Os processos oxidativos avançados são promissores para a degradação de compostos orgânicos resistentes aos tratamentos convencionais, como o fenol. A fluidodinâmica computacional (CFD) tornou-se uma poderosa ferramenta para analisar processos fotoquímicos por resolver os balanços acoplados de quantidade de movimento, de massa e de radiação. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar o processo UV/H2O2 num reator fotoquímico anular usando CFD e um modelo cinético mais realista. O modelo em CFD foi criado de forma progressiva. Inicialmente, foram determinados os campos de velocidade para três vazões (30, 60 e 100 L/h). Considerou-se dois diâmetros de lâmpada para reproduzir a configuração experimental do sistema. A discretização foi feita com malhas tetraédricas variando entre 390 000 e 1 200 000 elementos. Quatro modelos de turbulência RANS foram analisados: k-e, k-w, o shear stress transport (SST) e o modelo de tensões de Reynolds (RSM). O campo de velocidades foi validado comparando a DTR com seu levantamento experimental. A próxima etapa foi incluir o mecanismo de degradação de fenol proposto por Edalatmanesh, Dhib e Mehrvar (2008) no modelo em CFD. Trata-se de um modelo cinético baseado em equações dinâmicas para todas as espécies. O campo de radiação foi calculado pelo modelo radial e pela solução da equação de transporte de radiação através do método discrete transfer. As simulações reproduziram dados experimentais abrangendo uma larga gama de concentrações iniciais de fenol, razões molares H2O2/fenol e três potências de emissão das lâmpadas. O campo de velocidades obtido era dependente da vazão: o fluido pode manter movimento helicoidal sobre toda a extensão do reator ou se desenvolver como um escoamento pistonado. O modelo k-e não reproduziu bem o escoamento por não ser adequado para escoamentos rotativos. Os outros modelos geraram curvas de DTR com bom ajuste aos dados experimentais, especialmente o modelo k-w. O desvio médio entre as simulações de degradação de fenol e os dados experimentais é inferior a 8%. Verificou-se que, devido ao escoamento rotativo, os reagentes ficavam concentrados próximos à parede externa e migravam para a região da lâmpada ao longo do reator. A elevada intensidade de radiação na superfície da lâmpada criou uma camada ao seu redor na qual a fotólise do H2O2 ocorreu com grande taxa. Os radicais OH gerados nessa camada eram transportados para a região das paredes por convecção. Isso fez com que a maior parte do fenol fosse atacada na segunda metade do reator e gerou acúmulo do radical próximo à lâmpada na seção de saída do reator, já que o poluente já fora oxidado nessa área. O método discrete transfer previu intensidades de radiação maiores que o modelo radial, e, consequentemente, maior concentração de radicais OH. Os resultados satisfatórios indicam que CFD foi uma ferramenta adequada para analisar este escoamento reativo. / Advanced oxidation processes are a promising technology for degradation of organic compounds resistant to conventional treatments such as phenol. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has recently emerged as a powerful tool that allows a deeper understanding of photochemical processes in reactor engineering by solving the coupled momentum, mass and radiation balances. This work aimed to investigate the UV/H2O2 process in an annular photoreactor using CFD and a more realistic kinetic model. A progressive approach was used to develop the CFD reactor model. First, the velocity fields were determined for three volumetric flow rates (30, 60 and 100 L/h). Two lamp diameters were considered to reflect the experimental configuration of the system. Tetrahedral meshes varying form 390,000 to 1,200,000 elements were analyzed to achieve grid independence. For accounting turbulence effects, four RANS models were tested: k-e, k-w, the Shear Stress Transport (SST) and the Reynolds Stress models (RSM). The velocity field was validated through comparison to RTD experimental data. Next step was introducing the mechanism of phenol degradation proposed by Edalatmanesh, Dhib and Mehrvar (2008) into the CFD model. This kinetic model is based on dynamic equations for all species. The fluence rate field was calculated by the radial model and by solving the radiation transport equation with the discrete transfer method. Simulations reproduced experimental data spanning a wide range of initial phenol concentrations, H2O2/phenol molar ratios and three values for lamp power. It was found that the velocity field depends on the volumetric flow rate: either it maintains a swirling motion through the whole reactor or might develop like a plug flow. The k-e model did not represent the RTD data accurately, and the velocity field therefore, since it is not appropriate for swirling flows. The other turbulence models showed good match of RTD, especially the k-w model. Simulations of phenol degradation deviated less than 8% from experimental data. It was possible verified that, due to the swirling inlet effects, reactants got concentrated close to the outer wall and migrated on the lamp direction along the reactor path. High radiation intensities close to the lamp surface created a layer around it where photolysis of H2O2 took place with higher rates. OH radicals were generated in that layer and transported towards the outer wall by convection. This caused most of phenol to be consumed in the second half of the reactor and accumulation of the radical near the lamp and the reactor outlet, since the pollutant in this area was already oxidized. The discrete transfer method predicted higher incident radiation intensity than the radial model, and higher concentrations of OH radicals as a consequence. Satisfactory results indicated that CFD was an appropriate tool for analyzing this reactive flow.

Nesse trabalho enfatizamos o uso de marcadores bioquímicos de estresse oxidativo em microalgas como sinalizadores precoces de exposição a agentes xenobióticos. A curva de crescimento e a taxa de crescimento diário (µ) foram determinadas através do monitoramento in vivo da fluorescência da clorofila. Baseado nos protocolos de testes toxicológicos in vitro, usando microalgas expostas por 48h, determinou-se a concentração efetiva que inibiu 50% de µ (IC50). Culturas de M. polymorphus, com concentração inicial de 1 X 106 células.mL-1, foram submetidas separadamente ao IC50 de oxiflurfeno (OxF) e benzo[a]pireno (BaP) por 48h sendo, posteriormente, coletadas para a análise de cinética enzimática em espectrofotômetro. As análises tanto dos níveis de MDA como dos níveis de GSH/GSSG e Asc- foram feitas em HPLC usando detectores de fluorescência e detectores coulométricos flow-through respectivamente. Além disso, os ensaios sobre a excreção/liberação de H2O2 in vivo foram feitos em um luminômetro usando-se a técnica do luminol. Os valores de IC50 para o OxF e BaP foram de 0,24 µg.L-1 e 0,99 µg.L-1 respectivamente. Os resultados das análises enzimáticas, obtidos nos ensaios com OxF, ao serem comparadas com controles, mostram aumentos para SOD (150 ± 7 e 32 ± 6 USOD.mg.prot-1), seguidos por aumentos menores para CAT (6,5 ± 0,7 e 3,9 ± 0,5 U.mg.prot.-1) e APx (1,01 ± 0,06 e 0,82 ± 0,05 U.mg.prot.-1) respectivamente. Nas culturas expostas ao BaP os resultados, comparados ao controle, mostraram maior atividade de CAT (35,7 ± 1,3 e 4,0 ± 0,9 U.mg.prot.-1) e APx (4,95 ± 0,06 e 0,86 ± 0,03 U.mg.prot.-1) enquanto a SOD foi menos pronunciada (105 ± 6 e 35 ± 5 USOD.mg.prot.-1). As análises das enzimas GR e DHAR quando comparadas ao controle (0,78 ± 0,07 e 0,43 ± 0,08 U.mg.prot.-1 respectivamente) apresentaram-se inibidas em quase 50% quando sob a ação de OxF e não apresentaram variações na presença de BaP. As análises de GST comparadas aos controles, tiveram menor atividade nos grupos sob OxF (176 ± 28 e 73 ± 18 ) frente ao BaP (402 ± 67 e 71 ± 24). Os resultados em HPLC revelaram níveis de MDA elevados nos dois grupos, especificamente 9 e 5 vezes o valor dos controles para as amostras expostas ao OxF e ao BaP respectivamente. Os resultados de GSH mostram diminuição de GSHtotal frente aos controles, em quase 40% sob ação do OxF e mais de 50% nas culturas com BaP. Além disso, a percentagem de GSH na forma de GSSG comparada ao GSHtotal (%IR Índice redox) foi de 60 e 75% nos grupos com OxF e BaP respectivamente. Nos valores obtidos nas análises de Asc- os resultados apontam diminuição em 45% sob OxF e pouco mais de 15% na presença de BaP. As análises de excreção/liberação in vivo de H2O2 mostram acentuada liberação nas células expostas ao OxF quando comparadas ao tratamento com BaP. A observação dos valores de IC50, mostra uma maior toxicidade de OxF quando comparada ao BaP e os resultados das análises das enzimas antioxidantes nos revelam que M. polymorphus usa diferentes estratégias frente aos agentes tóxicos. Tendo em vista a inibição de CAT e APx, as células sob exposição ao OxF utilizam a eliminação direta de H2O2 no meio e, eliminação via ação da GST. No entanto, tal situação parece não diminuir os níveis de lipoperoxidação, mesmo com consumo excessivo de Asc. As culturas expostas ao BaP evitam a evolução de H2O2 via atividade enzimática preferencial e os níveis baixos de GSH denotam a utilização de GST em processos de conjugação de xenobióticos. / The use of biochemical oxidative stress biomarkers in microalgae, as early watches during xenobiotic exposure are emphasized. The growth curve and the diary cells population increase rate (µ) were determined by chlorophyll fluorescence in vivo monitoring. Applying toxicological in vitro tests protocols and using microalgae exposed for 48h, we have determined the effective concentration that provoked 50% of µ inhibition (IC50). M. polymorphus cultures in an initial cellular concentration of 1 X 106 cell.mL-1 were separately submitted to IC50 oxyfluorfen (OxF) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) during 48h and, after that, they were gathered to the kinetics enzymatic assay using spectrophotometer. The levels of MDA and the levels of GSH/GSSG plus Asc- were determined in the HPLC system coupling to the fluorescence and coulometric flow-through detectors, respectively. Additionally, in vivo H2O2 excretion/releasing assays were done using a luminometer associated to the luminol technique. The IC50 obtained in the OxF and BaP tests brought out the values 0.24 µ.L-1 and 0.99 µg.L-1 respectively. The results from the enzymatic analyses in the culture under OxF exposure, when compared to the controls, have shown increases in the SOD activities (150 ± 7 and 32 ± 6 USOD.mg.prot-1) followed by minor results to CAT (6.5 ± 0.7 and 3.9 ± 0.5 U.mg.prot.-1) and APx activities (1.01 ± 0.06 and 0.82 ± 0.05 U.mg.prot.-1), respectively. On the other hand, in cultures under BaP treatment, the results compared to the control have shown an increase of CAT (35.7 ± 1.3 and 4.0 ± 0.9 U.mg.prot.-1) and APx activities (4.95 ± 0.06 and 0.86 ± 0.03 U.mg.prot.-1) followed by minor SOD activities (105 ± 6 and 35 ± 5 USOD.mg.prot-1). The results from enzymatic analyses of GR and DHAR under OxF exposure presented around 50% of controls value (0.78 ± 0.07 and 0.43 ± 0.08 U.mg.prot.-1respectively). Contrarily, the culture under BaP treatment didnt show any variation compared to the controls. Instead, GST analyses - in the culture under OxF treatment - have shown minor activity (176 ± 28 and 73 ± 18) facing the cell cultures under BaP exposure (402 ± 67 and 71 ± 24), when compared to the controls. In the cultures under OxF and BaP treatment, HPLC analyses displayed an increase of 9 and 5 fold, respectively, in the MDA levels. The results of GSH in cultures under OxF have shown a decrease of 40% GSHtotal when compared to the control, and more than 50% in cultures under BaP treatment. In addition, the percentage of GSH in the GSSG form compared to GSHtotal (%RI Redox index) was 60 and 75% in the OxF and BaP groups, respectively. In the results obtained in analyses of Asc- there are a decrease of 45% in cultures under OxF and a little bit more than 15% in cultures under BaP treatment. The analyses of in vivo H2O2 excretion/releasing have shown pronounced freeing in the cell under OxF exposure when compared with BaP cultures. The results of IC50 value point to an increased toxicity in cells under OxF treatment in comparison to BaP cultures. On the other hand the results of antioxidant enzymes have shown us different strategies used by M. polymorphus facing the toxic agents. Having in mind the inhibition of CAT and APx, the cells under OxF exposure adopt the direct elimination of H2O2 in the culture medium and via GST activity. However, this situation seems not reduce the lipoperoxidation levels, not even, under the exceedingly Asc- consuming. Cultures exposed to BaP avoid H2O2 evolution de mainly via enzymatic activity and the lower levels of GSH pointing to the activity of GST during xenobiotic conjugation process.

Como os outros organismos, as plantas têm a habilidade de se defenderem através do reconhecimento de patógenos (resposta de hipersensibilidade - RH), causando a morte imediata das células no sítio primário da infecção, desta maneira oferecendo resistência ao seu crescimento. A RH é caracterizada pela necrose dos tecidos neste local, através de muitos sinais ainda não completamente elucidados, como a formação de radicais livres, incluindo o peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), e o reforço da parede celular. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer a relação entre esses sinais em cultura de células de amora-preta (Rubus fruticosus). As condições experimentais para a análise da parede celular, das espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) e do H2O2 foram padronizadas. O polissacarídeo ácido (ramnoglucuronogalactana, F-I), o ácido salicílico (AS), e o metil jasmonato (MeJA), bem estabelecidos efetores da resposta da defesa, foram usados como elicitores. A produção das EROs e do H2O2 foram ativadas por F-I e pelo AS, seguidos da liberação de fragmentos de dissacarídeos da parede celular, aparentemente devido a sua degradação. Por outro lado, uma produção pequena de EROs e de H2O2 foram observadas na presença de MeJA, assim como um aumento de fragmentos de massa molecular mais elevada, que podem funcionar como sinais para o reforço da parede celular, indução de enzimas e para a produção de outra moléculas de defesa. Quando da elicitação, concomitante, com dois elicitores, AS + MeJA, houve a inibição da produção de EROs causada pelo MeJA e foi mantida a liberação de compostos extracelulares de massa molecular mais elevada. / Like the other organisms, plants have the ability to self-defend through recognition of pathogens (hypersensitive response - HR), causing immediate cell death at the primary infection site, thus offering resistance to their grown. The HR is characterized by necrosis of tissues in this site via many signals still not completely elucidated, like formation of free radicals including H2O2 and reinforcement of cell wall. The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between these signals in blackberry-black cell culture (Rubus fruticosus). The experimental conditions for analysis of cell wall, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and H2O2, were established. Acid polysaccharide (rhamnoglucuronogalactan, F-I), salicylic acid (SA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), well established effectors of the defense response, were used as elicitors. ROS and H2O2 production was activated by F-I and SA, followed by release of fragments like disaccharides from the cell wall, apparently due to its degradation. By contrast, a small production of ROS and H2O2 was observed in presence of MeJA, as well as an increase of high molecular weight fragments, that may function as signals for reinforcement of cell wall, enzyme induction and production of others defense molecules. Together, the two elicitors SA and MeJA inhibited the ROS production, caused by MeJA, while sustaining release of the extra cellular compounds of high molecular weight.

[pt] O presente trabalho avalia a utilização de dois diferentes tipos de POA, Fenton-Zero - processo Fenton utilizando ferro zero valente: Fe0/H2O2 - e UV/H2O2 para o tratamento de efluente de indústria de celulose tratado biologicamente. Os parâmetros observados foram DBO, DQO, COT, cor e ABS280nm (medida de compostos ligninícos). Os experimentos foram conduzidos em batelada, em escala de laboratório e utilizando efluente real de indústria de celulose tratado biologicamente. Para os testes com o processo Fenton Zero foram realizados experimentos de acordo com um planejamento fatorial 2 elevado a 3, investigando a influência das variáveis pH, dosagem de peróxido de hidrogênio e massa de ferro zero valente fornecida por volume de solução. Como fonte de ferro foi utilizada lã de aço comercial nas concentrações de 5,5 g/L, 6,5 g/L e 7,5 g/L. As concentrações iniciais de peróxido de hidrogênio estudadas foram de 456,9 mg/L, 913,7 mg/L e 1370,6 mg/L e os valores de pH variaram entre 5.5, 6.5 e 7.5. Foram obtidas médias de remoção de 57,1 por cento de DQO, 67,2 por cento de DBO, 90,5 por cento de Cor, 83,4 por cento de compostos lignínicos e 54 por cento de COT, além de 9,52 mg/L de DBO final e 60,1 mg/L de DQO final. Já os testes com o sistema UV/H2O2 foram conduzidos com o único objetivo de polimento do efluente para reuso pelo processo. Desta maneira, o pH utilizado foi o natural do efluente (7,5) e três doses de H2O2 foram aplicadas, 4,0 g/L, 5,0 g/L e 6,0 g/L estando estas em excesso. / [en] The present work evaluates the use of two different types of AOP: the Zero-Fenton - process using zero valent iron - and UV/H2O2 for the treatment of pulp mill wastewater biologically treated. The observed parameters were BOD, COD, TOC, color and ABS280nm (measure of lignin compounds). The experiments were conducted in batch, lab scale and with real wastewater from biological treatment of a cellulose plant in Brazil. For the Fenton process, experiments were carried out according to a factorial design 23 investigating the influence of the variables pH, hydrogen peroxide dosage and zero-valent iron mass supplied by solution volume. As iron source, commercial steel wool was used in the concentrations of 5.5 g / L, 6.5 g / L and 7.5 g / L. The concentrations of hydrogen peroxide studied were 456.9 mg / L, 913.7 mg / L and 1370.6 mg / L and pH values ranged from 5.5, 6.5 and 7.5. The average removal rate was 57.1 per cent COD, 67.2 per cent COD, 90.5 per cent Color, 83.4 per cent lignin compounds and 54 per cent TOC. Also 9,52 mg/L of final BOD and 60,1 mg/L of final COD. The trials with the UV/H2O2 system, on the other hand, were conducted with the sole objective of polishing the effluent for reuse in the process. The pH used was the effluent s natural (7.5) and three excess doses of H2O2 were applied.

Parmi les procédés avancés d'oxydation (AOPs), les procédés de type Fenton (réactif de Fenton: Fe2+/H2O2) et les procédés d'oxydation par le persulfate, sont décrits comme des procédés très performants. Le procédé Fenton est une voie prometteuse et attractive pour le traitement d'une large variété de composés organiques polluants, difficiles à traiter par les voies classiques de dépollution. Au cours du procédé Fenton, des radicaux hydroxyles, molécules à fort pouvoir oxydant capable de réagir avec pratiquement tous types de composés organiques et inorganiques, sont générés. De même, du fait de la structure similaire entre H2O2 et les ions peroxydisulfate, ces derniers peuvent se décomposer en radicaux sulfates (SO4-•), un autre type d'oxydant hautement réactif pouvant réagir avec les composés organiques. Cependant, les procédés Fenton et d'activation du peroxydisulfate classiques présentent plusieurs inconvénients. En effet, la solution doit être acidifiée avant la réaction, et des procédés complexes de purification / séparation sont nécessaires après réaction. Afin de contourner ces inconvénients, le développement de procédés de traitement hétérogènes est proposé pour le traitement de l'eau. Dans cette optique de développement de procédés économes, les oxydes de fer comme la magnétite sont proposés comme remplaçants des sels solubles de fer. Une utilisation de tels matériaux, à l'état solide, présente des avantages indéniables, dont la séparation aisée de l'espèce active après réaction par sédimentation ou filtration. Dans le cadre de ce travail de doctorat, différents types d'oxydes de fer, hématite ou magnétite, ont été synthétisés en milieu liquide ionique. La morphologie, les propriétés structurales, les rapports de surface FeII/FeIII, les surfaces spécifiques, les tailles de domaine cristallin, etc. ont été évaluées. Deux molécules différentes, la tétracycline (TC) et le phenol, couramment utilisées dans l'industrie chimique, ont été sélectionnées comme polluants modèles afin d'évaluer les performances des matériaux préparés pour leur élimination. Une partie importante du travail de doctorat a donc été l'étude des propriétés des matériaux pour l'élimination de polluants organiques par le procédé Fenton hétérogène. Les résultats montrent clairement que les principaux facteurs affectant les performances du procédé sont reliés aux propriétés de la phase active, du fait du caractère surfacique des réactions. La stabilité des systèmes catalytiques préparés est néanmoins une propriété cruciale également étudiée. Le manuscrit de doctorat met donc l'accent sur la conception de matériaux originaux destinés à une utilisation dans les procédés avancés d'oxydation dans l'eau. / Fenton reaction (Fenton reagent: (Fe2+/H2O2)) and persulfate oxidation process, as advanced oxidation processes, are powerful oxidations used world around. Fenton reaction has been evidenced to be a promising and attractive treatment method for the degradation of a wide variety of hazardous organic pollutants, which are difficult to be treated using traditional soft treatment technologies. During Fenton process, free hydroxyl radicals (HO•), strong oxidant molecules capable of reacting with practically all types of organic and inorganic compounds, are generated. In the meanwhile, due to the similar structure between H2O2 and peroxydisulfate ions, peroxydisulfate ions can be decomposed to sulfate radicals (SO4-•), another kind of highly active oxidant that can react with organic compounds. However, the classical Fenton or peroxydisulfate activation processes present some disadvantages. Indeed, the solution needed acidification before carrying out the reaction and complex separation processes have to be applied after reaction. To overcome these drawbacks, heterogeneous catalytic oxidation processes were introduced for wastewater treatment. In this line, magnetite was evidenced as potential substituent to soluble iron ions, and it offers significant advantages such as an easy separation after reaction since the active material can be easily recovered by sedimentation or filtration for further used. In this PhD work, iron oxides, hematite and magnetite, were synthesized using an ionic liquid mediated process. The morphology, structural properties, FeII/FeIII surface ratios, specific surface areas (SSA), mean particle diameters, site densities, etc. were evaluated. Two different model pollutants (tetracycline (TC) and phenol), which are widely used chemicals all over the world, were selected to evaluate the performance of the prepared active materials. A significant part of the PhD study was then on the study of heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction for phenol and TC degradation. Experiments showed that the main factors affecting the heterogeneous Fenton-like system are related to the heterogeneous active phase properties, due to the surface reaction nature occurring over iron oxide surface. However, stability of this active phase, with progressive dissolution under reaction, is also a real challenge. This PhD manuscript, focusing on the design of highly active materials for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), is constituted of five experiment result parts.

This study investigated the application of advanced oxidative processes for the homogeneous and heterogeneous degradation of a tanning effluent. The catalytic activity of a solid oxide containing manganese was evaluated in the heterogeneous systems. The experiments were performed in a photocatalytic batch reactor in laboratory scale. The solid used was the commercial product Birm®, consisting mainly of crystalline silica, silicate, aluminum and manganese dioxide. The adsorption results using Birm® in synthetic sewage adjusted to the models of Langmuir and Freundlich and established that the adsorption capacity of the Birm ® is low. The synthetic and real tannery effluents were assessed by the degradation kinetics of photochemical homogeneous (H2O2/UV) processes and heterogeneous (UV/H2O2/Birm®) at different pH, concentration of H2O2 and catalyst. The degradation kinetics of the ES followed in law and kinetics order of pseudofirst showing that the Birm® presented no catalytic activity in appreciable color degradation of the synthetic effluent. But when the solid was evaluated for the degradation of the real tannery effluent, it proved to be active, with kinetics of degradation occurring more efficiently than the homogeneous system (H2O2/UV) one. In both effluents there was a catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. However, the decomposition in ES resulted in inactive products for the catalytic oxidation or free radicals, which possibly were disabled in difusional ways and didn t react with the effluent. The increasing of the concentration of nitrate and sulfate also demonstrated a good the treatment of tanning effluent. / Este estudo investigou a aplicação de processos oxidativos avançados, homogêneos e heterogêneos, na degradação de efluentes líquidos industriais de couro sintético e real. O efluente sintético é uma solução aquosa do corante de couros Acid Orange G. O efluente real é oriundo da indústria de processamento de couro, coletado após o decantador secundário do tratamento por lodos ativados. Os experimentos foram realizados em reator fotocatalítico descontínuo em escala de laboratório. O sólido utilizado como catalisador heterogêneo é um composto comercial denominado Birm®, constituído principalmente de sílica cristalina, silicato de alumínio e dióxido de manganês. A adsorção do efluente sintético sobre o Birm® ajustou-se aos modelos de Langmuir e de Freundlich e, o sólido apresentou baixa capacidade adsortiva. As cinéticas de degradação dos efluentes pelos processos fotoquímicos homogêneo (H2O2/UV) e heterogêneo (UV/H2O2/Birm®) foram avaliadas em diferentes valores de pH, concentração de H2O2 e de catalisador. Os resultados estabeleceram o modelo cinético de pseudoprimeira ordem para a degradação do efluente sintético. O Birm® apresentou atividade catalítica apenas para o efluente de curtume, apesar de a decomposição catalítica do peróxido de hidrogênio ter ocorrido em ambos efluentes. Supõe-se que essa atividade foi potencializada pela diversidade de compostos orgânicos presentes no efluente de curtume. A degradação deste efluente também foi comprovada pelo aumento das concentrações de sulfato e nitrato.

Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un possible traitement des effluents de Très Faibles Activités (TFA). Parmi ces effluents, certains contiennent du 60Co qui est complexé à des composés organiques tels que l'acide éthylènediaminetétraacétique (EDTA) limitant alors les traitements existants par des méthodes conventionnelles. Ce travail de thèse porte sur l'évaluation de l'efficacité de Procédés d'Oxydation Avancée (UV/H2O2 et UV/TiO2) en vue de dégrader l'EDTA pour libérer le 60Co et ainsi le piéger (par précipitation et/ou adsorption sur des matrices minérales). En effet, l'étude d'adsorption a mis en évidence la capacité du TiO2 à adsorber le cobalt lorsqu'il n'est pas complexé. La précipitation totale du cobalt est quant à elle possible à pH 10 mais peut être réalisée dès pH 9 en présence d'irradiation UV-C. Le flux photonique émis par la lampe a été déterminé par actinométrie chimique et par la méthode de Keitz qui ont données des résultats similaires. L'efficacité des différents procédés pour dégrader l'EDTA et le complexe Co-EDTA a été étudiée en considérant l'influence de plusieurs paramètres (pH, mode d'agitation, type de catalyseur, concentration en H2O2...). Dans leurs conditions optimales, les procédés UV/TiO2 et UV/H2O2 permettent de dégrader et de minéraliser efficacement l'EDTA (composés azotés essentiellement minéralisés en ammonium). Après dégradation du complexe Co-EDTA, il est alors possible de récupérer la totalité du cobalt par adsorption sur le TiO2 et/ou par précipitation. Les procédés ont ensuite été appliqués à un effluent nucléaire contenant du 60Co complexés à des composés organiques. Les POA ont permis d'améliorer de manière significative les facteurs de décontamination en comparaison des méthodes de traitement conventionnelles / This work is part of a possible treatment of effluents of Very Low Level (VLL). Some of these effluents contain 60Co which is complexed with organic compounds such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), which limits existing treatments by conventional methods. This PhD work focuses on the evaluation of the efficiency of Advanced Oxidation Processes (UV / H2O2 and UV / TiO2) in order to degrade EDTA to release 60Co and thus trap it (by precipitation and / or adsorption on mineral matrices). Indeed, the adsorption study has demonstrated the ability of TiO2 to adsorb cobalt when it is not complexed. The total precipitation of cobalt is possible at pH 10 but can be performed at pH 9 in the presence of UV-C irradiation. The photon flux emitted by the lamp was determined by chemical actinometry and by the Keitz method which gave similar results. The effectiveness of the various processes to degrade EDTA and the Co-EDTA complex was studied by considering the influence of several parameters (pH, agitation mode, type of catalyst, H2O2 concentration, etc.). Under their optimal conditions, the UV / TiO2 and UV / H2O2 processes can effectively degrade and mineralize EDTA (nitrogen compounds that are essentially mineralized to ammonium). After degradation of the Co-EDTA complex, it is then possible to recover all the cobalt by adsorption on TiO2 and / or by precipitation. The processes were then applied to a nuclear effluent containing 60Co complexed with organic compounds. POAs have significantly improved decontamination factors compared to conventional treatment methods

Les radiations ionisantes sont une cause établie de cancers de la thyroïde mais un nombre croissant de travaux évoque aussi le rôle potentiel du peroxyde d’hydrogène (H2O2) dans la pathogenèse des cancers thyroïdiens spontanés. Si les cassures double-brin de l’ADN (DSBs) sont considérées comme l’une des causes primaires de cancer, leur induction par l’H2O2 était plus controversée.<p><p>Lors de ce travail, nous avons voulu tester in vitro, dans différents modèles thyroïdiens, l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’H2O2 produit en grandes quantités in vivo pour oxyder l’iodure et synthétiser les hormones thyroïdiennes pouvait endommager l’ADN. <p>Les dégâts provoqués à l’ADN ont été évalués par le test des comètes (en milieu alcalin pour les cassures simple-brin (SSBs) et en milieu neutre pour les cassures double-brin de l’ADN) et quantitativement comparés à ceux produits par l’irradiation.<p>Nous avons montré dans une lignée cellulaire thyroïdienne de rat (PCCl3) que des concentrations non létales d’H2O2 (0.1 – 0.5 mM) tout comme l’irradiation (1 - 10 Gy) provoquaient une augmentation dépendante de la dose du nombre de SSBs et de DSBs. <p>L'induction de DSBs a été confirmée par la mesure du taux de phosphorylation de l’histone H2AX sur Sérine 139. L’induction de DSBs par l’H2O2 a également été observée dans des cultures primaires de thyroïdes humaines et dans des tranches de thyroïde de porcs.<p>L’utilisation de L-buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO), un agent qui empêche le renouvellement du glutathion cellulaire, a conduit à un abaissement du seuil d’observation des cassures de l’ADN induites par l’H2O2. <p>Nous avons également observé que les dommages de l’ADN étaient réparés plus lentement lorsqu’ils étaient provoqués par l’H2O2 plutôt que par l’irradiation. <p><p>Dans un second temps, nous avons exploré au niveau moléculaire les conséquences d’une exposition à 1 Gy d’irradiation γ ou à une concentration non létale d’H2O2 (0.05 – 0.2 mM) dans des cultures primaires de thyroïdes humaines et dans des lymphocytes T issus d’un même donneur. Nous avons étudié par micro-arrays les modifications du profil d’expression génétique de ces 2 types cellulaires afin de caractériser la spécificité de la réponse transcriptionnelle en fonction de la nature de l’agression, du type et de l’importance du dommage engendré ainsi que du type cellulaire.<p>Les 2 types cellulaires répondent de manière similaire à l’irradiation en termes de nombre de gènes régulés, avec un large recouvrement de réponses transcriptionnelles caractérisées par une forte sur-représentation de gènes impliqués dans l’apoptose et dans la réparation des dommages de l’ADN.<p>En revanche, la réponse transcriptionnelle à l’H2O2 est différente dans les 2 types cellulaires.<p>D’une part, les lymphocytes T qui montrent un dommage à l’ADN pour de plus faibles concentrations d’H2O2 que les thyrocytes présentent une réponse transcriptionnelle 1000 fois supérieure à celle observée dans les thyrocytes. D’autre part, les quelques gènes régulés dans les thyrocytes ne le sont pas dans les lymphocytes T. Il s’agit de gènes impliqués dans la défense contre les espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS). Ces résultats suggèrent l’existence de mécanismes de protection anti-oxydante spécifiquement développés dans les cellules thyroïdiennes.<p><p>En conclusion, ce travail a montré que l’H2O2, à des concentrations non létales, provoque des SSBs mais également des DSBs dans différents modèles thyroïdiens in vitro. La quantité de DSBs produite par l’H2O2 est comparable à celle observée après irradiation mais la vitesse de leur réparation est plus lente. D’autre part, en comparaison avec les lymphocytes T, les thyrocytes semblent particulièrement résistants aux effets de l’H2O2 et dotés de mécanismes de protection particulièrement performants et probablement partiellement inductibles contre les ROS.<p>Ces données soutiennent notre hypothèse de départ selon laquelle la production d’H2O2 dans la thyroïde pourrait jouer un rôle dans l’étiopathogénie des tumeurs thyroïdiennes, en particulier en cas de défenses anti-oxydantes altérées.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The disproportionation of H₂O₂ to H₂O and molecular O₂ catalyzed by platinum nanocatalysts is technologically very important in several energy conversion technologies, such as steam propellant thrust applications and hydrogen fuel cells. However, the mechanism of H₂O₂ decomposition on platinum has been unresolved for more than 100 years and the kinetics of this reaction were poorly understood. Our goal was to quantify the effect of reaction conditions and catalyst properties on the decomposition of H₂O₂ by platinum nanocatalysts and determine the mechanism and rate-limiting step of the reaction. To this end, we have characterized two commercial platinum nanocatalysts, known as platinum black and platinum nanopowder, and studied the effect of different reaction conditions on their rates of H₂O₂ decomposition. These samples have different particle size and surface chemisorbed oxygen abundance, which were varied further by pretreating both samples at variable conditions. The rate of H₂O₂ decomposition was studied systematically as a function of H₂O₂ concentration, pH, temperature, particle size and surface chemisorbed oxygen abundance. The mechanism of H₂O₂ decomposition on platinum proceeds via two cyclic oxidation-reduction steps. Step 1 is the rate limiting step of the reaction. Step 1: Pt + H₂O₂ → H₂O + Pt(O). Step 2: Pt(O) + H₂O₂ → Pt + O₂ + H₂O. Overall: 2 H₂O₂ → O₂ + 2 H₂O. The decomposition of H₂O₂ on platinum follows 1st order kinetics in terms of H₂O₂ concentration. The effect of pH is small, yet statistically significant. The rate constant of step 2 is 13 times higher than that of step 1. Incorporation of chemisorbed oxygen at the nanocatalyst surface resulted in higher initial rate of H₂O₂ decomposition because more sites initiate their cyclic process in the faster step of the reaction. Particle size does not affect the kinetics of the reaction. This new molecular-scale understanding of the decomposition of H₂O₂ by platinum is expected to help advance many energy technologies that depend on the rate of H₂O₂ decomposition on nanocatalysts of platinum and other metals. / Ph. D. / Platinum nanomaterials are indispensable to catalyze a variety of industrial and technological processes ranging from catalytic conversion of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) in modern automobiles to energy production by hydrogen fuel cells and thrust generation in steam propellers. These technological innovations have a tremendous impact in modern society, including the areas of transportation, energy supply, soil and water quality, environmental remediation and global climate change. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to water (H₂O) and oxygen (O₂) on platinum nanomaterials is of particular importance because it affects the efficacy of many technological applications, such as hydrogen peroxide steam propellers and hydrogen fuel cells. However, the reaction pathway and kinetics of H₂O₂ decomposition on platinum were only partly understood. My goal was to understand how the reaction conditions and the nanocatalyst properties control the mechanism and kinetics of platinum-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide decomposition. To do that we characterized the atomic scale structural and chemical properties of two different platinum nanocatalysts, known as platinum black and platinum nanopowder and evaluated the effect of their properties in their catalytic activity. Our characterization studies were used to understand the reactivity of these two platinum nanocatalysts in the decomposition of H₂O₂, which we evaluated separately in laboratory studies. Establishing relationships between the catalyst properties and their activity, as we have done in this work for platinum nanocatalysts in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, has the potential to improve nanocatalyst design and performance for those applications.

Les petites protéines G de la famille Rho sont des régulateurs importants de la fonction cellulaire. Elles lient les signaux extracellulaires à l'activation de diverses voies de signalisation telles que celles menant à la phagocytose, la mitogénèse, l'adhésion cellulaire, l'expression génique,... Toutefois leur fonction principale est l'assemblage et l'organisation du cytosquelette d'actine. Ces GTPases fonctionnent comme des interrupteurs moléculaires, actifs lorsque liés au GTP et inactifs sous la forme liée au GDP. Le but de notre thèse est d'investiguer, dans les cellules thyroïdiennes de chien en culture primaire, l'implication des protéines de la famille Rho et de l'organisation du cytosquelette d'actine dans les actions diverses que la TSH exerce, via l'AMPc, sur la morphologie, la prolifération, la différenciation et la fonction des thyrocytes de chien en culture primaire. Trois cascades conduisant à la mitogénèse coexistent dans la cellule thyroïdienne de chien: la voie de l'AMPc stimulée par la TSH ou la forskoline (activateur direct de l'adénylate cyclase), la voie des facteurs de croissance (tels que l'EGF, l'HGF) activant leur récepteur à activité tyrosine kinase et la cascade dépendante de la protéine kinase C activée par les esters de phorbol (TPA). Contrairement aux voies indépendantes de l'AMPc qui répriment l'expression des caractéristiques de différenciation, la cascade de l'AMPc stimule à la fois la prolifération, l'expression des gènes de l'état différencié et la fonction (iodation, formation d'H2O2, sécrétion hormonale). Dans la cellule thyroïdienne de chien, les agents activant les cascades dépendantes et indépendantes de l'AMPc ont des effets différents sur l'organisation du cytosquelette d'actine. La TSH/AMPc et le TPA induisent une destruction des microfilaments d'actine et un "ruffling" membranaire, tandis que les autres agents (insuline, EGF, HGF, sérum) ne modifient pas le réseau de fibres d'actine (fibres de stress) présent dans les cellules quiescentes. Parmi les protéines de la famille Rho, RhoA, Rac1 et Cdc42 sont les premières à avoir été identifiées et sont actuellement les mieux caractérisées. Nous montrons que la TSH, via l'AMPc, induit une diminution de la concentration de la forme active des protéines Rac1, Cdc42 et RhoA. En revanche, les autres agents mitogènes, tels que l'EGF et le TPA, qui activent des voies indépendantes de l'AMPc, n'affectent pas les taux de Rac1 et Cdc42 activés, mais augmentent le taux de RhoA-GTP. L'activation ou l'inactivation des protéines RhoA, Rac1 et Cdc42 est donc un nouvel élément distinguant les voies dépendantes et indépendantes de l'AMPc. Grâce à deux toxines bactériennes, la toxine B qui inactive les protéines Rho et la toxine CNF1 qui au contraire les active, nous montrons que, dans les thyrocytes, celles-ci jouent un rôle critique dans l'organisation du cytosquelette, dans la transition G1-S, dans l'expression des gènes de différenciation Tg, ThOXs, NIS et TPO, mais pas dans la génération d'H2O2. En effet, l'activité d'un ou plusieurs membres de cette famille est nécessaire à l'entrée des thyrocytes en phase S et à la phosphorylation de la protéine pRb, étape pré-requise à la transition G1-S. L'activation de ces protéines n'induit cependant pas, à elle seule, la prolifération. Nous mettons également en évidence l'existence d'un nouveau mécanisme par lequel ces protéines contrôleraient l'activité des complexes cycline D3-CDK4 indépendamment de leur assemblage. Par l'utilisation de la dihydrocytochalasine B, qui comme la toxine B via l'inactivation des Rhos, désorganise le cytosquelette, nous démontrons que l'intégrité de celui-ci n'est pas requise pour la progression des thyrocytes en phases G1 et S. L'inactivation des protéines Rho est par contre nécessaire à l'induction, par l'AMPc, de l'expression des gènes de différenciation incluant Tg, ThOXs, NIS et TPO, puisque ce processus est inhibé par la toxine CNF1. De plus, l'inactivation des Rhos par la toxine B, ainsi que le désassemblage des fibres de stress et du cytosquelette induit par la dihydrocytochalasine B, suffisent à imiter l'induction dépendante de l'AMPc de Tg et ThOXs, mais pas de NIS et TPO. La toxine B et la dihydrocytochalasine B imitent aussi l’effet de la voie TSH/AMPc sur l’accumulation de p27kip1. Enfin, nous montrons que l'augmentation de la production d'H2O2, nécessaire à la synthèse des hormones thyroïdiennes, ne requiert pas l'activité de la protéine Rac (ni des autres protéines de la famille Rho) alors que celle-ci joue un rôle déterminant dans la génération d'H2O2 dans le leucocyte.