BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is by far the most common cancer among Swedish men. Some patients have an aggressive lethal disease, but the majority of affected men have long expected survival. Unfortunately, the diagnostic tools available are insufficient in predicting disease aggressiveness. Novel prognostic markers are therefore urgently needed. Furthermore, metastatic prostate cancer is generally treated with castration, but the long-term effects are insufficient. Additional studies are therefore needed to explore how the effects of this therapy can be enhanced. Prostate growth and regression is beside testosterone controlled by locally produced regulators. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are two of the major regulators in the normal prostate and in prostate tumours. MATERIALS AND METHODS: VEGF and EGFR were explored in the prostate, by treating rats with either anti-VEGF or anti-EGFR treatment during castration and testosterone-stimulated prostate growth. Rats with implanted androgen-independent prostate tumours were treated with an inhibitor of both VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and EGFR. Stereological techniques, immunohistochemistry, western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR were used to evaluate these experiments. Furthermore, prostate tissue from untreated prostate cancer patients was used to retrospectively explore the expression of phosphorylated-EGFR (pEGFR) in relation to outcome. RESULTS: Anti-VEGF treatment during testosterone-stimulated prostate growth, inhibited vascular and prostate growth. Anti-EGFR treatment during castration and testosterone-stimulated prostate growth resulted in enhanced castration effects and inhibited prostate growth. Anti-vascular treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer with an inhibitor of VEGFR-2 and EGFR, that targets the normal and tumour vasculature, enhanced the effects of castration. Low immunoreactivity for pEGFR in prostate epithelial cells, both in the tumour and also in the surrounding non-malignant tissue, was associated with good prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-vascular treatment, with an inhibitor of VEGFR-2 and EGFR, in combination with castration could be an effective way to treat androgen-insensitive prostate tumours. VEGF and EGFR signalling are necessary components in testosterone-stimulated prostate growth. Phosphorylation of EGFR could be a useful prognostic marker for prostate cancer patients. Tumours may affect the surrounding non-malignant tissue and pEGFR immunoreactivity in the morphologically normal prostate tissue can be used to retrieve prognostic information.

Les connaissances actuelles en pathologie hépatique suggèrent que HCV n'est pas directement oncogénique mais expose les patients au risque de cancer du foie dans un contexte inflammatoire associé à une réponse UPR (Unfolded Protein Response) et une régénération hépatique. La nétrine-1, le ligand canonique de la famille des DRs (Récepteurs à dépendance), est une protéine anti-apoptotique impliquée dans le développement, l'inflammation et la tumorigenèse. Les DRs induisent l'apoptose en absence de leurs ligands. A ce jour, il n'existe aucune donnée reliant le concept de DR et les virus oncogènes. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai contribué à démontrer que la fonctionnalité des DRs était altérée au cours de l'infection par HCV in vitro et in vivo. Nous avons montré que la surexpression de la nétrine-1 augmente l'infectivité des virions et promeut leur entrée via l'activation et la diminution du recyclage de l'EGFR. De son coté, HCV augmente l'expression de la nétrine-1 suite à l'activation de l'épissage de son ARN pré-messager. Nous avons aussi montré que l'expression du récepteur à la nétrine-1, UNC5A, était diminuée au cours de l'infection suite à des diminutions transcriptionnelle et traductionnelle. Dans ce cadre, la nétrine-1 joue le rôle de facteur proviral en inhibant une potentielle voie de signalisation antivirale induite par le récepteur UNC5A non lié. Nous avons ensuite voulu savoir quelles conséquences cette surexpression de nétrine-1 pourrait avoir en physiopathologie hépatique en contexte non infectieux. Un stress du RE (Réticulum Endoplasmique) est observé au cours de l'infection par HCV. Le stress du RE entraîne l'activation de la réponse UPR qui induit l'apoptose médiée par la DAPK1 en cas de stress prolongé. Le fait que le récepteur UNC5B active aussi l'apoptose via l'activation de la DAPK1 nous a conduit à étudier l'implication de la nétrine-1 dans la survie cellulaire au cours de la réponse UPR en contexte hépatique. Nous avons démontré à la fois in vitro et in vivo que l'expression de la nétrine-1 pourrait protéger les cellules contre l'apoptose induite par la réponse UPR suite à sa liaison aux récepteurs UNC5A et C qui entraîne l'inhibition de la DAPK1. De nombreuses études ont également reporté des rôles de la nétrine-1 dans l'inflammation et la néoangiogenèse. Nous avons montré que la nétrine-1 inhibe la migration transendothéliale hépatique des PBMCs (Peripheral Blood Mononucleated Cells) et accélère la tubulogenèse des cellules endothéliales intrasinusoïdales hépatiques. Dans leur ensemble, mes travaux de thèse suggèrent que la nétrine-1 via ses récepteurs UNC5s joue des rôles délétères en pathophysiologie hépatique favorables à la persistance virale et à la résistance à la mort cellulaire / Current knowledge in hepatic pathology suggests that HCV is not directly oncogenic but puts patients at risk for liver cancer in a context associated with a chronic inflammation, UPR (Unfolded Protein Response) and liver regeneration. Netrin-1, the canonical ligand of the DR (Dependence Receptor) family, is an antiapoptotic secreted factor implicated in development, cancer and cancer-associated inflammatory diseases. DRs induce cell death when unbound. No data linking the DR system to oncogenic viruses are available to date. During the first part of my PhD, I contributed to demonstrate that HCV infection alters DR functionality both in vitro and in vivo. We found that Netrin-1 conditions HCV virion infectivity and promotes virion entry by increasing the activation and decreasing the recycling of the EGFR. In turn, HCV increases Netrin-1 expression through enhanced Netrin-1 pre-mRNA splicing. The Netrin-1 UNC5A receptor expression was decreased upon HCV infection through diminished transcription and translation. In this setting, Netrin-1 acts as a proviral factor by inhibiting a putative antiviral signaling pathway conveyed by the unbound UNC5A receptor. In this context, we wanted to determine what consequences such Netrin-1 up-regulation could induce in non-infectious hepatic pathophysiology. Chronic ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress is observed during HCV infection. ER stress leads to UPR activation which triggers apoptosis via DAPK1 activation upon prolonged stress. The fact that the UNC5B receptor induces apoptosis through DAPK1 activation led us to investigate Netrin-1 implication in cell survival upon UPR in the liver. During the second part of my PhD, I have demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo in mice that Netrin-1 translation during UPR could protect cells against UPR-related cell death after binding to UNC5A and C, in a DAPK1-mediated fashion. Several studies have also identified Netrin-1 roles in inflammation and neo-angiogenesis. We found that Netrin-1 inhibits hepatic transendothelial migration of PBMCs (Peripheral Blood Mononucleated Cells) and accelerates tubulogenesis of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Netrin-1’s role in a hepatic inflammation and neoangiogenesis, both events being tightly associated with viral hepatitis, remains to be thoroughly elucidated. Altogether, our results suggest that Netrin-1 plays UNC5-dependent deleterious roles in hepatic pathophysiology, leading to viral persistence as well as resistance to cell death

The neuropilin (Nrp) family consists of multifunctional cell surface receptors with critical roles in a number of different cell and tissue types. A core aspect of Nrp function is ligand-dependent cellular adhesion and migration, where it controls the multistep process of cellular motility through integration of ligand binding, receptor coupling and signaling via the coordinated action of its extracellular and intracellular domains. While Nrp regulates cellular adhesion and motility in the cardiovascular and nervous systems under physiological conditions, the emerging pathological role of Nrp in tumor cell migration and metastasis has been identified and provides motivation for continued efforts toward developing Nrp inhibitors. At the molecular level, the role of Nrp in adhesion and migration is intimately connected to the control of adhesive interactions and cytoskeletal reorganization. The adhesive “interactome” for Nrp draws much attention because of its lack of enzymatic activity and inability to transduce signals on its own. It is an active area of research and is still expanding dramatically. Nrp has been well defined as a co-receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling through enhancing receptor-ligand interaction in angiogenesis. Here, we contribute to this concept through characterization in more biochemical detail about Nrp-1/VEGF physical interactions. VEGF has been shown to compete with Sema3 for binding to Nrp-1 b1 ligand binding pocket. This competition fine-tunes VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Our data provides a molecular mechanism for high affinity Sema3F binding to Nrp-1 in the b1 domain. As to the VEGFR-independent function, Nrp/integrin association has been demonstrated. The functional integration has been shown for Nrp/integrin in angiogenic sprouting. Both proteins are highly expressed in endothelial tip cells to mediate endothelial cell migration during angiogenesis and knockdown of either one in mice leads to embryonic lethality due to similar defects in vascular development. To identify the structure and function correlation, we characterized in more detail about Nrp-1/integrin physical interactions with biochemical and cell-based assays. Through an integrated approach of biochemical, molecular and cellular methods, we defined the direct physical interactions between Nrp-1 and integrins. We have also extended this work to demonstrate the functional importance and contribution of the interactions in integrin-mediated cell adhesion on extracellular matrix (ECM) in angiogenesis and platelet function during wound healing and provide a molecular basis for the integration of Nrps/integrins in cell migration, adhesion to ECM, breast cancer initiation and breast cancer stem cell fate determination.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer do pâncreas apresenta taxas anuais de mortalidade e incidência muito semelhantes, sendo uma das principais causas de morte por câncer no mundo. A agressividade do tumor e o retardo no seu diagnóstico são considerados responsáveis pela sua alta letalidade. O tratamento adjuvante convencional aumenta pouco a sobrevida a longo prazo e a terapia-alvo pode ser uma alternativa ao tratamento deste tipo de tumor. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a expressão do receptor do fator de crescimento epitelial e seu eventual valor prognóstico em pacientes portadores de adenocarcinoma pancreático submetidos à ressecção cirúrgica. MÉTODO: Foram estudados retrospectivamente 88 pacientes portadores de adenocarcinoma pancreático operados no Serviço de Cirurgia de Vias Biliares e Pâncreas do HC-FMUSP e no Departamento de Cirurgia Abdominal Hospital A.C. Camargo no período de 1990 a 2006. RESULTADOS: Quarenta e sete (53,4%) pacientes do sexo feminino e 41 (46,6%) do masculino com idade mediana de 60 anos. As cirurgias realizadas foram duodenopancreatectomia com preservação do piloro (55,1%), gastroduodenopancreatectomia (34,8%), pancreatectomia corpo-caudal (6,8%) e gastroduodenopancreatectomia total (2,3%). A ressecção venosa portal foi realizada em 12 pacientes (13,5%). O tamanho tumoral médio foi de 3,75cm. Invasão vascular esteve presente em 31% dos casos e neural em 88,5%. A margem de ressecção estava comprometida em 33 pacientes (37,5%). Cinco (5,7%) pacientes eram do estádio IA, 15(17%) do IB, 19(21,6%) do IIA, 47(53,4) do IIB e dois (2,3%) do III.Observou-se diferença na expressão de EGFR na membrana celular entre o tecido tumoral e o tecido não tumoral (p=0,004); entre o tecido metastático linfonodal e o tecido não tumoral (p=0,02) mas não houve diferença quanto à sua expressão quando comparamos o tecido tumoral e o tecido metastático linfonodal (p=0,28). Dentre as variáveis clínicas e patológicas estudadas, observou-se diferença de expressão do EGFR entre os gêneros feminino e masculino (p=0,03), não havendo diferenças entre as outras variáveis. A sobrevida mediana global foi de 22,9 meses. A sobrevida cumulativa global em 1 ano, 3 anos e 5 anos foi de 48%, 20% e 18%, respectivamente. As sobrevidas cumulativas em 1 ano, 3 anos e 5 anos foram 77%, 30% e 8% no grupo sem expressão do EGFR na membrana tumoral versus 46%, 8% e 0% respectivamente no grupo com expressão do EGFR na membrana celular do tumor. Na análise univariada, as seguintes variáveis estiveram associadas a menor sobrevida: sexo masculino, ressecção venosa portal, invasão peri-neural, e vascular, invasão do tecido peri-pancreático, acometimento da margem de ressecção pancreática e expressão positiva de EGFR no tecido tumoral. Na análise multivariada, os fatores associados à sobrevida menor foram: gênero masculino, ressecção venosa portal, invasão vascular e invasão peri-neural. CONCLUSÃO: A expressão do EGFR na membrana celular é significativamente maior no tecido tumoral que no tecido pancreático não tumoral. A expressão do EGFR na membrana celular do tecido tumoral está associada a pior prognóstico (menor sobrevida). / INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic cancer is one of the main cancer related deaths in the world and its incidence is similar to its mortality. Biological aggressiveness and delayed diagnosis are a major concern. Adjuvant treatment has little impact on survival and the expression of potential target molecules has been undertaken in order to increase survival. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study is to study the expression of EGFR and its potential prognostic role in tumor, non-tumor and metastatic lymph node tissues of patient with pancreatic adenocarcinoma treated with surgical resection. MATHERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty eight patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma operated at Serviço de Cirurgia de Vias Biliares e Pâncreas do HC-FMUSP and Departamento de Cirurgia Abdominal do Hospital A.C.Camargo were retrospectively studied between 1990 and 2003. RESULTS: Forty seven females (53,4%) and 41 males (46,6%) with median age of 60 years were studied. Pylorus preserving duodenopancreatectomy was performed in 55%, classical duodenopancreatectomy in 34,8%, distal pancreatectomy in 6,8% and total pancreatectomy in 2,3%. Portal vein resection was performed in 12 patients (13,5%). Mean tumor size was 3,75cm. Vascular and neural invasion were present in 31% and 88,5%, respectively. Positive surgical margin was present in 33 (37,5%) patients. Five (5,7%) patients were stage IA, 15(17%) stages IB, 19(21,6%) stages IIA, 47(53,4%) stages IIB and two (2,3%) stages III. There were difference in the membrane expression of EGFR between tumor and non tumor pancreatic tissue (p=0,004); between metastatic lymph node and non tumor pancreatic tissue (p=0,02); but there were no difference between tumor and metastatic lymph node tissue (p=0,28). Median survival time was 22,9 months. Cumulative one, three and five years survival were 48%, 20% and 18%. Cumulative survival at 1, 3 and 5 years were 77%, 30% and 8% in patients with negative expression of EGFR in tumor membrane and 46%, 8% and 0%, respectively in patients with positive EGFR expression in tumoral membrane. Univariate analysis showed that male gender, portal vein resection, neural, vascular and peri-pancreatic invasion invasion, positive surgical margin and positive membrane EGFR expression in tumoral tissue were correlated with poor survival. Multivariate analysis showed that male gender, portal vein resection, vascular invasion and peri-neural invasion are associated with lower survival after resection. CONCLUSION: EGFR membrane expression is different between tumor tissue and non tumor pancreatic tissue. EGFR membrane expression in tumoral tissue was associated with worst survival.

OBJETIVOS: Analisar a expressão de EGFR, proteínas da via de sinalização ou relacionadas aos seus efeitos em carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) primários, metastáticos e em tecido hepático não tumoral em autópsias. Correlacionar os achados a dados clínico-patológicos e marcadores de classes moleculares. Avaliar a heterogeneidade de expressão em CHC metastáticos e fatores de disseminação extra-hepática. MÉTODOS: Oitenta autópsias de pacientes com CHC ao exame foram incluídas em estudo retrospectivo transversal. Foram analisados sexo, idade, raça, etilismo, infecção por vírus da hepatite B (VHB) e C (VHC), infecção pelo HIV, tratamento prévio, causas básica e imediata de óbito, peso do fígado, cirrose, número e tamanho dos nódulos, padrão macroscópico, grau histológico, variantes histológicas, padrão arquitetural, invasão de grandes veias e metástases extra-hepáticas. Imuno-histoquímica foi realizada em micromatrizes teciduais para pesquisa de EGFR, pEGFR(Tyr 1173), HER2, ERK1/2, MAPKAPK-2, pMAPK, Ag Ki67, caspase 3, citoqueratina 19 (CK19), mTOR, ciclina D1, Met, vimentina, p53 e beta-catenina. A expressão de EGFR foi avaliada em intensidade (0-3+) e distribuição (0-100%) em um sistema de escores de 0 a 300. Hiperexpressão foi definida para escores >= 200. Amostras de fígado normal foram incluídas como controles. Amostras de CHC primário foram pareadas às suas metástases e consideradas concordantes quando na mesma categoria de expressão. No tecido não tumoral foram semi-quantificadas a reação ductular expressando CK19 e a densidade da população de células estromais perissinusoidais pela vimentina. Estatística foi realizada através dos testes do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher ao nível de significância de 0,05. Para as correlações de escores e variáveis categóricas foi utilizado o coeficiente de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 62 casos do sexo masculino e 18 do sexo feminino (58,1 ± 10,9 anos). Infecção pelo VHC foi a principal causa em 49% (39/80), seguida por etilismo em 30% (24/80) e infecção por VHB em 19% (15/80). Cirrose foi identificada em 90% (72/80) dos casos. Os tumores mostraram-se avançados em 95% (76/80). Invasão de grandes veias foi detectada em 19% (15/80) e metástases extra-hepáticas em 38% (30/80). MAPKAPK2, pEGFR (Tyr1173) e HER2 tiveram expressão fraca ou ausente. A expressão de EGFR foi mais frequente no fígado não neoplásico (26/26) (P < 0,05) - e nos controles normais (8/8) do que nas amostras tumorais primárias (60/75) e nas metástases (12/17). Nenhuma amostra dos controles apresentou hiperexpressão de EGFR, a qual foi mais frequente na cirrose (65% - 17/26) do que nos tumores avançados (36% - 26/72) (P < 0,05). EGFR hiperexpresso foi mais frequente nos tumores de grau 1/2 (P < 0,01) e nos casos com menos de quatro nódulos hepáticos (P = 0,014). A expressão de EGFR correlacionou-se à expressão de caspase 3 (P < 0,01). A expressão das quinases ERK1 e ERK2 foi correlacionada à proliferação celular pelo Ag Ki67 (P < 0,01), porém não ao escore de expressão de EGFR. CK19, p53 e beta-catenina nuclear foram correlacionaram-se às lesões de maior grau e a maiores taxas de proliferação celular (P<0,01). Met, EGFR e caspase 3 foram correlacionados a lesões mais diferenciadas. Vimentina teve forte correlação com CK19 (P < 0,01). A concordância de expressão entre tumores hepáticos e respectivas metástases variou de 50 a 85%. Para o EGFR foi de 61%. A expressão endotelial 2-3+ de pMAPK foi mais frequente nas metástases (P = 0,09). A disseminação extra-hepática foi mais frequente nos casos com baixa densidade de células perissinusoidais positivas para vimentina (P = 0,054) e nos casos sem reação ductular no tecido não neoplásico (P = 0,095). CONCLUSÕES: O EGFR tem papel relevante nas etapas iniciais e intermediárias do CHC, sendo sua expressão reduzida nas formas avançadas. Diferentes classes de CHC podem estar associadas a ativação da via do EGFR. A presente análise imuno-histoquímica ampla parece validar pelo menos dois grupos de CHC que nesta série de autópsias parecem ter sido separados pelo grau histológico. Confirma-se a hiperexpressão das quinases como evento importante na progressão tumoral, porém não necessariamente associada à hiperexpressão de EGFR. A heterogeneidade de expressão entre o CHC primário e suas metástases variou de 15 a 45% / OBJECTIVES: To analyze the expression of EGFR and proteins related to its signaling pathway or to its effects in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), metastases and surrounding liver tissue in a series of autopsies. To correlate expression patterns to clinicopathological data and other markers of molecular classification. To assess the heterogeneity of expression in metastatic HCC and factors related to extrahepatic spread. METHODS: Eighty autopsies of patients with HCC were included in a cross-sectional retrospective study. We analyzed gender, age, race, alcohol intake, infection with hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus (HCV), HIV infection, prior treatment, basic and immediate causes of death, the weight of the liver, cirrhosis, number and size of nodules, gross pattern, histological grade, histological variants, architectural pattern, invasion of large veins and extrahepatic metastases. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue microarrays to survey EGFR, pEGFR(Tyr 1173), HER2, ERK1/2, MAPKAPK-2, pMAPK, Ag Ki67, caspase 3, cytokeratin 19 (CK19), mTOR, cyclin D1, Met, vimentin, p53 and beta-catenin. EGFR expression was evaluated in intensity (0-3+) and distribution of membrane staining (0-100%) in a 0 - 300 score. Overexpression was defined for scores >= 200. Normal liver samples were included as controls. Intra-hepatic HCC samples were matched to their respective metastases and expression was considered concordant when they were assigned to the same category. Ductular reaction expressing CK19 and the density of perisinusoidal vimentin positive stromal cells were semi-quantified in non-tumor tissue. Statistics was performed using the chi- square or Fisher exact test at a significance level of 0.05. For the correlations of scores and categorical data we used the Spearman coefficient. RESULTS: Sixty-two males and eighteen females were included (age 58.1 ± 10.9). HCV was the major cause in 49% (39/80), followed by alcoholism in 30% (24/80) and HBV infection in 19% (15/80). Cirrhosis was identified in 90% (72/80) and advanced tumors in 95% (76/80). Large vein invasion was detected in 19% (15/80) and extra-hepatic metastases in 38% (30/80). MAPKAPK2, pEGFR (Tyr1173) and HER2 expression were weak or absent. The EGFR expression was more frequent in non-tumoral liver (26/26) (P <.05) and in normal controls (8/8) than in primary HCC tumor samples (60/75) and in metastatic HCC (12/17). No samples taken from the controls showed overexpression of EGFR, which was more common in cirrhotic tissue (65% - 17/26) than in advanced tumors (36% - 26/72) (P <0.05). EGFR overexpression was more frequent in grade 1/2 tumors (P <0.01) and in cases with less than four hepatic nodules (P = 0.014). EGFR expression was correlated to the expression of caspase 3 (P <0.01). The expression of the kinases ERK1 and ERK2 was correlated to Ag Ki67 cell proliferation index (P <0.01), but not to the EGFR expression score. CK19, p53 and nuclear beta- catenin were correlated to high grade lesions and to higher rates of cell proliferation (P <0.01). Met, EGFR and caspase 3 were correlated with more differentiated lesions. Vimentin was strongly correlated with CK19 (P <0.01). The concordance of expression between liver tumors and their metastases ranged from 50 to 85% (61% for EGFR). The 2-3+ expression of pMAPK in tumor endothelial cells was more common in metastases (P = 0.09). Extrahepatic dissemination was more frequent in cases with low density of vimentin positive perisinusoidal cells (P = 0.054) and in cases with no detectable ductular reaction in non-neoplastic tissue (P = 0.095). CONCLUSIONS: EGFR plays an important role in the early and intermediate stages of HCC progression, with lower expression in advanced tumors. Different classes of HCC may be associated with activation of EGFR. The present comprehensive immunohistochemical approach seems to validate at least two molecular classes of HCC, and histological grade seems to be able to discriminate these groups. We herein confirmed overexpression of kinases as a key event in tumor progression, but not necessarily associated with overexpression of EGFR. The heterogeneity of expression between primary HCC and its metastases ranged from 15 to 45%

OBJETIVOS: Analisar a expressão de EGFR, proteínas da via de sinalização ou relacionadas aos seus efeitos em carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) primários, metastáticos e em tecido hepático não tumoral em autópsias. Correlacionar os achados a dados clínico-patológicos e marcadores de classes moleculares. Avaliar a heterogeneidade de expressão em CHC metastáticos e fatores de disseminação extra-hepática. MÉTODOS: Oitenta autópsias de pacientes com CHC ao exame foram incluídas em estudo retrospectivo transversal. Foram analisados sexo, idade, raça, etilismo, infecção por vírus da hepatite B (VHB) e C (VHC), infecção pelo HIV, tratamento prévio, causas básica e imediata de óbito, peso do fígado, cirrose, número e tamanho dos nódulos, padrão macroscópico, grau histológico, variantes histológicas, padrão arquitetural, invasão de grandes veias e metástases extra-hepáticas. Imuno-histoquímica foi realizada em micromatrizes teciduais para pesquisa de EGFR, pEGFR(Tyr 1173), HER2, ERK1/2, MAPKAPK-2, pMAPK, Ag Ki67, caspase 3, citoqueratina 19 (CK19), mTOR, ciclina D1, Met, vimentina, p53 e beta-catenina. A expressão de EGFR foi avaliada em intensidade (0-3+) e distribuição (0-100%) em um sistema de escores de 0 a 300. Hiperexpressão foi definida para escores >= 200. Amostras de fígado normal foram incluídas como controles. Amostras de CHC primário foram pareadas às suas metástases e consideradas concordantes quando na mesma categoria de expressão. No tecido não tumoral foram semi-quantificadas a reação ductular expressando CK19 e a densidade da população de células estromais perissinusoidais pela vimentina. Estatística foi realizada através dos testes do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher ao nível de significância de 0,05. Para as correlações de escores e variáveis categóricas foi utilizado o coeficiente de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 62 casos do sexo masculino e 18 do sexo feminino (58,1 ± 10,9 anos). Infecção pelo VHC foi a principal causa em 49% (39/80), seguida por etilismo em 30% (24/80) e infecção por VHB em 19% (15/80). Cirrose foi identificada em 90% (72/80) dos casos. Os tumores mostraram-se avançados em 95% (76/80). Invasão de grandes veias foi detectada em 19% (15/80) e metástases extra-hepáticas em 38% (30/80). MAPKAPK2, pEGFR (Tyr1173) e HER2 tiveram expressão fraca ou ausente. A expressão de EGFR foi mais frequente no fígado não neoplásico (26/26) (P < 0,05) - e nos controles normais (8/8) do que nas amostras tumorais primárias (60/75) e nas metástases (12/17). Nenhuma amostra dos controles apresentou hiperexpressão de EGFR, a qual foi mais frequente na cirrose (65% - 17/26) do que nos tumores avançados (36% - 26/72) (P < 0,05). EGFR hiperexpresso foi mais frequente nos tumores de grau 1/2 (P < 0,01) e nos casos com menos de quatro nódulos hepáticos (P = 0,014). A expressão de EGFR correlacionou-se à expressão de caspase 3 (P < 0,01). A expressão das quinases ERK1 e ERK2 foi correlacionada à proliferação celular pelo Ag Ki67 (P < 0,01), porém não ao escore de expressão de EGFR. CK19, p53 e beta-catenina nuclear foram correlacionaram-se às lesões de maior grau e a maiores taxas de proliferação celular (P<0,01). Met, EGFR e caspase 3 foram correlacionados a lesões mais diferenciadas. Vimentina teve forte correlação com CK19 (P < 0,01). A concordância de expressão entre tumores hepáticos e respectivas metástases variou de 50 a 85%. Para o EGFR foi de 61%. A expressão endotelial 2-3+ de pMAPK foi mais frequente nas metástases (P = 0,09). A disseminação extra-hepática foi mais frequente nos casos com baixa densidade de células perissinusoidais positivas para vimentina (P = 0,054) e nos casos sem reação ductular no tecido não neoplásico (P = 0,095). CONCLUSÕES: O EGFR tem papel relevante nas etapas iniciais e intermediárias do CHC, sendo sua expressão reduzida nas formas avançadas. Diferentes classes de CHC podem estar associadas a ativação da via do EGFR. A presente análise imuno-histoquímica ampla parece validar pelo menos dois grupos de CHC que nesta série de autópsias parecem ter sido separados pelo grau histológico. Confirma-se a hiperexpressão das quinases como evento importante na progressão tumoral, porém não necessariamente associada à hiperexpressão de EGFR. A heterogeneidade de expressão entre o CHC primário e suas metástases variou de 15 a 45% / OBJECTIVES: To analyze the expression of EGFR and proteins related to its signaling pathway or to its effects in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), metastases and surrounding liver tissue in a series of autopsies. To correlate expression patterns to clinicopathological data and other markers of molecular classification. To assess the heterogeneity of expression in metastatic HCC and factors related to extrahepatic spread. METHODS: Eighty autopsies of patients with HCC were included in a cross-sectional retrospective study. We analyzed gender, age, race, alcohol intake, infection with hepatitis B (HBV) and C virus (HCV), HIV infection, prior treatment, basic and immediate causes of death, the weight of the liver, cirrhosis, number and size of nodules, gross pattern, histological grade, histological variants, architectural pattern, invasion of large veins and extrahepatic metastases. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue microarrays to survey EGFR, pEGFR(Tyr 1173), HER2, ERK1/2, MAPKAPK-2, pMAPK, Ag Ki67, caspase 3, cytokeratin 19 (CK19), mTOR, cyclin D1, Met, vimentin, p53 and beta-catenin. EGFR expression was evaluated in intensity (0-3+) and distribution of membrane staining (0-100%) in a 0 - 300 score. Overexpression was defined for scores >= 200. Normal liver samples were included as controls. Intra-hepatic HCC samples were matched to their respective metastases and expression was considered concordant when they were assigned to the same category. Ductular reaction expressing CK19 and the density of perisinusoidal vimentin positive stromal cells were semi-quantified in non-tumor tissue. Statistics was performed using the chi- square or Fisher exact test at a significance level of 0.05. For the correlations of scores and categorical data we used the Spearman coefficient. RESULTS: Sixty-two males and eighteen females were included (age 58.1 ± 10.9). HCV was the major cause in 49% (39/80), followed by alcoholism in 30% (24/80) and HBV infection in 19% (15/80). Cirrhosis was identified in 90% (72/80) and advanced tumors in 95% (76/80). Large vein invasion was detected in 19% (15/80) and extra-hepatic metastases in 38% (30/80). MAPKAPK2, pEGFR (Tyr1173) and HER2 expression were weak or absent. The EGFR expression was more frequent in non-tumoral liver (26/26) (P <.05) and in normal controls (8/8) than in primary HCC tumor samples (60/75) and in metastatic HCC (12/17). No samples taken from the controls showed overexpression of EGFR, which was more common in cirrhotic tissue (65% - 17/26) than in advanced tumors (36% - 26/72) (P <0.05). EGFR overexpression was more frequent in grade 1/2 tumors (P <0.01) and in cases with less than four hepatic nodules (P = 0.014). EGFR expression was correlated to the expression of caspase 3 (P <0.01). The expression of the kinases ERK1 and ERK2 was correlated to Ag Ki67 cell proliferation index (P <0.01), but not to the EGFR expression score. CK19, p53 and nuclear beta- catenin were correlated to high grade lesions and to higher rates of cell proliferation (P <0.01). Met, EGFR and caspase 3 were correlated with more differentiated lesions. Vimentin was strongly correlated with CK19 (P <0.01). The concordance of expression between liver tumors and their metastases ranged from 50 to 85% (61% for EGFR). The 2-3+ expression of pMAPK in tumor endothelial cells was more common in metastases (P = 0.09). Extrahepatic dissemination was more frequent in cases with low density of vimentin positive perisinusoidal cells (P = 0.054) and in cases with no detectable ductular reaction in non-neoplastic tissue (P = 0.095). CONCLUSIONS: EGFR plays an important role in the early and intermediate stages of HCC progression, with lower expression in advanced tumors. Different classes of HCC may be associated with activation of EGFR. The present comprehensive immunohistochemical approach seems to validate at least two molecular classes of HCC, and histological grade seems to be able to discriminate these groups. We herein confirmed overexpression of kinases as a key event in tumor progression, but not necessarily associated with overexpression of EGFR. The heterogeneity of expression between primary HCC and its metastases ranged from 15 to 45%

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-102).

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase integral in regulating cell growth, survival, and migration. EGFR signaling, which is dependent on localization of the receptor within lipid rafts, is often hijacked during colon tumorigenesis. Previous work has found that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is protective against colon cancer. This fatty acid is proposed to function in part by perturbing lipid rafts and thereby altering cell signaling. The overall objective of this work was to determine whether DHA alters EGFR function and signaling. We assessed EGFR localization and ligand-induced phosphorylation in YAMC cells treated with fatty acids. We found that DHA reduced the localization of EGFR to lipid rafts. Concomitant with altering receptor localization, DHA was found to increase EGFR phosphorylation. However, DHA paradoxically suppressed EGFR signal transduction. We found that DHA uniquely altered EGFR activity, and other long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid did not exert the same effect. We additionally observed similar effects on EGFR activation and signaling by feeding mice a diet enriched in fish oil (high in DHA), and this was attendant with reduced colon tumorigenesis. We next probed the mechanism by which DHA enhances EGFR phosphorylation. We found that DHA facilitates receptor dimerization to increase phosphorylation. We additionally identified Ras activation as the site of perturbation of signal transduction. DHA suppressed signal transduction by both changing the localization of EGFR within the plasma membrane and increasing receptor endocytosis and degradation. Lastly, we extended our observations into a wounding model. Although DHA uniquely altered ligand-stimulated EGFR activity, both DHA and EPA altered EGFR transactivation and signaling upon injury. This culminated in reduced wound healing in DHA and EPA treated cells. In an animal model, we found that diets enriched in either DHA or EPA altered EGFR signaling in the colonocytes of wounded animals. Overall, we found that DHA modifies EGFR signaling, which can be beneficial or detrimental for health depending on the disease state of an individual. These data help elucidate a mechanism by which DHA protects against colon cancer, as well as indicating a potential downside of n-3 PUFA therapy.

In this study the aim was to optimize the production of the Affibody fusion-protein Z03358- ABD094-(S4G)3-IL2 with regard to the amount of soluble protein produced. However, problems with reproducibility with this protein and the chosen expression system were encountered. Therefore, expression of the His-tagged Affibody His6-(Z05477)2 was evaluated using the same expression system as well as expression in another well characterized expression system. Both target proteins are of therapeutic interest. One of the proteins is an IL2 fusion protein (Z03358-ABD094-(S4G)3-IL2) that bind the platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFR-β). PDGF signaling is of interest in cancer treatment where, among other things, the effects of PDGF on tumor angiogenesis is researched. The His6-(Z05477)2 protein has a classified target but is developed as a therapeutic in the area of inflammation and autoimmune disease. Both model proteins are known to be difficult to purify due to low solubility. The two E. coli expression systems investigated and compared were BL21(DE3) and Lemo21(DE3). The fusion protein Z03358-ABD094-(S4G)3-IL2 was produced in BL21(DE3) in inclusion bodies with a yield of 4.95 g/l. An optimized process for the expression of His6-(Z05477)2 using BL21(DE3) was developed with a yield of 6.6 g/l soluble protein after expression at 30°C for 6 h.