presence of a Sequence, foreign to the Carthusian tradition, is however unique toMS 3c23. The third manuscript, MS Grey 6b3, is an Evangeliary, signed by the scribe, Amelontius de Ercklems, in 1520. Its provenance is the Charterhouse of Our Lady of the Twelve Apostles at Mont-Cornillon near Liege. Musicological features of the manuscript which are discussed are the Hymn 'Te decet laus', and the accent neumes at the ends of pericopes. / Art History, Visual Arts & Musicology / D.Mus. (Musicology)

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Botrytis cinerea Pers. Fr. [teleomorph Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel] causes serious losses of over 200 crops worldwide, including rooibos seedlings and pears. This pathogen is characterized by morphological, physiological and genetic diversity. The genetic diversity and population structure have not been investigated for B. cinerea populations in South Africa. Botrytis cinerea collected from rooibos seedlings and in pear orchards in the Western Cape of South Africa were investigated in the present study. The study was done with the aid of microsatellite markers, the amplification of mating type alleles MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 and determination of resistance towards various fungicides. Population dynamics was inferred and a similar picture emerged in both production systems. Botrytis cinerea annually causes severe losses of rooibos seedlings (Aspalathus linearis) in nurseries situated in the Clanwilliam region. Sampling was done in five nurseries and the cryptic species status of the isolates obtained was determined through restriction enzyme digestion of the Bc-hch gene. All but one (206 out of 207) of the isolates belonged to Group II or B. cinerea ‘sensu stricto’. Analysis of the B. cinerea Group II population, using seven microsatellite loci, was performed to assess the genetic population structure. Total gene diversity (H) was high, with a mean of 0.67. Two of the nurseries populations’ sample sizes were severely limited after clone correction, yet 100 genotypes were discerned among the 206 isolates genotyped. The percentage of maximal genotypic diversity (G) ranged between 16 and 68 for the five populations, with a total value of 17 for the 100 genotypes. One genotype, represented by 27 clones, was isolated from four nurseries. Relatively low but significant population differentiation was observed in total between nurseries (mean FST = 0.030, P = 0.001). The distribution of mating types MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 differed significantly from the ratio of 1:1 for the total population plus two of the nurseries’ populations. Three nursery populations had an equal mating type distribution. The index of association (IA) analyses suggests that the populations are asexually reproducing. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that 97% of the total genetic variation is distributed within subpopulations. Fungicide resistance frequency against iprodione for 198 of the genotyped isolates displayed highly varying levels of resistance amongst the five nurseries. The mean total incidence of resistance towards iprodione was 43%, ranging from 0% to 81% for the five nurseries. Baseline sensitivity towards pyrimethanil yielded an average EC50 value of 0.096 mg/L. Botrytis cinerea isolates were collected from pear blossoms (Pyrus communis) in four orchards. Two orchards in the Ceres area and two in the Grabouw area were sampled from. A total of 181 isolates were collected from the four orchards. Incidence of blossom infection in the orchards ranged from 3% to 17%. Overall, there was a high incidence of isolates that had only the Boty transposable element (74%) compared to those harbouring both (Boty and Flipper), simultaneously (transposa, 24%). One isolate examined had the Flipper element only. Cryptic species status according to restriction enzyme digestion of the Bc-hch gene indicated that all the isolates belonged to Group II or B. cinerea ‘sensu stricto’. Analysis of the Group II population, through the use of seven microsatellite loci, was performed to assess the genetic population structure. Total gene diversity (H) was high, with a mean of 0.69 across all populations. Although two of the subpopulations displayed a high clonal proportion, overall 91 genotypes were discerned among the 181 isolates. The percentage of maximal genotypic diversity (G) ranged between 18 and 33 for the four populations, with a total value of 14 for the 91 genotypes. One genotype, represented by 27 clones, was isolated from all orchards. Moderate, but significant population differentiation was present in total among orchards (mean FST = 0.118, P = 0.001). The distribution of the mating types, MAT1-1 and MAT1-2, did not differ significantly from a 1:1 ratio for the total population as well as the subpopulations. Index of association (IA) analyses, on the other hand, suggests that the populations reproduce asexually. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that 88% of the total genetic variation is distributed within subpopulations, 9% between subpopulations and only 3% between production areas. Fungicide resistance frequency against fenhexamid, iprodione and benomyl varied, with the highest levels of resistance present against benomyl and low levels of resistance seen towards iprodione and fenhexamid. In conclusion, this study has shown that there exist within the studied populations of B. cinerea, obtained from rooibos nurseries and pear orchards, an adaptive capacity to overcome current means of control. The use of population genetics to further our understanding of how plant pathogens interact and spread throughout a given environment is of cardinal importance in aiding the development of sustainable and integrated management strategies. Knowledge of the dispersal of B. cinerea in the two studied cropping systems has shed light on the inherent risk that it poses, and this together with knowledge of the levels of resistance that occurs should serve as an early warning to help divert possible loss of control in future. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Botrytis cinerea Pers. Fr. [teleomorf Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel] veroorsaak ernstige verliese van meer as 200 gewasse wêreldwyd, insluitende rooibossaailinge en pere. Hierdie patogeen word deur morfologiese, fisiologiese, asook genetiese diversiteit gekenmerk. Die genetiese diversiteit en populasie-struktuur van B. cinerea populasies wat in Suid-Afrika voorkom, is nog nie ondersoek nie. Botrytis cinerea verkryg vanaf rooibossaailinge en in peerboorde in die Wes-Kaap van Suid-Afrika is ondersoek. Hierdie studie is met behulp van mikrosatellietmerkers, amplifikasie van die twee paringstipe gene (MAT1-1 en MAT1-2), asook die bepaling van weerstandsvlakke teenoor verskeie swamdoders, uitgevoer. Populasie-dinamika is afgelei en ‘n soortgelyke tendens is in beide produksie-sisteme waargeneem. Botrytis cinerea veroorsaak jaarliks ernstige verliese van rooibossaailinge (Aspalathus linearis) in kwekerye in die Clanwilliam-area. Monsters is in vyf kwekerye versamel en die kriptiese spesiestatus van die verkrygde isolate is deur restriksie-ensiemvertering van die Bc-hch geen bepaal. Almal behalwe een (206 uit 207) isolaat het aan Groep II of B. cinerea ‘sensu stricto’ behoort. Analise van die B. cinerea Groep II populasie, deur middel van sewe mikrosatellietmerkers, is uitgevoer om die genetiese populasiestruktuur te bepaal. Totale geendiversiteit (H) was hoog, met ‘n gemiddelde van 0.67. Alhoewel twee van die kwekerye se monstergrootte erg ingeperk is ná kloonverwydering, is daar nogtans 100 genotipes onder die 206 isolate wat geïsoleer is, waargeneem. Die persentasie van maksimale genotipiese diversiteit (G) het tussen 16 en 68, vir die vyf populasies, gewissel, met ‘n totaal van 17 vir die 100 genotipes. Een genotipe, verteenwoordig deur 27 klone, is uit vier kwekerye geïsoleer. Relatief lae dog noemenswaardige populasie-differensiasie is in totaal tussen kwekerye waargeneem (gem. FST = 0.030, P = 0.001). Die verspreiding van die twee paringstipes (MAT1-1 en MAT1-2) het beduidend verskil van ‘n 1:1 verhouding vir die totale populasie, asook twee van die kwekerye se populasies. Die drie oorblywende kwekerye se populasies het egter ‘n gelyke verdeling van die twee paringstipes getoon. Die indeks van assosiasie (IA) analises toon dat die populasies ongeslagtelik voortplant. Analise van molekulêre variasie (AMOVA) het aangedui dat 97% van die totale genetiese variasie binne die subpopulasies versprei is. Hoogs variërende vlakke van weerstand tussen die vyf kwekerye teenoor die swamdoder iprodioon, is vir die 198 isolate wat getoets is, gevind. Die totale gemiddelde frekwensie van weerstand teenoor iprodioon was 43%, wat tussen 0% en 81% vir die vyf kwekerye gevarieer het. Fondasie-vlak-sensitiwiteit vir pyrimethanil het ‘n gemiddelde EC50 waarde van 0.096 mg/L opgelewer. Botrytis cinerea isolate is ook vanuit peerbloeisels (Pyrus communis L.) vanuit vier boorde versamel, twee uit elk van die Ceres- en Grabouw-areas. In totaal is 181 isolate vanuit die vier boorde versamel. Die frekwensie van bloeiselinfeksie het tussen 3% en 17% gewissel. Oor die algemeen was daar ‘n hoë frekwensie van isolate wat slegs die Boty transponeerbare element teenwoordig gehad het (74%) in vergelyking met dié wat tegelykertyd beide (Boty en Flipper) teenwoordig gehad het. Een isolaat het slegs die Flipper element gehad. Bepaling van die kriptiese spesiestatus met behulp van restriksie-ensiemvertering van die Bc-hch geen het aangedui dat alle versamelde isolate tot Groep II of B. cinerea ‘sensu stricto’ behoort het. Analise van die Groep II populasie, deur middel van sewe mikrosatellietmerkers, is uitgevoer om genetiese populasie-struktuur te bepaal. Totale geendiversiteit (H) was hoog, met ‘n gemiddelde van 0.69 oor alle populasies. Alhoewel twee subpopulasies ‘n hoë klonale fraksie getoon het, is 91 genotipes tussen die 181 isolate wat verkry is, onderskei. Die persentasie van maksimale genotipiese diversiteit (G) het tussen 18 en 33 vir die vier populasies gewissel, met ‘n totale waarde van 14 vir die 91 genotipes. Een genotipe, verteenwoordig deur 27 klone, was in al vier boorde teenwoordig. Gematigde dog beduidende populasie differensiasie was in totaal tussen boorde teenwoordig (gem. FST = 0.118, P = 0.001). Die verspreiding van die paringstipes (MAT1-1 en MAT1-2) het nie betekenisvol van ‘n 1:1 verhouding vir die totale populasie, insluitende die subpopulasies, verskil nie. Indeks van assosiasie (IA) analises het egter aangedui dat die populasies ongeslagtelik voortplant. Analise van molekulêre variasie (AMOVA) het aangedui dat 88% van die totale genetiese variasie in subpopulasies te vinde was, 9% tussen subpopulasies en slegs 3% tussen produksie-areas. Frekwensie van swamdoder weerstandbiedendheid vir fenhexamid, iprodioon en benomyl het gewissel, met die hoogste vlakke teenoor benomyl waargeneem, maar baie lae vlakke teenoor fenhexamid en iprodioon. Samevattend het hierdie studie getoon dat die populasies van B. cinerea wat in hierdie twee produksie-sisteme, op rooibossaailinge en in peer boorde, ondersoek is, ‘n aanpasbaarheid toon om huidige metodes van beheer te oorkom. Die gebruik van populasiegenetika as ‘n hulpmiddel om ons kennis van patogeen-interaksies en -verspreiding te verbreed, is van kardinale belang in die ontwikkeling van geïntegreerde en volhoubare beheermaatreëls. Kennis van die verspreiding van B. cinerea in die bestudeerde gewasproduksiestelsels, werp lig op die inherente risiko wat dié patogeen inhou. Dít, tesame met kennis van die weerstandsvlakke wat voorkom, kan as ‘n vroegtydige waarskuwing dien ten einde moontlike verlies van beheer in die toekoms te help teenwerk.

不同股市的報酬關聯隨時間動態改變，本研究欲了解近期美國、台灣與亞太地區的中國大陸、香港、日本及韓國的報酬連動關係，並進一步觀察次級房貸風暴期間美股對這些地區的關聯改變趨勢。本論文採用灰色理論與時間序列兩種方法，實證發現次級房貸風暴發生期間，台股及亞太地區主要指數不論在報酬率或是報酬率波動性受美股影響的程度大多增強。 實證結果顯示，在風暴期間的報酬率傳導關係，亞太以韓國影響台股最顯著，美股則全面影響亞太指數；在報酬率波動性溢傳上，亞太以日本、美股以道瓊工業影響台股最強，台股則是電子類股被美股影響最重，但營建類股在與美股或是亞太指數的關聯趨勢變化卻最明顯。另外，灰關聯分析對時間序列檢定的關聯組合可以提供互補的關聯強弱關係說明，且具有相當的正確性。 / Connections between stock markets are dynamically changing, and it affects investor's transnational investment portfolio. We focus on the relationships of stock markets among the United States, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, China and Hong Kong, and eager to understand the connection tendency between Untied States and Asian-Pacific area during the subprime mortgage crisis period. The identified research methods are time series and grey theory, including Granger causality test, GARCH model and grey relational analysis. We find out the returns and volatility in Asian-Pacific stock markets were all affected increasly by U.S. market during the subprime mortgage crisis. The main empirical results are as follows: In the relationships of returns, Korea affects Taiwan mostly in the Asian-Pacific area, and U.S. market affects all the others entirely during the subprime crisis. In the relationships of volatility, Japan and Dow Jones index affects Taiwan deeply during the period; within all the Taiwan indexs, Electronic Sector Index was affected by the U.S. market mostly than others during the same period, but the connection tendency in the Construction Sector Index with other markets changes more obviously. Otherwise, grey relational analysis can provide complementary explainations as compared to time sereies in the strength of relationships, and the explainations are with plenty credibility.

在全球化市場的激烈競爭環境中，資訊科技對企業而言已是一種提升競爭優勢的策略性設備，而先前文獻對於資訊科技能力的評估或與企業績效關聯性的探討，多以行為性問卷的認知數據量表進行研究，少有利用事實性問卷所收集的現象數據評估資訊科技能力及進一步分析資訊科技能力與企業績效關聯性之研究。故本研究基於資源基礎觀點理論，利用企業事實性現象填答問卷建立企業資訊科技能力評估模型，包含資訊科技的導入狀態、應用方式及使用經驗等現象相關問項，如硬體、網路、資訊系統應用程度及範圍等，並探討資訊科技能力與企業績效的關聯性。使用典型相關分析進行實證研究發現，針對先前政府委託調查所收集資料計算出來的企業資訊科技能力，與公開發行的上市櫃企業財務資料所計算出來的企業績效具有顯著關聯性，特別是會計型財務績效之經營能力，經檢定具統計顯著性。進一步進行產業別比較，先使用灰色熵權重分析對於各個子構面進行權重估計，並以權重加權法重新計算每一樣本之資訊科技能力，再進行單因子變異數分析，顯示各產業間之資訊科技能力及子構面能力多數呈現顯著差異。本研究所提出的資訊科技能力評估模型與企業績效關聯檢定模式，以及產業間資訊科技能力差異性分析模式，可提供政府或產業觀察機構建立長期觀測平台，以彙整各種產業資訊科技導入現象及應用範圍，使政府與企業可檢視整體產業整體或個別產業資訊科技能力之差異，藉以擬定資訊科技投資策略，提升企業競爭優勢。 / In the highly competitive globalization environment, information technology (IT) has become strategic equipment for leveraging a business’s competitive advantage. Most previous studies use perceptual questionnaire to collect behavioral data for evaluating IT capability, and furthermore to explore the relationship between IT capability and firm performance. Very few studies use factual questionnaire to collect the phenomenon data for analysis. In this study, we propose a model of evaluating IT capability based on Resource-Based View (RBV) theory and use factual phenomenon questionnaire including induction status, application approach, and usage experience, such as hardware, networks, IS application levels and scopes, etc. The research also explores the relationship between IT capability and firm performance. The IT capability data are calculated from the earlier government-sponsored survey. The firm performance data by financial indicators are collected or calculated from the open data of listed companies in Taiwan Stock Exchange and Over-the-Counter Agencies. The Canonical Correlation Analysis is used and shows significantly positive relationship for the IT capability affecting the firm performance, especially in Accounting-Based Financial Indicators. Before further analysis of industry comparison, Grey Entropy is used to estimate the weights of three sub-constructs and the overall IT capability is then re-calculated by integrating the weighted sub-construct capabilities. Afterwards, the One-Way ANOVA analysis is conducted and shows significant differences across industries in the overall IT capability of the firm and the IT capabilities of the sub-constructs. The proposed IT capability estimation model and the relationship analysis for the IT capability and firm performance can be used by the government or industry observation institution to continuously watch the industry IT capability phenomena and its relationship with the firm performance. The observation for the whole country and across industries can be used as a reference to pursue appropriate IT investments for strategic advantage.

Sir George Grey (1812-1898) served as Governor of South Australia, of New Zealand twice, and of the Cape Colony. This thesis explains his policy for the first time for a history of the political ideas of colonization. Grey introduced the policy of racial amalgamation to settler colonies after the 1837 Report of the Select Committee into Aboriginal Affairs, that had advised the policy of segregation as had been North American policy under Sir William Johnson. This thesis demonstrates that Grey was a Liberal Anglican who had adopted neo-Harringtonian thought, and who introduced Jeffersonian native policy into British native policy. He practised the strategic theory of Antoine-Henri Jomini, applying it to native policy. Grey captured the monarchical constitution of the empire for what had been a settler policy of dissent to the segregation of indigenes that dated back to Tudor Ireland and early Viginia. Grey's distinctive intellectual practices were ethnograpical research and speculation, for which he enjoyed an international reputation, and the constitutional design of settler colonies, an activity he came to totally identify with. The thesis concentrates on his first New Zealand governorship (1845-53) and upon the resumption of his second New Zealand governorship (1861-68) because it was in that colony he first fully practised his native policy and participated in constitutional design, and into which he brought about a crisis of indigenous amalgamation on the eve of the Waikato War in 1863, having introduced full responsible government.

This doctoral presentation consists of the preparation of critical editions of eight orchestral works by J.B. McEwen: Symphony in A minor (1895-99), Viola Concerto (1901), Coronach (1903), The Demon Lover (1907-08), Grey Galloway (1908), Solway, A Symphony (1911), Hills 'o Heather (1918), and Where The Wild Thyme Blows (1936). In the absence of any monograph on McEwen there is a chapter which brings together for the first time the biographical information that can be culled from various sources; some, like the correspondence between Henry George Farmer and McEwen in the late 1940's, has never been discussed before. A separate chapter surveys the collection of McEwen manuscripts held at Glasgow University Library, its condition, the extent of it, and how it came to be housed there. There follows a discussion of each of the selected works from the point of view of the editorial issues relating to them and also some aspects of McEwen's stylistic development. It was important to McEwen that a composer spoke in his native voice through his music as is evident in a letter he wrote to H.G. Farmer in 1947(1). Discussion of this aspect of his expressive style is therefore helpful in understanding his development from the early Symphony in A minor of 1895-99 to his last orchestral work, Where The Wild Thyme Blows of 1936. Such a stylistic study is secondary to the main thrust of the thesis which is a critical edition, but it is necessary in order to fully understand the complex issues involved in making McEwen's last orchestral work performable. Where The Wild Thyme Blows was left incomplete and the present editor has made a performing version. There is a brief concluding section which consolidates evident features of the McEwen manuscripts which would be useful for further studies of these papers. Each of the selected works is presented as a separate volume in a scholarly edition with full critical commentary given at the end of each volume. (1) Glasgow University Library catalogue n.MS Farmer 217

La succinate déshydrogénase (SDH) est à la fois une enzyme clé du cycle de Krebs oxydant le succinate en fumarate et le complexe II de la chaîne respiratoire mitochondriale impliqué dans le transfert des électrons et la réduction de l’ubiquinone. Des inhibiteurs de cette enzyme (SDHI) ont été développés ou sont en cours de développement comme antifongiques. Cette famille de fongicides est notamment utilisée pour lutter contre Botrytis cinerea, champignon phytopathogène responsable de la pourriture grise sur de nombreuses cultures dont la vigne. Des souches résistantes aux SDHI ont été isolées chez B. cinerea et d’autres champignons phytopathogènes. Chez ces isolats résistants, des mutations ont été identifiées dans les gènes codant la SDH. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons étudié l’impact de mutations affectant la sous-unité B (SdhB) de la succinate déshydrogénase sur l’activité de l’enzyme, la biologie du champignon B. cinerea et la résistance aux inhibiteurs ciblant cette enzyme. Par mutagénèse dirigée du gène sdhB, nous avons obtenu des mutants dits « isogéniques » qui ont permis de confirmer l’implication de ces mutations dans la résistance aux différentes molécules SDHI. Par ailleurs, nos résultats montrent que les modifications de la sous-unité SdhB affectent l’affinité des SDHI pour la SDH et les niveaux d’inhibition de l’activité SDH par les molécules inhibitrices ; ce qui explique - in fine - les spectres de résistance des mutants aux SDHI. Actuellement, tous les mutants sont résistants au boscalid et les mutants les plus fréquemment retrouvés au vignoble, sdhBH272R/Y, sont sensibles au fluopyram. Les travaux réalisés sur les mutants sdhB montrent que les mutations étudiées ont également un impact sur l’activité de l’enzyme et sur le développement du champignon, conséquences dépendantes du résidu substitué et de la substitution. En particulier, les mutations sdhBH272L/R affectent fortement l’activité de l’enzyme et la fitness du champignon alors que le mutant sdhBH272Y est peu affecté. Enfin, l’analyse de populations de pourriture grise de différentes origines (région, plantes hôtes) par rapport à la résistance aux SDHI réalisée sur les années 2009/2010 montre que les mutants sdhBH272R/Y sont toujours les plus fréquents mais leurs fréquences varient en fonction des situations agronomiques. Notamment la fréquence du mutant sdhBH272R augmente avec la pression de sélection exercée par les fongicides. Ce mutant attire particulièrement notre attention du fait de sa relation non linéaire entre fitness et fréquence au champ. / Succinate dehydrogenase is both a key enzyme of the TCA cycle, oxidizing succinate into fumarate and complex II of the mitochondrial respiratory chain involved in electron transfer and ubiquinone reduction. Inhibitors of this enzyme (SDHIs) have been developed or are in the developmental process as fungicides. Actually, SDHIs are registered to deal with Botrytis cinerea, a phytopathogenic fungus responsible for grey mold on many crops including grapevine. Strains of B. cinerea and other pathogenic fungi have been isolated for their resistance to SDHI. They mainly harbor mutations in genes encoding SDH subunits. During this thesis, we studied the impact of mutations modifying subunit B of succinate dehydrogenase on enzyme activity, fungal biology and resistance to SDHIs. “Isogenic” mutants obtained through site-directed mutagenesis and homologous recombination allowed us to confirm the role of sdhB mutations in SDHIs resistance. Our results also show that the substitutions in the SdhB subunit impact respectively the affinity of SDHIs to SDH and the inhibition levels of SDH activity by inhibitors, which explain – in fine – the resistance spectra observed for the mutants. Up to now, all sdhB mutants are resistant to boscalid and the most frequent mutants observed in grapevines, sdhBH272R/Y, are susceptible to fluopyram. Studies on sdhB mutants reveal that the mutations also impact the enzymatic activity and the fungal development depending on the substitution. In particular, sdhBH272L/R mutations have the strongest impact on enzyme activity and the fitness of the fungus, whereas these parameters are almost not altered in the sdhBH272Y mutant. Finally, grey mold populations from different origins (country, plant host) were analyzed for their SDHI resistance pheno- and genotypes. Yet, the sdhBH272R/Y mutants were the most frequent, but these frequencies varied according to the agronomical situation. Interestingly, the frequencies of the sdhBH272R mutant seem to increase with the selective pressure exerted by fungicides. This mutant is of particular interest because of the absence of correlation between the fitness we measured and the frequencies we observed in natura.

Um conjunto de reflexões teóricas sobre as incompatibilidades entre a Ordem Inter-nacional pós-Guerra Fria e as categorias estruturantes dos paradigmas analíticos dominantes, esta tese procura também apontar dados empíricos e listar questões a serem compreendidas por um novo modo de produção de conhecimentos em rela-ções internacionais. Ela critica tanto os paradigmas unidimensionais, principalmente os de corte liberal e leno-stalinistas, quanto os bidimensionais, de inspiração realista e racionalista, indicando que ambos formam redes conceituais baseadas numa dialé-tica dicotômica, que reduz a complexidade do internacional e do estrangeiro a um olhar e interesse nacionais. Sugere que o sistema internacional e os subsistemas regionais, como objetos de estudo, não se reduzem a suas unidades, constituindo uma terceira dimensão, ou zona cinzenta, cuja conformação, para ser compreendida depende da análise integrada dos fenômenos da guerra, das globalizações e do for-talecimento do Estado. Completando as sugestões para o debate e a formulação de conceitos interpretativos mais abrangentes, além de alguns neologismos, esta tese constrói algumas tipologias compreensivas. O autor adverte, contudo, que essas formulações têm o propósito de ilustrar a análise, não de fechar a discussão com um modelo acabado. / A set of theoretical reflections on the contradictions between the post-Cold War inter-national order and the structuring categories of the prevailing analytical paradigms, this thesis also tries to point to empirical data and list questions to be understood by a new way of producing knowledge in international relations. It criticizes both one-dimensional paradigms, mainly those in the liberal and Lenin-Stalinist model, and two-dimensional paradigms of realistic and rational inspiration, showing that both of them build conceptual networks based on the dialectics of dichotomy, which reduces the complexity of being international and foreign to a national vision and interest. The work also suggests that the international system and the regional subsystems, as objects of study, are not limited to their units, making up a third dimension, or grey zone, whose configuration can only be understood through an integrated analysis of the war phenomena, globalization and the strengthening of the State. By making suggestions for the debate and formulation of more comprehensive interpretation concepts, in addition to some neologisms, this thesis builds some broad typologies. However, the author warns that these formulations have the purpose of illustrating the analysis, not closing the debate on a finished model.