京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第17895号 / 農博第2018号 / 新制||農||1017(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H25||N4791(農学部図書室) / 30715 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 加納 健司, 教授 三芳 秀人, 教授 小川 順 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Yes / This study was focused on developing a new catalyst using metal oxide (10 %Mn) over Nano- activated Carbon (Nano-AC) particles and designing a new reactor (digital basket reactor, DBR) for the sulfur removal from kerosene oil via oxidative desulfurization (ODS). The new homemade Nano-catalyst was prepared by utilizing impregnation process and was characterized by SEM, EDX, BET, and FTIR techniques. The performance of ODS process under moderate operating conditions was significantly enhanced by the application of the new catalyst and the new reactor. The results showed that 94 % of the sulfur could be achieved at oxidation temperature of 80 ºC, oxidation time of 35 min and agitation rate of 750 rpm. The reactivity of catalyst was examined after four consecutive ODS cycles under the optimal experimental parameters and the used catalyst showed excellent stability based on oxidation efficiency. The spent catalyst was treated by methanol, ethanol and iso-octane solvents for regenerated it, and the result proved that iso-octane carried out the maximum regeneration performance. An optimization method depending on minimizing the sum of the squared error among the experimental and model predicted data of ODS technology was employed to evaluate the optimal kinetic model parameters of the reaction system. The ODS process model was able to predict the results obtained experimentally for a wide range of conditions very well by absolute average errors<5 %.

NO / Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are produced in the skin under the influence of UV radiation. These compounds are highly reactive and can induce DNA lesions in epidermal cells. Melanin is considered to protect human skin against DNA damage by absorbing UV radiation. We have investigated whether melanin can, in addition, offer protection against the effects of H2O2 in human melanocytes and HaCaT keratinocytes. In the present study, it was shown that 40 and 100 μM H2O2 increased the number of DNA strand breaks as measured using the comet assay, in melanocytes of Caucasian origin. In melanocytes of the same origin in which melanin levels were increased by culturing in presence of 10 mM NH4Cl and elevated l-tyrosine, H2O2-induced DNA damage was reduced compared to that in control melanocytes. Similarly, HaCaT cells that were loaded with melanin were better protected against H2O2-induced DNA strand breaks than control HaCaT cells. These protective effects of melanin were mimicked by the intracellular Ca2+-chelator BAPTA. Thus, BAPTA reduced the level of H2O2-induced DNA strand breaks in melanocytes. Like BAPTA, melanin is known to be a potent chelator of Ca2+ and this was confirmed in the present study. It was shown that melanin levels in melanocytic cells correlated directly with intracellular Ca2+ binding capacity and, in addition, correlated inversely with H2O2-induced increases in intracellular Ca2+. Our results show that melanin may have an important role in regulating intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and it is suggested that melanin protects against H2O2-induced DNA strand breaks in both melanocytes and keratinocytes and through its ability to bind Ca2+.

Yes / Several new homemade nano-catalysts are prepared here to reduce sulfur compound found in light gas oil (LGO) utilizing the adsorption desulfurization technique. The effect of different support materials (Fe2O3, Cr2O3 and CdO) having the same particle size (20 nm) on the adsorptive desulfurization performance for loading 5% nickel sulfate (5 wt%NiO) as an active component for each catalyst, is studied. Oxidative desulfurization process (ODS) in a novel digital baffle batch reactor (DBBR) is used to evaluate the performance of the catalysts prepared. Moderate operating conditions are employed for the ODS process. The efficient new nano-catalysts with for the removal of sulfur are found to be 93.4%, 85.6% and 62.1% for NiO/Fe2O3, NiO/Cr2O3 and NiO/CdO, respectively at 175 deg C, 75 min and 2 ml of H2O2. The best kinetic model and the half-live period for the nano-catalysts related to the relevant reactions have also been investigated here.

Yes / A digital baffle batch reactor (DBBR) for oxidative desulfurization (ODS) reactions is designed and applied here in order to reduce the sulfur concentration presented in light gas oil (LGO) based on a novel homemade nano-catalyst (Copper Oxide (CuO)/Activated Carbon (AC)). With efficient impregnation, good pore size distribution, high activity and higher surface area, the designed nano-catalyst (CuO/AC) demonstrated excellent catalytic efficiency. To evaluate the effectiveness of nano catalyst (prepared experimentally), several experiments related to ODS reactions using the digital baffle batch reactor are carried out under moderate process conditions (reaction temperature (100, 120 and 140 °C), contact time (15, 30 and 45 min) and oxidant (H2O2) amount (2, 3 and 5 ml)). The experimental outcomes indicated that increasing the reaction temperature, batch time and oxidant amount lead to reduced sulfur concentration of oil feedstock leading to a greener fuel. The efficiency of sulfur conversion is reported to be 83.1 % using the modified nano-catalysts and new reactor (DBBR) at reaction temperature 140 oC, batch time 45 min and H2O2 amount of 5 ml. So, such new results using DBBR for ODS reactions based on CuO/AC as a new modified nano catalyst has not been reported in the public domain and it is considered as new results.

Le pancréas est un organe hétérogène composé d’une partie exocrine, responsable de la synthèse d’enzymes pour la digestion, et d’une partie endocrine, essentielle pour l’homéostasie glucidique. Notamment la sécrétion d’insuline par les cellules β contrôle la glycémie. Les dysfonctionnements des cellules β sont une des causes du diabète, première épidémie non infectieuse au monde. Il est actuellement possible d’en traiter les symptômes mais pas de le guérir. De nombreux laboratoires recherchent un protocole idéal de production de cellules β afin de pouvoir greffer ces cellules aux patients. L’identification des facteurs qui gouvernent chaque étape du développement des cellules β devrait permettre de progresser dans ce sens. Le but de ma thèse a été d’étudier le rôle des Espèces Réactives de l’Oxygène (ROS) au cours du développement pancréatique. Cette question a été soulevée lorsque nous avons analysé l’expression des gènes codant pour les enzymes détoxifiantes des ROS: leur expression était extrêmement réduite dans les pancréas embryonnaires comparés aux pancréas adultes, suggérant que les précurseurs sont particulièrement sensibles aux variations des ROS. Nous avons ensuite montré que la réduction des ROS in vivo, obtenue par un traitement avec un antioxydant (NAC), diminue le développement des cellules β. Une analyse in vitro a permis de détailler les mécanismes de l’action des ROS. En effet, le peroxyde d’hydrogène favorise la différenciation des cellules β en augmentant l’expression du facteur pro-endocrine Ngn3 dans les progéniteurs. Ce processus implique l’activation la voie ERK1/2 par les ROS. Au contraire, la diminution des ROS induite par des méthodes génétiques ou pharmacologiques altère la différenciation des cellules β. Nos résultats indiquent également que la mitochondrie est impliquée dans ce processus. Nous avons donc montré que la présence des ROS est essentielle pour le bon développement du pancréas. Ces recherches devraient donc permettre de progresser vers une thérapie cellulaire du diabète. / The pancreas is an heterogenous gland composed by exocrine tissue, responsible for digestive enzyme secretions, and endocrine tissue, essential for glucose homeostasis. In particular β cells secrete insulin which controls glycemia. Moreover, β cell failure is one of the primary causes of diabetes and this pathology is nowadays considered as the first non infectious worldwide outbreak. There is unfortunately no cure for this disease. Many laboratories are currently improving β cell generation protocols in order to inject those cells into patients. This is the reason why it appears mandatory to be able to identify factors that govern each step of β cell development. The aim of my work was to study the role of the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) during pancreatic development. First we found out that the expression of genes coding for antioxidant enzymes was extremely low in embryonic pancreas compared to adult pancreas. This suggested that progenitors could be sensitive to ROS variations. We then showed in vivo using an antioxidant component (NAC) that decreasing ROS level diminishes β cell development. Analysis in vitro allowed us to better describe the role of ROS. Indeed, hydrogen peroxyde favors β cell differentiation by increasing the pro-endocrine marker NGN3 expression in the progenitors. In this process, ROS activate the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. On the contrary, lowering ROS level using both pharmacologic and genetic approaches, decreases β cell differentiation. Our results also point out a role of the mitochondria in this process. Altogether, our data define the effects of ROS on β cell differentiation and open new perspectives to improve protocols of β cell generation.

Le pancréas est un organe hétérogène composé d’une partie exocrine, responsable de la synthèse d’enzymes pour la digestion, et d’une partie endocrine, essentielle pour l’homéostasie glucidique. Notamment la sécrétion d’insuline par les cellules β contrôle la glycémie. Les dysfonctionnements des cellules β sont une des causes du diabète, première épidémie non infectieuse au monde. Il est actuellement possible d’en traiter les symptômes mais pas de le guérir. De nombreux laboratoires recherchent un protocole idéal de production de cellules β afin de pouvoir greffer ces cellules aux patients. L’identification des facteurs qui gouvernent chaque étape du développement des cellules β devrait permettre de progresser dans ce sens. Le but de ma thèse a été d’étudier le rôle des Espèces Réactives de l’Oxygène (ROS) au cours du développement pancréatique. Cette question a été soulevée lorsque nous avons analysé l’expression des gènes codant pour les enzymes détoxifiantes des ROS: leur expression était extrêmement réduite dans les pancréas embryonnaires comparés aux pancréas adultes, suggérant que les précurseurs sont particulièrement sensibles aux variations des ROS. Nous avons ensuite montré que la réduction des ROS in vivo, obtenue par un traitement avec un antioxydant (NAC), diminue le développement des cellules β. Une analyse in vitro a permis de détailler les mécanismes de l’action des ROS. En effet, le peroxyde d’hydrogène favorise la différenciation des cellules β en augmentant l’expression du facteur pro-endocrine Ngn3 dans les progéniteurs. Ce processus implique l’activation la voie ERK1/2 par les ROS. Au contraire, la diminution des ROS induite par des méthodes génétiques ou pharmacologiques altère la différenciation des cellules β. Nos résultats indiquent également que la mitochondrie est impliquée dans ce processus. Nous avons donc montré que la présence des ROS est essentielle pour le bon développement du pancréas. Ces recherches devraient donc permettre de progresser vers une thérapie cellulaire du diabète. / The pancreas is an heterogenous gland composed by exocrine tissue, responsible for digestive enzyme secretions, and endocrine tissue, essential for glucose homeostasis. In particular β cells secrete insulin which controls glycemia. Moreover, β cell failure is one of the primary causes of diabetes and this pathology is nowadays considered as the first non infectious worldwide outbreak. There is unfortunately no cure for this disease. Many laboratories are currently improving β cell generation protocols in order to inject those cells into patients. This is the reason why it appears mandatory to be able to identify factors that govern each step of β cell development. The aim of my work was to study the role of the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) during pancreatic development. First we found out that the expression of genes coding for antioxidant enzymes was extremely low in embryonic pancreas compared to adult pancreas. This suggested that progenitors could be sensitive to ROS variations. We then showed in vivo using an antioxidant component (NAC) that decreasing ROS level diminishes β cell development. Analysis in vitro allowed us to better describe the role of ROS. Indeed, hydrogen peroxyde favors β cell differentiation by increasing the pro-endocrine marker NGN3 expression in the progenitors. In this process, ROS activate the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. On the contrary, lowering ROS level using both pharmacologic and genetic approaches, decreases β cell differentiation. Our results also point out a role of the mitochondria in this process. Altogether, our data define the effects of ROS on β cell differentiation and open new perspectives to improve protocols of β cell generation.

Le pancréas est un organe hétérogène composé d’une partie exocrine, responsable de la synthèse d’enzymes pour la digestion, et d’une partie endocrine, essentielle pour l’homéostasie glucidique. Notamment la sécrétion d’insuline par les cellules β contrôle la glycémie. Les dysfonctionnements des cellules β sont une des causes du diabète, première épidémie non infectieuse au monde. Il est actuellement possible d’en traiter les symptômes mais pas de le guérir. De nombreux laboratoires recherchent un protocole idéal de production de cellules β afin de pouvoir greffer ces cellules aux patients. L’identification des facteurs qui gouvernent chaque étape du développement des cellules β devrait permettre de progresser dans ce sens. Le but de ma thèse a été d’étudier le rôle des Espèces Réactives de l’Oxygène (ROS) au cours du développement pancréatique. Cette question a été soulevée lorsque nous avons analysé l’expression des gènes codant pour les enzymes détoxifiantes des ROS: leur expression était extrêmement réduite dans les pancréas embryonnaires comparés aux pancréas adultes, suggérant que les précurseurs sont particulièrement sensibles aux variations des ROS. Nous avons ensuite montré que la réduction des ROS in vivo, obtenue par un traitement avec un antioxydant (NAC), diminue le développement des cellules β. Une analyse in vitro a permis de détailler les mécanismes de l’action des ROS. En effet, le peroxyde d’hydrogène favorise la différenciation des cellules β en augmentant l’expression du facteur pro-endocrine Ngn3 dans les progéniteurs. Ce processus implique l’activation la voie ERK1/2 par les ROS. Au contraire, la diminution des ROS induite par des méthodes génétiques ou pharmacologiques altère la différenciation des cellules β. Nos résultats indiquent également que la mitochondrie est impliquée dans ce processus. Nous avons donc montré que la présence des ROS est essentielle pour le bon développement du pancréas. Ces recherches devraient donc permettre de progresser vers une thérapie cellulaire du diabète. / The pancreas is an heterogenous gland composed by exocrine tissue, responsible for digestive enzyme secretions, and endocrine tissue, essential for glucose homeostasis. In particular β cells secrete insulin which controls glycemia. Moreover, β cell failure is one of the primary causes of diabetes and this pathology is nowadays considered as the first non infectious worldwide outbreak. There is unfortunately no cure for this disease. Many laboratories are currently improving β cell generation protocols in order to inject those cells into patients. This is the reason why it appears mandatory to be able to identify factors that govern each step of β cell development. The aim of my work was to study the role of the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) during pancreatic development. First we found out that the expression of genes coding for antioxidant enzymes was extremely low in embryonic pancreas compared to adult pancreas. This suggested that progenitors could be sensitive to ROS variations. We then showed in vivo using an antioxidant component (NAC) that decreasing ROS level diminishes β cell development. Analysis in vitro allowed us to better describe the role of ROS. Indeed, hydrogen peroxyde favors β cell differentiation by increasing the pro-endocrine marker NGN3 expression in the progenitors. In this process, ROS activate the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. On the contrary, lowering ROS level using both pharmacologic and genetic approaches, decreases β cell differentiation. Our results also point out a role of the mitochondria in this process. Altogether, our data define the effects of ROS on β cell differentiation and open new perspectives to improve protocols of β cell generation.

A indústria têxtil utiliza grandes quantidades de água e como consequência gera efluente que apresenta um alto potencial de impacto ambiental. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o tratamento de efluentes têxteis produzidos com corantes reativos por processo de oxidação avançada H2O2/UV, os efluentes foram produzidos em laboratório segundo as condições de processos industriais e foram utilizados nos estudos de reuso em um novo processo de tingimento. Foram produzidos efluentes através dos tingimentos com três corantes reativos um amarelo Drimaren Cl-2R um vermelho Drimaren Cl-5B e um azul Drimaren, na concentração de 1,1% individualmente e em conjunto, compondo uma tricromia a 1,2%. Foram adicionados 14,71 mmol. L-1 peróxido de hidrogênio nas amostras residuais de efluentes e estas foram colocadas no reator de fotodegradação com radiação UV, foram utilizados como fonte de irradiação três lâmpadas de 6 Watts capazes de emissão de UV 1,7 Watts. As amostras foram coletadas e analisadas em intervalos de até 270 minutos de irradiação. Este processo foi executado em três faixas de pH diferentes, 4,0; 7,0 e 11,0, sendo que no pH 4,0 o processo foi mais eficiente com resultados de remoção de cor superiores a 91,12 ± 3,09%. Estas águas de reuso foram utilizadas para novos tingimentos nas mesmas condições e analisadas por meio de colorimetria resultando em valores de E menores que 0,62. Foram realizadas analises de carbono orgânico total (COT), as quais também corroboraram com os resultados anteriores, uma vez que demonstram que existe redução da carga orgânica de até 43,22%. Foram realizadas medições de condutividade dos banhos e assim foi possível fazer a correção de cloreto de sódio nos banhos dos processos de tingimentos posteriores, permitindo assim a redução da adição de cloreto de sódio nos banhos. / The textile industry uses big quantities of water and normally as consequence the effluent has a high environmental impact. This study aimed treat textile effluents produced with reactive dyes by advanced H2O2 / UV oxidation process, the effluents were produced in the laboratory under conditions of industrial processes and have been used in studies of reuse in a new dying process. The effluents were produced by dying with three reactive yellow Drimaren dye CL 2R, red Drimaren CL 5B and blue Drimaren HF-RL in concentration of 1.1% individually and in combination, comprising a trichromy of 1.2%. In the waste effluent was added 14.71 mmol.L-1 hydrogen peroxide and these samples were placed on a photodegradation reactor where was used three lamps 6 Watts UV able to emit 1.7 Watts each of them. The samples were collected and analyzed at intervals of up to 270 minutes of irradiation. This process was performed in three different pH ranges, 4,0; 7,0 and 11,0, and at pH 4,0 the process was more efficient with color removal rate higher than 91,12 ± 3,09%.%.This reuse water has been used for new dying under the same conditions and analyzed through colorimetry resulting in lower E values than 0.62. The total organic carbon analysis (TOC), which also corroborate the previous results, since it shows that there is a reduction of the organic load of up to 43.22%. The bath conductivity measurements were carried out and it was possible to make the adjustment of sodium chloride in the further dying processes allowing the reduction of sodium chloride added in the baths.

Os efluentes corados ainda são um problema em estações de tratamento de esgoto. Os corantes normalmente apresentam estruturas complexas e difíceis de serem degradadas por processos convencionais, entrando no meio ambiente aquático e causando impacto visual, mudanças nas características físico-químicas da água, prejudicam a fotossíntese do meio e podem apresentar efeitos ecotóxicos. Para o tratamento de vários tipos de efluentes, os Processos Oxidativos Avançados (POAs) são eficientes, rápidos e promovem uma oxidação não seletiva. Os POAs podem se tornar mais eficazes com o acoplamento de outras tecnologias, como as micro-ondas. As micro-ondas não possuem energia suficiente para quebrar as ligações intermoleculares, mas quando somadas ao processo UV/H2O2 pode haver um efeito sinérgico melhorando o desempenho do POA. Neste trabalho, buscou-se a otimização do processo UV/H2O2 acoplado às micro-ondas utilizando-se uma lâmpada de descarga sem eletrodo (LDE) de Hg e Fe. Utilizou-se um planejamento experimental para estudar a degradação de uma mistura de três corantes ácidos de classes diferentes: Acid Blue 9 (C.I. 42090, triarilmetano), Acid Red 92 (C.I. 45410, xanteno) e Acid Yellow 23 (C.I. 19140, monoazo). A variável-resposta observada foi a concentração residual dos corantes medida por CLAE. As condições ótimas para o tratamento foram: concentração inicial de peróxido de hidrogênio = 125 mg L-1, pH= 6,2 e vazão = 800 mL min-1. Em 180 min de tratamento, correspondente a 45 min de irradiação alcançou-se uma degradação de 23, 20 e 98% para AB9, AR92 e AY23 respectivamente. O modelo cinético foi de pseudo 1ª ordem para o AY23, com k = (1,7 &#177;0,041) × 10-2 min-1 e R² = 0,990. Não foi possível determinar a cinética de degradação do AB9 e do AR92 por causa da baixa degradação alcançada (aproximadamente uma ordem de grandeza menor). A partir das análises de espectrometria de massas, observou-se um único produto de degradação: o AY23 monohidroxilado. Esse produto não apresentou ecotoxicidade para o organismo-teste L. sativa. No entanto, ele foi tóxico para o organismo D. similis, imobilizando os microcrustáceos em todas as diluições testadas. / Colored effluents are still a problem in wastewater treatment plants. Dyes usually have complex structures that are difficult to be degraded by conventional processes, thus entering into the aquatic environment and causing visual impact, changes in the water physicochemical characteristics, impairing photosynthesis, and posing ecotoxic effects. For the treatment of various types of wastewater, the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) are efficient, fast and promote non-selective oxidation. AOPs can become more effective by coupling them to other technologies, such as microwaves. Microwaves do not have enough energy to break intermolecular bonds, but when coupled to the UV/H2O2 process, there may be a synergistic effect improving the AOP performance. In this study, the UV/H2O2 process coupled to microwaves, using an Hg and Fe electrodeless discharge lamp (EDL), was optimized. An experimental design was performed to study the degradation of a mixture of three acid dyes of different classes: Acid Blue 9 (C.I. 42090 , triarylmethane), Acid Red 92 (C.I. 45410, xanthene), and Acid Yellow 23 (C.I. 19140, monoazo). The observed response variable was the residual concentration of the dyes measured by HPLC. The optimum conditions for the treatment were: initial hydrogen peroxide concentration = 125 mg L- 1, pH = 6.2, and flow rate = 800 mL min-1. In 180 min of treatment, corresponding to 45 min of irradiation, it was achieved a degradation of 23, 20, and 98% for AB9, AR92, and AY23 respectively. The AY23 degradation followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model, with k = (1.7 &#177;0,041) × 10-2 min-1 and R² = 0.990. It was not possible to determine the degradation kinetics of AB9 and AR92 due to the low degradation achieved (approximately one order of magnitude lower). From mass espectrometry analyses, only one degradation product was observed: monohydroxilated AY23. That product showed no ecotoxicity towards the test-organism L. sativa. However, it was toxic towards the test-organism D. similis, immobilizing the microcrustaceans in all tested dilutions.