O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do ácido giberélico em doses crescentes, isoladamente ou em conjunto com o anelamento de ramos e/ou com o desponte de cachos sobre as características dos cachos, bagos e engaços das cultivares de uvas de mesa Niagara Rosada e Vênus. Foram realizados dois experimentos para cada cultivar nas regiões noroeste e da alta paulista do Estado de São Paulo, e os delineamentos estatísticos utilizados foram em blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições sendo quatorze e dezoito tratamentos para 'Niagara Rosada' e vinte e oito tratamentos para cada experimento com 'Vênus'. Para todos os experimentos, o ácido giberélico nas doses de 0; 10; 22,5; 35; 47,5; 60 e 72,5ppm, fo i aplicado quinze dias após o pleno florescimento, através da imersão total dos cachos, com exceção de um experimento com 'Niagara Rosada', no qual foi acrescido mais duas doses de 85 e 97,5ppm. O anelamento nos ramos produtivos foi realizado também nesta mesma época. No primeiro experimento com 'Niagara Rosada' detectou-se que não houve influência do anelamento de ramos sobre a massa e o tamanho médio dos bagos. Também, a dose de 35ppm de ácido giberélico sendo aplicada isoladamente originou incrementos na massa e tamanho médio dos cachos e bagos. Esta mesma dose quando aplicada conjuntamente com o anelamento de ramos proporcionou incrementos no teor de sólidos solúveis totais do mosto. No segundo experimento com 'Niagara Rosada', maiores incrementos no tamanho e massa dos bagos, assim como no diâmetro médio dos pedicelos foram obtidos com a aplicação de 60ppm de ácido giberélico conjuntamente com o anelamento de ramos. Já, os maiores incrementos na massa e na largura dos cachos e no número médio de bagos por cacho foram obtidos com a dose de 35ppm aplicada conjuntamente com a prática do anelamento. Já, com a cultivar Vênus no ciclo vegetativo de 1999 verificou-se que quanto maior a dose de ácido giberélico, maior foi o comprimento, a largura e a massa dos bagos. Também, o anelamento realizado isoladamente ou conjuntamente com o desponte de cachos proporcionou o aumento destas mesmas características. No experimento com a cultivar 'Vênus' no ciclo vegetativo de 2000 notou-se que quanto maior a dose de ácido giberélico, maior foi o comprimento e a largura dos cachos e engaços. A dose de 35ppm de ácido giberélico, aplicada conjuntamente com o anelamento de ramos isoladamente ou com o desponte de cachos, proporcionou as maiores massas de cachos e engaços e o maior número médio de bagos por cacho. Maiores bagos foram obtidos com a aplicação de 60ppm de ácido giberélico realizada conjuntamente com o anelamento de ramos isoladamente ou em conjunto com o desponte de cachos. A maior massa de bagos foi obtida com a aplicação isolada de 47,5ppm de ácido giberélico. Também, obteve-se menores teores de sólidos solúveis totais com doses maiores do regulador vegetal aplicadas conjuntamente com a técnica de incisão anelar. / The present work was developed to evaluate the effect on the cluster, berries and raquis characteristics of Niagara Rosada and Venus table grapes of increasing doses of gibberellic acid associated or not with branch girdling and/or cluster blunt. Two experiments, for each cultivar, were accomplished in the northwest area of São Paulo State, Brazil, in a randomized block design, with five replications, being fourteen and eighteen treatments for 'Niagara Rosada' and twenty-eight treatments for 'Venus'. The gibberellic acid in the doses of 0; 10; 22,5; 35; 47,5; 60 and 72,5ppm, was applied, through the total immersion of the clusters, fifteen days after the full flowering, except for the second experiment with 'Niagara Rosada', in which was added up two more doses of 85 and 97,5ppm. The girdling in the productive branches was also accomplished in this same time. In the first experiment with 'Niagara Rosada' no effect of girdling was detected on the berry mass and size. Also, gibberellic acid (35ppm) alone increased cluster and berry mass and size. This same dose when associated with girdling provided increase in the soluble solids. In the second experiment with 'Niagara Rosada', larger increments on berry size and mass, as well as, pedicels diameter were obtained with gibberellic acid (60ppm) associated with branch girdling. The largest increments on cluster mass and width and on the berry number per cluster, were obtained applying gibberellic acid (35ppm) associated with girdling. In the first experiment with 'Venus' seedless table grape in 1999 it was detected that the higher the concentrations of gibberellic acid, the larger were berry length, width and the mass. Also, girdling associated or not with cluster blunt increased these same characteristics. In the second experiment with 'Venus' cultivar it was noticed that the higher the concentrations of gibberellic acid, the larger were cluster and raquis length and width. Gibberellic acid (35ppm) associated with girdling only or with cluster blunt provided the largest increase on cluster and raquis masses and the largest berry number per cluster. Larger berries were obtained with gibberellic acid (60ppm) associated with girdling only or with cluster blunt. The largest berry mass was obtained with gibberellic acid (47,5ppm). Also, it was detected a decrease in soluble solids with higher concentrations of the vegetable regulator associated with girdling.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karina_Heberle.pdf: 852717 bytes, checksum: 38d66278615e8631603b7471461bf5c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Lignin is an indispensable biomolecule for many biological processes of plants. It is one of the most important is to contribute to stem verticality and to ensure the transport of water and minerals. Thus, the search for modulatory ways of lignin biosynthesis is important especially with the application of growth regulators. This research was conducted with Handroanthus impetiginosus seedlings and American patagonula subjected to concentrations of acid jasmonic (0,5 μmol L-1, 1 μmol L-1 e 1,5 μmol L-1). The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design in the nursery and in a randomized block in the field, with four treatments and five replications. The quantification of lignin was performed by the Van Soest method. In the field, measurements included seedling height, diameter, and number of leaves to evaluate seedling quality. In addition, I calculated the ratio of height to stem diameter, the ratio of above ground dry biomass to weight of the dry roots and Dickson quality index (DQI). Data analysis and graphs from the analysis of variance were performed with Statistics, considering a confidence level of 5%. After the imposition of treatments seedlings of H. impetiginosus externalized the smallest increment in height and the ratio between height and diameter for the three doses of AJ, compared to the control. There was an increase in the Dickson quality index, in lignin concentration in the above ground tissues and root in seedlings that received 1 μmol L-1 and 1,5 μmol L-1. For P. americana seedlings, the doses of 1 μmol L-1 and 1,5 μmol L-1 resulted in increased growth of stem diameter. There was a reduction of the ratio of height to diameter for all tested AJ concentrations. DQI and lignin percentage of the above ground tissues increased as a result of application of 1 μmol L-1 de AJ. In the field, the percentage of seedling survival of H. impetiginosus and P. americana was 100% 90 days after planting. H. impetiginosus seedlings showed increased stem diameter with application of 1,5 μmol L-1. P. americana seedlings resulted in small values for H/D as a result of application of 1 μmol L-1 and 1,5 μmol L-1 of AJ. The results indicated that jasmonic acid may be an effective way of promoting seedling rustification in order to improve the initial seedling performance of H. impetiginosus and P. americana seedlings after planting / A lignina é uma biomolécula indispensável a diversos processos biológicos das plantas, dentre eles o mais importante é conferir rigidez necessária à manutenção da verticalidade do caule e assegurar a existência de vias rápidas de circulação da água e minerais. Nesse sentido, a busca de sistemas moduladores da biossíntese da lignina pode ser alcançada com a aplicação de reguladores de crescimento. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da pulverização exógena de ácido jasmônico na biossíntese de lignina em mudas de Handroanthus impetiginosus e Patagonula americana, onde foram aplicadas diferentes concentrações do regulador vegetal ácido jasmônico (0,5 μmol L-1, 1 μmol L-1 e 1,5 μmol L-1). O experimento foi composto por delineamento inteiramente casualizado em viveiro e em blocos casualizados a campo, contando com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. A quantificação da lignina foi realizada pelo método de Van Soest. A campo também foram realizadas análises morfométricas (altura, diâmetro, número de folhas) para avaliar a qualidade das mudas, além de índices de qualidade, como a relação altura da parte aérea/diâmetro do coleto, a relação do peso de matéria seca da parte aérea/ peso de matéria seca das raízes e o índice de qualidade de Dickson (IQD). A análise dos dados foi realizada com o auxílio do programa estatístico Statistics e os gráficos gerados a partir da análise de variância, considerando significância em nível de 5% de probabilidade do erro. Após a imposição dos tratamentos as mudas de H. impetiginosus externaram menor incremento em altura e relação altura e diâmetro para as três doses de AJ, comparadas à testemunha. Houve aumento no índice de qualidade de Dickson, na concentração de lignina da parte aérea e da raiz, nas doses de 1 μmol L-1 e 1,5 μmol L-1. Para as mudas de P. americana, as doses de 1 μmol L-1 e 1,5 μmol L-1 colaboraram para o aumento do incremento no diâmetro do coleto. Houve redução da relação altura da parte aérea/ diâmetro do coleto para as três concentrações de AJ. Na avaliação do IQD e do teor de lignina da parte aérea, houve aumento com a concentração de 1 μmol L-1 de AJ. No campo, 90 dias após o plantio, o percentual de sobrevivência das mudas de H. impetiginosus e P. americana foi 100%. Para as mudas de H. impetiginosus houve diferenças apenas no incremento do diâmetro do coleto na concentração de 1,5 μmol L-1 de AJ. As mudas de P. americana externaram menores valores para a relação H/D nas concetrações de 1 μmol L-1 e 1,5 μmol L-1. Os resultados indicam que dependendo da concentração utilizada de ácido jasmônico pode ser eficiente em promover a rustificação e melhorar o desempenho inicial a campo de mudas de H. impetiginosus e P. americana

Tecnologias que permitam explorar o potencial genético das variedades de cana-de-açúcar nos diversos ambientes de produção e possibilitem o planejamento da colheita são fundamentais para aumentar a rentabilidade do setor sucroenergético. Dentre estas tecnologias, o emprego de indutores de maturação destaca-se por possibilitar o manejo da cultura em seu sistema de produção e proporcionar melhorias na qualidade da matéria-prima. A utilização conjunta de maturadores e nutrientes em pré-colheita pode fornecer a indústria matéria prima de melhor qualidade tecnológica. Entretanto, questões relacionadas a épocas de utilização e a associação de maturadores com nutrientes não estão totalmente esclarecidas. Neste sentido, o propósito deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de maturadores e nutrientes, em diferentes épocas de manejo, sobre parâmetros tecnológicos da cana-de-açúcar em início de safra. Foram conduzidos, em cana planta variedade RB 85 5453, dois experimentos compostos por 14 tratamentos: Controle, Orthosulfamuron, Etil-Trinexapac, Sulfometuron metil, Sulfometuron metil/ Boro 150 g/ha, Nitrato de Potássio, Boro 50 g/ha, Boro 150 g/ha, Boro 250 g/ha, Nitrato de Potássio + Boro 50 g/ha, Complexo de micronutrientes, Complexo de Micronutrientes + Biorregulador, Sulfometuron metil + Complexo de Micronutrientes, Sulfometuron metil + Complexo de Micronutrientes + Biorregulador; em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições. Foram realizadas 2 aplicações com intervalo de 33 dias entre aplicação. Os parâmetros Brix%, Fibra, Pol do caldo, Pol da cana), Pureza, Açúcares Redutores do Caldo, Açúcares Redutores da Cana e Açúcar Total Recuperável foram avaliados em intervalos quinzenais, aos 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias após a aplicação dos produtos. Verificou-se que a utilização dos maturadores promoveu melhorias na qualidade da cana-de-açúcar e que a associação de nutrientes ao maturador não potencializou a ação dos maturadores. Diferentes épocas de aplicação dos produtos em pré-colheita resultaram em diferentes respostas da cana-de-açúcar. / Technologies to exploit the genetic potential of the varieties of sugarcane in different production environments and enable the planning of crop are essential to increase the profitability of the sugarcane industry. Among these technologies, the use of ripeners stands out by enabling the management of culture in its production system and provide improvements in the quality of the raw material. The joint use of ripeners and nutrients before the harvest can supply the raw material of better quality technology industry, however, issues related to the use of times and the ripeners of association with nutrients are not fully clarified. In this sense, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of applying ripeners and nutrients at different times of management on technological parameters of sugarcane in early harvest. Were conducted, in sugarcane plant, variety RB 85 5453, two experiments consist of 14 treatments: Control, Orthosulfamuron, Ethyl-trinexapac, Sulfomethuron methyl, Sulfomethuron methyl + Boron 150 g/ha, Potassium Nitrate, Boron 50 g/ha, Boron 150 g/Ha, Boron 250 g/ha, Potassium Nitrate + Boro 50 g/ha, Complex micronutrients, Complex micronutrients + plant growth regulator, Sulfomethuron methyl + Complex micronutrients, Sulfomethuron methyl + Complex Micronutrients + Plant growth regulator; in a randomized block design with four replications. The applications were made on 28 March and 30 April. The parameters Brix%, fiber, Pol broth, Pol cane, Purity, reducing sugars, and recoverable total sugar were assessed at fortnightly intervals at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after application of the products. The use of ripeners promoted improvements in the quality of sugarcane and that the combination of nutrients to the ripeners didn\'t potentiate the action of ripeners. Different times of application of the products before the harvest resulted in different responses of sugarcane.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-03-27T19:09:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Lilian Cristina de Sousa Oliveira Batista.pdf: 1288520 bytes, checksum: 258e3cf77d272f259a164d0a1e9ca8fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-27T19:09:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Lilian Cristina de Sousa Oliveira Batista.pdf: 1288520 bytes, checksum: 258e3cf77d272f259a164d0a1e9ca8fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / CNPq / FAPERJ / FAPUR / The objective of the present study was to evaluate through in vitro test, the efficacy and residual period of protection in an aerosol formulation of pyriproxyfen and cyfluthrin in the Ctenocephalides felis felis control. A white felt of one millimeter of thickness and two square meters was impregnated with a formulation at a concentration of 0.04% of cyfluthrin and 0.05% of pyriproxyfen (Fleegard ? Bayer), and after dried, retained at a natural conditions environment until the challenge?s day. For each day of weekly challenge, six strips of impregnated carpet and six control strips, without treatment were used. For the test with immature forms, each strip was placed in a test tube with 10 eggs or 10 larvae and a half gram of a required diet for the larval development. The tubes were inside an incubator at a temperature of 28 ? 1 ?C and relative humidity of 75 ? 10%. At the 25th day after the incubation, the material of each challenge was fixed with alcohol 70 ?GL and the quantification of adults emerged from puparium was performed with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope. The average efficacy of egg-adult interruption of development was 98.78%, with minimum variation 89.47% and maximum 100%, and the larvae-adult was 96.16%, with minimum variation 82.14% and maximum 100%, over 182 days of challenge. For the test with adults were placed ten fleas not fed C. felis felis in each tube, being five male and five females. It was recorded the number of live and dead in times of 10 minutes, 30 minutes, one hour, two hours, three hours, four hours and 24 hours with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope on days 0 (30 min after impregnation of the felt), +1, +2, +5, +10, +15, +20 and +30 and was found to effectively, respectively of 35.7; 88.5; 75.9; 66.7; 67.6; 40.7; 22.2 and 12.3. It can be concluded that in aerosol formulation of cyfluthrin and pyriproxyfen was effective on the control of immature stages of C. felis felis for up to 26 weeks and adults after 24 h exposure to the product with residual action period extending substantially up to two days after the impregnation of felt. / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar atrav?s de teste in vitro, a efic?cia e o per?odo residual de prote??o de uma formula??o aerossol de piriproxifen e ciflutrina no controle de Ctenocephalides felis felis. Um feltro branco com um mil?metro de espessura e dois metros quadrados foi impregnado com a formula??o na apresenta??o de aerossol, em uma concentra??o de 0,04% de ciflutrina e de 0,05% de piriproxifen (Fleegard? BAYER) e ap?s a secagem, mantido no ambiente em condi??es naturais at? o dia de desafio. Foram utilizadas seis tiras de feltro impregnadas com o produto e seis tiras controle, sem tratamento, para cada dia de desafio semanal. Para o teste com formas imaturas, cada tira foi colocada em tubo de ensaio contendo 10 ovos ou 10 larvas e meio grama de uma dieta necess?ria para o desenvolvimento larval. Os tubos foram mantidos em c?mara climatizada com temperatura de 28?1?C e umidade relativa de 75?10%. No 25? dia ap?s a incuba??o, o material de cada desafio foi fixado com ?lcool 70?GL e realizada a quantifica??o de adultos emergidos do pup?rio com aux?lio de microsc?pio estereosc?pico. A efic?cia m?dia da interrup??o do desenvolvimento ovo-adulto foi de 98,78%, com varia??es m?nima de 89,47% e m?xima de 100%, e para a larva-adulto foi de 96,16%, com varia??es m?nima de 82,14% e m?xima de 100%, ao longo de 182 dias de desafio. Para o teste com adultos foram colocadas dez pulgas adultas n?o alimentadas de C. felis felis em cada tubo, sendo cinco machos e cinco f?meas. Foi registrado o n?mero de insetos vivos e mortos nos tempos de 10 minutos, 30 minutos, uma hora, duas horas, tr?s horas, quatro horas e 24 horas com aux?lio de um microsc?pio estereosc?pico, nos dias 0 (30 minutos ap?s a impregna??o do feltro), +1; +2; +5; +10; +15; +20 e +30 e constatou-se a efic?cia, respectivamente de 35,7; 88,5; 75,9; 66,7; 67,6; 40,7; 22,2 e 12;3. P?de-se concluir que a formula??o aerossol de ciflutrina e piriproxifen foi eficaz no controle ambiental de formas imaturas de C. felis felis por um per?odo de 26 semanas e para adultos 24 h ap?s a exposi??o ao produto com per?odo residual de a??o estendendo-se de forma significativa por at? dois dias ap?s a impregna??o do feltro.

Poucas espécies de Eucalyptus apresentam aptidão ao cultivo em regiões de baixas temperaturas e geadas frequentes, limitando seu cultivo em algumas regiões do Brasil. Genótipos de Eucalyptus globulus podem representar opções futuras para plantios florestais, tendo em vista o seu ótimo desempenho silvicultural nessas condições. No entanto, informações quanto à obtenção de mudas clonais são escassas, e se focarmos as espécies recomendadas para plantio em condições subtropicais, tal carência é ainda maior, principalmente em termos endógenos e exógenos de enraizamento de propágulos. Esta espécie se destaca também, pelo grande interesse no setor florestal, sobretudo em relação às características de sua madeira para obtenção de celulose, porém, é considerada recalcitrante ao enraizamento de estacas, especialmente quando envolve material adulto, dificultando o aproveitamento dos benefícios da clonagem. Por essa razão, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar a técnica de micropropagação de clones de E. globulus, visando a reversão à juvenilidade, aumentando os índices de enraizamento e, consequentemente a produção de mudas clonais. Para tanto, os clones (USP 01, USP 24 e USP 33) foram estudados e apresentaram estabelecimento satisfatório, onde avaliou-se: (a) a multiplicação in vitro, testando-se três meios de cultura (WPM, JADS e MS) suplementados com concentrações do regulador de crescimento BAP (0; 0,50 e 1,0 mg L-1) combinado com ANA (0; 0,05 e 0,10 mg L-1); (b) o alongamento in vitro, testando-se o meio de cultura WPM suplementado com concentrações de BAP (0; 0,05 e 0,10 mg L-1) combinadas com ANA (0; 0,1; 0,2 e 0,3 mg L-1); (c) e o enraizamento in vitro, em que brotações alongadas in vitro dos clones foram coletadas e transferidas para meio de cultura WPM, suplementado com 0 e 0,05 mg L-1 de BAP combinado com 0; 0,1; 0,5 e 1,0 mg L-1 de AIB. Os resultados revelaram comportamentos diferenciados dos clones quanto à multiplicação e alongamento in vitro. As taxas de multiplicação in vitro dos clones variaram ao longo dos 10 subcultivos, com uma estabilização a partir do 6º subcultivo para todos os clones avaliados, sendo a maior taxa de multiplicação (número médio de 13 gemas) na concentração de 0,7 mg L-1 de BAP e 0,05 mg L-1 de ANA no meio de cultura WPM. O meio de cultura WPM avaliado no alongamento in vitro, contribuiu favoravelmente para o alongamento das brotações, assim como ANA na concentração de 0,3 mg L-1 combinando com 0,1 mg L-1 de BAP. Portanto, o protocolo desenvolvido mostrou-se eficiente para micropropagação via proliferação de gemas axilares dos clones avaliados, porém, em relação ao enraizamento constatou-se apenas uma raiz emitida na concentração de 0,5 mg L-1 de AIB no clone 01. De forma geral, em razão dos resultados observados, conclui-se que apesar de mostrar-se viável, a micropropagação não promoveu rejuvenescimento significativo dos clones de E. globulus, uma vez que não foi observado enraizamento expressivo das microestacas para as características avaliadas. / Few Eucalyptus species present adaptation for cultivation in regions with low temperatures and frequent frosts, limiting their cultivation in some regions of Brazil. E. globulus genotypes may to represent future options for forest plantations, in view of its optimal silvicultural performance in these conditions. However, information about obtaining clonal seedlings are scarce, and considering the species recommended for planting in subtropical conditions, this lack of information is even greater, mainly when considering the endogenous and exogenous factors for the rooting. This species is distinguished by great interest in forestry, particularly in relation to characteristics of its wood to obtain cellulose, however, it is considered recalcitrant to rooting, especially when it involves adult material, making it difficult to utilize the cloning benefits. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the micropropagation technique of E. globulus clones, in order to revert to juvenility, increasing the rate of rooting and consequently the clonal production. For this, the clones (USP 01, USP 24 and USP 33) were studied and showed satisfactory in vitro culture establishment, where it was evaluated: (a) the in vitro multiplication, testing three culture media (WPM, JADS and MS) supplemented with concentrations plant growth regulator BAP (0; 0,50 and 1,0 mg L-1) combined with NAA (0; 0,05 and 0,10 mg L-1); (b) the in vitro elongation, testing the WPM medium culture supplemented with BAP concentrations (0; 0,05 and 0,10 mg L-1) combined with NAA (0; 0,1; 0,2 and 0,3 mg L-1); and (c) in vitro rooting, where elongated shoots in vitro of the clones were collected and transferred to WPM, supplemented with 0 and 0,05 mg L-1 BAP combined with 0; 0,1, 0,5 and 1,0 mg L-1 IBA. The results showed different behaviors of clones as in vitro multiplication and elongation. Rates of clones in vitro multiplication varied over the 10 subcultures, with the stabilization from the sixth subculture for all clones, the largest rate multiplication (average number of 13 buds) in the concentration of 0,7 mg L-1 BAP and 0,05 mg L-1 NAA in WPM. The culture media WPM evaluated in vitro elongation, contributed positively to the shoots elongation, with 0,3 mg L-1 NAA and 0,1 mg L-1 BAP. Therefore, with the micropropagation protocol using axillary buds proliferation of these clones showed be well developed , however, in relation to rooting, only one root was emitted at 0,5 mg L-1 IBA in clone 01. In general, it is possible concluded that despite viable, the micropropagation did not promote significant rejuvenation of E. globulus clones, due to the not expressive rooting for the microcutting evaluated.

Snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production by large scale commercial producers in Ethiopia is under intensive production and relies on high rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and irrigation during the dry season. Despite increasing interest to produce this crop, small scale farmers cannot afford the high cost of N fertilizer. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to test snap bean production under a low input production system better suited to small scale resource limited farmers. Field experiments were conducted in 2011 and 2012 under rain fed conditions, and in 2012 under irrigation, at three locations (Debre Zeit, Hawassa, Ziway) representing different climate zones in Ethiopia. This experiment used three N treatments: 0 and 100 kg N ha-1, and inoculation with Rhizobium etli [HB 429], and eight cultivars: Andante, Boston Contender Blue, Lomami, Melkassa 1, Melkassa 3, Paulista and Volta. The general objective of the field experiment was to determine the potential of snap bean production under a low input production system using rhizobium inoculation as the nitrogen source, and use rain fed conditions. Results obtained indicated that rhizobial inoculation and applied inorganic N increased on average the marketable pod yield of snap bean under rain fed conditions by 18 % and 43%, respectively. Nodulation and subsequent N2 fixation was not effective in improving yield or other traits of snap bean pod under irrigation, although applied N increased marketable yield by 33%. Melkassa 1 was the most suitable cultivar for a reduced input production system due to its successful nodulation characteristics, greatest N2 fixation levels and consistently good performance across locations under rain fed conditions. Commercial cultivars possessed the best pod quality characteristics and they yielded better under irrigation. Cultivars interacted with locations to affect pod traits including total soluble solids and concentrations of protein, calcium, and potassium under rain fed conditions. Snap bean cultivrs produced at Debre Zeit and Hawassa were similar in marketable yield and several other traits particularly under rain fed conditions. Zinc (Zn) concentration in pods was greatest at Hawassa both under rain fed and irrigated conditions. Conditions at Debre Zeit were the most conducive for supporting biological N2 fixation for snap bean production. The eight cultivars were also used for a greenhouse study that was evaluated treatments of drought stress of 50% field capacity (50% FC) during the vegetative (V4.4), flowering (R6) and pod formation (R7) developmental stages. Our result showed that drought stresses during reproductive stages (R6 and R7) were the most sensitive stages in deteriorating the quality of snap bean pods. Drought stress increased protein, phosphorus and Zn concentrations but it reduced iron concentration in snap bean pods. All cultivars had a similar response to drought stress. A second greenhouse experiment was conducted to test foliar application of growth regulators: the control, 10-5 M and 10-4 M concentrations of each of abscisic acid (ABA), kinetin and salicylic acid (SA); and two concentrations of yeast extract (4 g l-1 and 8 g l-1), under drought (50% FC) stressed and unstressed conditions. Foliar application of SA on snap bean under greenhouse conditions reduced the impact of drought stress, particularly the pod quality parameters: marketable yield, pod curving, texture and appearance of snap bean pods. However, application of ABA, kinetin and SA reduced pod quality of snap bean under unstressed conditions. In conclusion, pod yield improvement could be achieved by a N2 fixation system under rain fed conditions, which is more sustainable than N fertilizer inputs. Pod quality was also adequate for commercial export production. Rhizobium inoculant can therefore be used as an alternative N source, particularly under low input production system for resource-limited small-scale snap bean producers.

Softwood cuttings of Euonymus alatus and the cultivar Rudy Haag, a nearly seedless cultivar, were taken in Kentucky on two cutting dates. E. alatus Rudy Haag cuttings taken in mid-May, untreated or treated with 1000 - 3000 ppm IBA, produced many roots on a high percentage of cuttings. Post-rooting shoot growth was reduced for the species with cuttings taken in June. Rudy Haag produced new growth on cuttings taken in May with no IBA treatment. Transplanting resulted in a decrease in new growth. Liner plants of E. alatus Compactus and Rudy Haag were planted into 1 and 3 gallon containers of two different types, conventional black plastic and root training. A second experiment exposed plants to two levels of supplemental fertilizer in addition to slow release. A subsample was sprayed with Fascination (BA + GA4+7) at 1500 ppm in late July. No difference was seen in above-ground growth due to container type or supplemental fertilizer. A change in root morphology is seen with root trainers. Three gallon containers produced a larger plant than one gallon containers. Rudy Haag sprayed with Fascination were greater in size and branch number than those not sprayed.

Methoprene is a Juvenile Hormone (JH) analogue commonly used for the control of mosquito larvae. When applied to a mosquito breeding site, methoprene enters the haemolymph, where it mimics the function of JH and interferes with normal metamorphosis, resulting in larval mortality. Methoprene is commonly used for the control of larvae and has not been used as an adulticide, due to an absence of acute effects. This study evaluated possible chronic effects caused by the exposure of adult Aedes mosquitoes to methoprene. Methoprene was applied, in both technical grade and the commercially available Altosid®, topically to adults through droplet application on the abdomen and as a spray application. Mosquitoes were examined for treatment effects on ovary development, adult male and female mortality, and fecundity. The results demonstrate that relatively high doses are required to affect adult survivorship. In contrast, significant impacts on both fecundity and egg hatch were observed for females treated at the lower dosages. I discuss the results in relation to autocidal strategies for mosquito control in which the release of fecund females is to be avoided.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Fruit size and the integrity of the rind are key components that determine the value of a citrus fruit. The application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) to reduce splitting, a physiological disorder which entails cracking of the rind as well as to increase fruit size was conducted on three different split-susceptible mandarin and two split-susceptible orange cultivars. Treatments were applied directly after the physiological fruit drop period, as well as in January and February at 10 mg·L-1, alone or in combination with calcium (Ca), potassium (K) or gibberellic acid (GA3). Application of 2,4-D directly after physiological fruit drop, either alone or in a tank-mix with K, consistently reduced the number of split mandarin fruit, with later applications in January and February generally being ineffective. Post physiological fruit drop application of 10 mg·L-1 2,4-D significantly increased growth rate (mm.day-1) of all the mandarin cultivars, resulting in increased fruit size. Differences in sensitivity of cultivars to 2,4-D were evident, with the January application reducing the splitting in ‘Midknight’ Valencia. However, all the 2,4-D treatments reduced the fruit growth rate of the orange cultivars. The 2,4-D treatments, in terms of splitting, increased rind thickness, -strength and -coarseness of ‘Marisol’ Clementine, throughout fruit development. In addition fruit diameter and –length increased to such an extent that the fruit shape was altered (reduced d/l-ratio), reducing the potential of the rind to crack and the fruit to split, however rind coarseness of treated fruit was also increased. There were no major negative side effects on internal and external fruit quality, except for a possible reduction in juice content (%). Therefore, 10 mg·L-1 2,4-D can be applied directly after physiological fruit drop on ‘Marisol’ Clementine and ‘Mor’ mandarin to reduce fruit splitting. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vruggrootte asook die integriteit van die skil is belangrike aspekte in die bepaling van ʼn sitrusvrug se waarde. Die toediening van 2,4-dichlorofenoksie asynsuur (2,4-D) om vrugsplit, 'n fisiologiese defek wat tot die kraak van die sitrusskil lei, te verminder is getoets op drie mandaryn- en twee lemoenkultivars. Hiermee saam is die potensiaal van 2,4-D om vruggrootte te verbeter ook geëvalueer. Die 2,4-D behandelings is direk na die fisiologiese vrugval periode toegedien, asook in Januarie en Februarie, teen 10 mg·L-1, alleen of in kombinasie met kalsium (Ca), kalium (K) of gibberelliensuur (GS3). Al die mandarynkultivars het ʼn vermindering in die totale aantal gesplete vrugte getoon indien die 2,4-D (enkel of in kombinasie met K) toegedien was direk na fisiologiese vrugval. Suksesvolle behandelings het ook 'n toename in vruggrootte tot gevolg gehad. Toediening van behandelings in Januarie en Februarie was oor die algemeen oneffektief. Verskille in kultivar sensitiwiteit teenoor 2,4-D is gevind, met vrugsplit in ‘Midknight’ Valencia wat verminder was deur die Januarie toediening van 2,4-D. Al die 2,4-D behandelings het vruggrootte van die lemoenkultivars verlaag. Daar is bevind dat die 10 mg.L-1 2,4-D, enkel of in kombinasie met K, ‘n toename in beide skildikte en –sterkte van ‘Marisol’ Clementine teweeg bring asook ʼn growwer skil. Behandelings met 2,4-D het vrugdeursnee en –lengte laat toeneem, wat ʼn verandering in vrugvorm tot gevolg gehad het, tot so ʼn mate dat vrugte minder geneig was om gesplete te wees. Behalwe vir ʼn moontlike verlaging in die sapinhoud (%) van vrugte, was daar geen noemenswaardige negatiewe effekte op interne en eksterne vrugkwaliteit nie. Die toediening van 10 mg.L-1 2,4-D direk na fisiologiese vrugval kan dus aanbeveel word op mandaryn kultivars wat geneig is tot vrugsplit. / The Citrus Academy

Orientador: Enes Furlani Júnior / Banca: Orivaldo Arf / Banca: Luiz Henrique Carvalho / Resumo: A diminuição dos custos de produção e aumento de produtividade, o sistemas adensado surgiu como uma alternativa para os produtores de algodão. Objetivou-se avaliar o desenvolvimento das plantas, qualidade da fibra e a produtividade do algodoeiro cultivado em semeadura tardia após a soja, nos diferentes espaçamentos entrelinhas, densidades de plantas e manejo de regulador de crescimento. Para tanto, foi conduzido o experimento, durante o ano agrícola de 2009/2010 na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão, da Faculdade de Engenharia - Unesp, Campus de Ilha Solteira, em condições de cerrado sem irrigação. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4x4x2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos pela combinação de quatro espaçamentos entrelinha (0,34; 0,45; 0,70 e 0,90 m), quatro densidades de semeadura (6, 8, 10 e 12 plantas por metro) e dois manejo de regulador de crescimento (aplicação única e parcelamento em quatro aplicações). Constatou-se que o adensamento das plantas e aplicação parcelas de cloreto de mepiquat são eficientes no controle do crescimento vegetativo excessivo do algodoeiro. A maior produtividade foi alcançada espaçamento de 0,34 m entrelinhas, com 12 plantas por metro linear e com aplicações parceladas de cloreto de mepiquat. A qualidade da fibra não foi prejudicada com a redução dos espaçamentos entrelinhas / Abstract: The decrease in production costs and increased productivity, high density systems emerged as an alternative to cotton producers. The objective was to evaluate the development of plants, fiber quality and yield of cotton grown in late sowing after soybean in different row spacings, plant densities and management of growth regulator. For this, the experiment was conducted during the growing season 2009/2010 in the Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão, da Faculdade de Engenharia , Campus de Ilha Solteira - UNESP, in savanna conditions without irrigation. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial 4x4x2, with four replications. The treatments consisted of combinations of four row spacing (0.34, 0.45, 0.70 and 0.90 m) and four seeding rates (6, 8, 10 and 12 plants per meter) and two regulatory management growth (a single application and split in four applications). It was found that the density of plants and application portions of mepiquat chloride are effective in controlling excessive vegetative growth in cotton. The highest yield was achieved by 0.34 m spacing between rows, with 12 plants per meter, with applications in installments mepiquat chloride. The quality of the fiber was not affected by reducing the spacing / Mestre