Orientador: Deborah Queiroz de Freitas França / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T00:38:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_LucianaJacome_M.pdf: 2079743 bytes, checksum: df9b484145571a9011ec6e478289e4c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Diversos fatores influenciam o crescimento e desenvolvimento de crianças e adolescentes, dentre eles fatores ambientais e étnicos, o que faz com que distintas populações apresentem diferentes padrões de desenvolvimento. O escasso conhecimento da relação entre o desenvolvimento dentário e a maturação esquelética na população brasileira até o momento justifica a realização de pesquisas que avaliem a referida relação em indivíduos brasileiros. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre os estágios de mineralização dos dentes e os estágios de maturação esquelética da mão e punho na população brasileira. Foram selecionadas radiografias panorâmicas e carpais de 491 indivíduos (222 do sexo masculino e 269 do sexo feminino) com idades entre 7 e 17 anos. Dois radiologistas avaliaram as imagens juntos, chegando a um consenso final. Os estágios de mineralização dentária nas radiografias panorâmicas foram determinados de acordo com Demirjian e a maturação esquelética nas radiografias carpais de acordo com Grave & Brown. A média e o desvio padrão das idades cronológicas foram determinados para as três fases do surto de crescimento puberal (SCP) e a associação entre os estágios foi obtida através da análise de regressão logística multinominal ordinal. O percentual de distribuição dos dentes estudados dentre as fases de maturação também foi calculado. O segundo molar (Odds Ratio (OR) = 4,34, 95% intervalo de confiança (IC): 2,64-7,68) e primeiro pré-molar (OR = 2,45, 95% IC: 1,40-4,28) foram os melhores preditores de crescimento para o sexo feminino. Para o sexo masculino, que apresentou a mineralização dos dentes em estágios mais avançados, o segundo molar (OR = 6,80, 95% IC: 3,48-13,27), o segundo pré-molar (OR = 2,41, 95% IC: 1,24-4,43) e o canino (OR = 3,21, 95% IC: 1,38-7,50) foram os melhores indicadores. Os estágios D e E para o sexo feminino e os estágios E e F para o sexo masculino do segundo molar corresponderam aos eventos que ocorrem no início do surto de crescimento puberal. O estágio F para o sexo feminino e G para o sexo masculino do segundo molar corresponderam aos eventos que ocorrem durante o pico do SCP. No final do SCP, a maior parte dos dentes apresentaram os ápices fechados, com exceção do segundo molar no sexo feminino em que a maioria estava no estágio G. Foi possível concluir que existe associação entre os estágios de mineralização dentária e as fases de maturação esquelética em indivíduos na população brasileira e que a avaliação desses estágios é útil para estimar em que fase do SCP o paciente se encontra / Abstract: Several factors influence the growth and development of children and adolescents, including environmental and ethnic factors, so different populations show different patterns of development. The poor knowledge of the relationship between tooth development and skeletal maturity in the Brazilian population justify the need for studies to evaluate this relationship in Brazilian subjects. Panoramic and carpal radiographs of 491 subjects (222 males and 269 females), between 7 and 17 years of age were selected. Two radiologists jointly evaluated the images and reached a final consensus. The stages of tooth mineralization in the panoramic radiographs were determined according to Demirjian, while the skeletal maturity in carpal radiographs was evaluated according to the method described by Grave and Brown. The mean and standard deviations of chronological ages were determined for the three periods of pubertal growth spurt (PGS), and the association between the stages was obtained by ordinal multinomial logistic regression. The percentage distribution of the studied teeth was also calculated. The second molar (odds ratio (OD) = 4.34, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.64-7.68) and first premolar (OD = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.40-4.28) were the best predictors of growth for females. For males with a more advanced trend in tooth mineralization, the second molar (OD = 6.80, 95% CI: 3.48-13.27), second premolar (OD = 2.41, 95% CI: 1.24-4.43), and canine (OD = 3.21, 95% CI: 1.38-7.50) proved to be the best predictors. Stages D and E for females, and stages E and F for males, of the second molar corresponded to the events that occur at the beginning of PGS. Stage F, for females, and stage G, for males, of the second molar corresponded to events that occur during the peak of the PGS. At the end of the PGS, most teeth had closed apices, with the exception of the second molar in females in which the majority was in stage G. It could, therefore, be concluded that there is an association between dental mineralization stages and skeletal maturity periods in the Brazilian population and the evaluation of these stages is useful to estimate the period of skeletal maturity / Mestrado / Radiologia Odontologica / Mestra em Radiologia Odontológica

The purpose of this study was to substantiate previous claims that differential growth across the frontonasal suture occurs and if this differential growth pattern is caused by an increased mitotic rate of the nasal bone. Two six week old New Zealand White Rabbits were given calcein 20mg/kg IA, demeclocycline 20mg/kg IA, and BrdU 40mg/kg IA on Days 1, 11, and 14, respectively. The animals were euthanized using Ketamine 31.6mg/kg IM and Pentobarbital 100mg/kg IV. The frontonasal suture was removed from the rabbit and divided into hemisections. The right hemisection was histologically processed using standard calcified methods which were modified and used for smaller bone sections at the Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin. The left hemisection was reserved for BrdU staining at the Central Microscopy Research Facility, University of Iowa. The resultant slides were imaged and photographed using an Olympus BX-40 microscope and measured using ImageJ software (NIH). Means and standard deviations were calculated for interlabel distance and mineral apposition rate (MAR). All frontonasal suture sites demonstrated double fluorochrome labeling. Samples F2-2 and M2-1 demonstrated the predicted differential growth pattern. Samples F2-1 and M2-2 did not. No suture sites demonstrated positive staining for BrdU. Although the sample size was small (n=2), this may demononstrate a trend toward differential growth of the suture. Due to the small sample size, the labeling protocol used in this study provided limited quantitative data. Although two sections did not demonstrate more bone deposition or faster mineral apposition rate of the nasal bone, it is important to consider that these sections were of poorer quality when compared to the other sections. Higher quality sections with clear, measurable margins showed a difference between frontal and nasal bone growth in both morphology and mineral apposition rate.

<p><i>In utero </i>heat stress (<b>IUHS</b>) is a major concern for realizing full production potential in the swine industry. Postnatal phenotypes, such as growth performance, post-absorptive metabolism, and stress response, are negatively altered in pig offspring that have been exposed to IUHS. With current trends in global temperatures predicting a continuation of increased temperatures, it is necessary to further investigate mechanisms driving these altered postnatal phenotypes and to find mitigation strategies to combat the negative effects of IUHS. In a first study, postnatal consequences of IUHS in pigs were evaluated and a mitigation strategy was tested. A second study was conducted to investigate the HPA axis response to a stress challenge in IUHS pigs. The first study found decreased average daily gain in IUHS pigs, and that providing a nutrient-dense diet did not rescue this lost productivity due to a decrease in feed intake for this diet. These results show the importance of maintaining beneficial gestation environments to avoid IUHS and the need to continue looking for alternative strategies to mitigate negative effects of IUHS. In the second study, IUHS pigs had a decreased change in cortisol response (<b>Δ CORT</b>) from baseline when subjected to a corticotropin-releasing hormone (<b>CRH</b>) challenge at 10 wk of age, and 15 wk old pigs had a decreased Δ CORT response when subjected to a dexamethasone suppression test and a CRH challenge as well as decreased glucocorticoid receptor expression in both the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary when compared to 10 wk old pigs. These results show changes in HPA axis function as young pigs mature and that particular focus may need to be put on IUHS pigs at a young age when they might be more vulnerable to negative impacts of stress. Overall, these studies show that IUHS causes a variety of negative postnatal effects in offspring and that a better understanding of mechanisms driving these changes along with developing alternative strategies to combat the incidence of these negative postnatal effects remains of paramount importance for the swine industry.</p>

Dental age estimation techniques have great importance in dental evaluation, specifically in the orthodontic, academic, and forensic areas. The aim of this study was to compare the dental age according to the Demirjian, Nolla and Cameriere methods with the chronological age in a Peruvian population. This is an observational, descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study, which had a total population of 578 panoramic radiographs of subjects aged 6 to 14 years, where the difference in means from a previous study was calculated, and 193 subjects were finally randomly selected. The chronological ages (CA) and dental ages (DA) were compared using the Wilcoxon and Kruskall Wallis Range Tests. The means were 8.77 ± 2.34 and 8.90 ± 2.04 years of the CA for the female and male genders, respectively. The difference in means of the CA and DA according to the Nolla, Demirjian and Cameriere methods were-0.38, 0.96 and-0.21 years, respectively, for the total study sample. A positive correlation was found for the three methods studied; however, the Demirjian method showed a statistically significant difference with an underestimation of-0.91 years in the total sample. Also, the method of Cameriere was the closest to the chronological age. / Las técnicas de estimación de edad dental tienen gran importancia en la evaluación odontológica, específicamente en el área de ortodoncia, académica y forense. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la edad dental según los métodos de Demirjian, Nolla y Cameriere con la edad cronológica en una población peruana. El diseño del estudio es de tipo observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal y retrospectivo; tuvo una población total de 578 radiografías panorámicas de sujetos de 6 a 14 años, en las cuales se calculó la diferencia de medias de un estudio previo y, finalmente, fueron seleccionadas 193 de forma aleatoria. Se compararon la edad cronológica (EC) y la edad dental (ED) según los métodos de Nolla, Demirjian y Cameriere, utilizando las Pruebas de Rangos de Wilcoxon y Kruskall Wallis. Las medias de la EC fueron de 8,77±2,34 y 8,90±2,04 años para el género femenino y masculino, respectivamente. Las diferencias de medias de la EC y ED, de acuerdo con los métodos Nolla, Demirjian y Cameriere, fue de -0,38, 0,96 y -0,29 años, respectivamente, para la muestra total de estudio. Se encontró una correlación positiva para los tres métodos estudiados; sin embargo, el método de Demirjian mostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa con una subestimación de -0,91 años en la muestra total. Asimismo, el método de Cameriere fue el que tuvo más cercanía a la edad cronológica. / Revisión por pares

This thesis derives an alternative subjective-objective poverty line (SPL) using self-reported qualitative assessments of perceived adequacy for different categories of consumption namely, food, housing and clothing. Modeling the probability of reporting that actual consumption in each category is adequate, I find that actual measures of consumption are highly significant predictors of perceived consumption adequacy. The perceived adequacy for different consumption components respond more elastically to spending on the corresponding category of goods than to that on other types. The results suggest that the implied subjective poverty lines and regional profiles are different from those predicted by popular objective methods. This thesis also estimates the effects of human capital, employment and basic facilities on household poverty status in Nepal. Delving into this topic seems very policy relevant for the country, where there is a huge need of public education and unemployment insurance programs. To investigate this causal relationship, I use the Living Standards Measurement Survey Data for the year 2010/11, which includes information on past and present educational attainment, current employment, and availability and status of infrastructure in different communities of the country. I find that higher educational attainment, employment and improved perceived status of public amenities contribute to higher subjective wellbeing and reduced likelihood of poverty, controlling for value of assets owned, socio-demographic attributes and geographic location.

Temperature is a major factor affecting plant growth and development at all stages. The objectives of this study were to investigate the temperature effects on all aspects of soybean growth and development. Five experiments were conducted at a wide range of temperatures under optimum water and nutrient conditions at specific growth stages. Two cultivars, Asgrow AG5332 (AG) and Progeny P5333RY (PR) from MG V with different growth habits, were used. All studies except the seed germination were conducted in sunlit plant growth chambers under optimum water and nutrient conditions. The seed germination experiment was conducted in a temperature-controlled incubator. Germination traits were measured during seed germination studies. In other experiments, plant growth, developmental rates, gas exchange parameters, and seed yield and quality were measured. Cultivars did not differ for seed germination and emergence traits. Quadratic functions best described time to 50% germination seed germination and emergence rates. The three cardinal temperatures for seed germination were 8.56°C (base) 27. 96°C (optimum) and 46.92°C (maximum). The base and optimum temperature for seed emergence were 10.6 and 36.7°C, respectively. During the early-season, 0-21 days, root and shoot growth parameters responded similar temperature responses, the root traits have a lower optimum (29.91°C) than the shoot parameters (36.56°C). Cultivars varied in their response to temperature during vegetative development, particularly for growth parameters, and the temperature optimums for various parameters. Node addition rate was not different among the cultivars but increased with increase in temperature. The flowering time (R1) from emergence showed quadratic trends with an increase in temperature up to 28°C and increased slightly at the higher temperatures. The PR cultivar, on an average, took 15 additional days to reach flowering compared AG cultivar across temperatures. Pod and seed yield and individual seed weight and harvest indices showed quadratic trends with maximum values at 25.82 °C for AG and 23.36 °C for PR. The functional algorithms could be helpful for management and in improving crop models.

Melatonin is a neuroendocrine hormone most often associated with circadian rhythms, but also has antioxidant and vasodilative properties. Through these properties, exogenous melatonin supplementation has been shown to increase both fetal and postnatal parameters in livestock species, however no research has been performed in swine. This project was split into a prenatal and postnatal study, wherein sows were supplemented from approximately gestational day 38 to 100 before undergoing a terminal hysterectomy for the prenatal portion, and from gestational day 60 to farrowing. Melatonin increased fetal morphometrics in a seasonal dependent manner, where fetuses from melatonin supplemented sows had increased measurements in the Spring replicate. Across the Spring and Fall replicates of the prenatal study, melatonin altered expression of circadian regulatory, metabolic, and myogenic genes within the longissimus dorsi. During the postnatal study, offspring from melatonin supplemented dams had increased body weight and altered circadian regulatory, metabolic, and myogenic gene expression.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Bisphosphonates, effective inhibitors of bone resorption, are used in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. At present, the effects of bisphosphonate therapy on the maxilla have not been quantitatively studied. As part of the masticatory system, dentate alveolar bone is exposed to a unique pattern of loading. As such, data obtained from bisphosphonate studies of other bones may not be applicable to the cortical bone of the dentate maxilla. The objective of this study is to histomorphometrically quantify the effects of alendronate and risedronate therapy on alveolar bone of the dog maxilla (MX) and to determine if this site is affected differently than the cortical bone in the rib (R) from these same animals. Twenty-two female dogs were divided into three treatment groups of 1 mg/kg/day alendronate, 0.5 mg/kg/day risedronate, and a saline vehicle control. Fluorochrome labels were used to mark sites of bone formation. Maxillary and rib specimens from each dog were prepared for analysis of static and dynamic histomorphometric parameters. MX cortical bone surrounding the third premolar was further analyzed by side (buccal vs. lingual) and region (coronal vs. apical). Mineralizing surface (MS/BS) and bone formation rate (BFR) in the coronal maxilla of the control group is significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of the bisphosphonate groups. In bisphosphonate treated animals, MS/BS, BFR, and activation frequency (AcF) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the R than in the MX. In all treatment groups, very little osteoid was detected, and no significant difference in the mineral apposition rate (MAR) was noted. These results indicate that: (1) bisphosphonate dosages used in this study effectively inhibited remodeling within the dog maxilla; (2) alveolar bone remodeling was decreased more than remodeling in rib cortical bone; (3) within the dentate maxilla, alveolar bone remodeling was decreased more in the coronal than in the apical region, and (4) none of the groups appears to show inhibition of mineralization.

No description available.

The variability in calf management can change the physiological state of the calf as they are weaned or attain puberty. It is up to the producer to ensure that the calves develop properly to meet their expected needs on the farm. While there are guidelines from the NRC in place, there is a substantial range in the amount of protein and fat that a calf can be fed. This physiological state can be reflected in the proteins produced in tissues, the expression of gene regulatory pathways, or even the microbes present in the gut. The purpose of this study was to examine how an increase in dietary energy in milk replacer of pre-weaned Holstein heifers impacts the microbial profile of the rumen as well as the transcriptome in tissues related to growth and metabolism. Our hypothesis was that pre-weaned Holstein heifers on milk replacer diets with lower dietary energy will have a different rumen microbiome composition and a different transcriptome in growth related tissues. Holstein heifer calves (n = 36) were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 milk replacer diets: restricted (R; 20.9% CP, 19.8% Fat; n = 18) or enhanced (E; 28.9% CP, 26.2% Fat; n = 18). Calves were euthanized and rumen fluid was collected at pre-weaning (8 wks; n = 6) or post-weaning (10 wks; n = 6). Liver (L), adipose (A), and longissimus dorsi (LD) tissues were collected at pre-weaning (8 wks; n = 12). Average daily gain (ADG) and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) were calculated for each calf. Analysis of ADG and G:F was performed using a PROC GLM in SAS with diet as the main effect; E calves had increased ADG and G:F compared to R calves. For rumen samples, libraries were constructed from extracted DNA and DNASeq was conducted using a paired-end analysis at 100 bp using Illumina HiSeq 2500. Operational taxonomic unit (OTU) clustering analysis was conducted using the 16s rRNA Greengenes reference. A PERMANOVA analysis was conducted in R to determine OTU populations for age and treatment. There was no difference in microbiome composition between pre-weaning and post-weaning calves (P = 0.761). Microbiome composition differed between E and R calves (P < 0.001). Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes represented the most abundant phyla for both E and R calves. Enhanced calves had 49.4% (5141 reads) Bacteriodetes and 36.4% (3789 reads) Firmicutes; whereas, R calves had 31.6% (2491 reads) Bacteriodetes and 41.1% (3236 reads) Firmicutes. For L, A, and LD samples, libraries were constructed from extracted RNA for RNA-Seq analyses. RNA-Seq analysis was performed using CLC Genomics Workbench and the Robinson and Smith Exact Test was used to identify differentially expressed genes between diets. There were 238 differentially expressed genes in A, 227 in LD, and 40 in L. Of the differentially expressed genes, 10 appeared in at least 2 tissues. PANTHER was used to identify functional categories of differentially expressed genes. The majority of genes were associated with metabolic processes (A = 112, 26.7%; L = 16, 32.0%; LD = 81, 34.0%) or cellular processes (A = 93, 22.1%; L = 13, 26.0%; LD = 73, 30.7%). In E calves, upregulated genes included those regulating NADH dehydrogenation (LD = 17, A = 5; i.e. ND1, ND4), gluconeogenesis (LD = 2, A = 6; i.e. ALDOB, PCK2), and cell proliferation (LD = 2, A = 3; i.e. GADD45A, CDKN1A). There was a difference in both the transcriptome and rumen microbiome of calves fed differing levels of dietary energy. The calves on the R diet had a rumen microbial composition more similar to a younger calf, while the composition of E calves was more similar to a mature calf. The change in regulation of genes involved in the cell cycle and ATP synthesis in response to dietary energy could explain the change in ADG between diets. Because the R calves appeared to have stunted development of their microbiomes and an expression profile similar to oxidative stress, it is possible that the R diet did not meet the nutritional requirements of that calves. / Master of Science