La hormona gonadotropina coriónica humana (hCG) se emplea de forma rutinaria para inducir la maduración final ovocitaria en ciclos de fecundación in vitro (FIV). Sin embargo, su utilización está relacionada con la aparición del Síndrome de Hiperestimulación Ovárica (SHO), especialmente cuando ciertos factores de riesgo están presentes, principalmente la presencia de un número elevado de folículos. Este riesgo puede ser drásticamente disminuido sustituyendo la hCG por un agonista GnRH como inductor de la maduración final en ciclos FIV con antagonistas GnRH. Aunque, este uso se asocia a una alta tasa de aborto temprano ocasionada por una fase lútea deficiente. La función del cuerpo lúteo se ve seriamente comprometida con el empleo del agonista GnRH (luteólisis), sin embargo, la potente acción luteotrópica de la hCG puede ser beneficiosa empleando dosis pequeñas como suplemento en la fase lútea y sin incrementar el riesgo de SHO. En un esfuerzo por reducir la tasa de abortos clínicos asociada al empleo de agonista GnRH, la presente tesis estudia la utilización de pequeñas dosis de hCG como suplemento de la fase lútea con el objetivo de rescatar el cuerpo lúteo, normalizar las tasas de embarazo y gestación evolutiva; además de reducir la presentación del SHO en la paciente con alta respuesta a la estimulación ovárica en ciclos FIV. / Human gonadotropin chorionic hormone (hCG) is widely used to induce final follicular maturation in in vitro fertilization cycles (IVF). However, its use is closely related to Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) genesis, especially when certain risk factors are present, mainly a high number of recruited follicles. This risk may be drastically reduced, substituting hCG by a GnRH agonist for triggering in GnRH antagonist cycles. Nonetheless, this protocol is linked to high rates of early pregnancy loss due to a deficient luteal phase. Corpus luteum function is seriously compromised when a GnRH agonist is used for triggering (luteolysis), however, the potent luteotrophic action of hCG may be of benefit if low doses are employed for supplementing luteal phase, without increasing OHSS risk. In an effort to reduce early pregnancy losses associated to the use of GnRH agonist for triggering, this PhD. Thesis focuses on the use of low doses of hCG as luteal phase support with the aim of rescue corpus luteum function, normalizing pregnancy and on-going pregnancy rates; and at the same time reducing the frequency of OHSS in high responders to ovarian stimulation in IVF cycles.

名古屋大学博士学位論文 学位の種類 : 博士(医学)(論文) 学位授与年月日:平成9年2月28日 森脇崇之氏の博士論文として提出された

In all mammalian species examined thus far, the ovaries produce a burst of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and putrescine during ovulation or after application of a bolus of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Aged mice are deficient in this peri-ovulatory ODC and putrescine burst. Moreover, peri-ovulatory putrescine supplementation in aged mice increases egg quality and reduces miscarriage rates. These studies suggest that peri-ovulatory putrescine supplementation may be a simple and effective therapy for reproductive aging for women. However, putrescine has never been used in humans and, currently no pure source of putrescine is suitable for human trials. Given that ODC is highly expressed in the ovaries during ovulation but otherwise exhibits low activity in most tissues, we hypothesized that L-ornithine, the substrate of ODC, might be a better alternative. In this study, we have demonstrated that systemic application of L-ornithine increased ovarian putrescine levels; the increase was restricted to animals that had been injected with hCG. Furthermore, L-ornithine specifically increased ovarian putrescine levels without affecting putrescine levels in most other tissues. Unfortunately, thus far peri-ovulatory L-ornithine supplementation in mouse drinking water produced mixed effects on reproductive outcome in aged mice. Therefore, our studies demonstrated the potential of L-ornithine supplementation as a possible therapy for aging-related infertility, but further work is required to produce an effective application method.

The object of the thesis is to experimentally find the most suitable method of artificial spawning of pikeprech, using hormonal stimulation of ovulation in females hormonal medication containing HCG. After scraping of the broodstock and after artificial fertilization of eggs obtained experimentally test new methods of artificial stickiness removing of eggs and then evaluate the success of artificial incubation of stripped, fertilized and unstickeness eggs of pikeprech. Experiments that are part of the thesis have been divided into several sub-experiments. In the first experiment was observed effect of different doses of hormonal Chorulon, containing the active substance HCG, the basic indicators of reproductive females. Was evaluated as spawning synchronization, spawning success, the number of spontaneous spawnings, fertility of females and hatching rate of eggs. The used HCG doses were 250, 500, 700 and 1000 IU per kilogram of body weight. All eggs were deprived of stickiness using a mixture of talc and milk. In the second experiment was carried out comparing different types of removes stickiness solutions. Here was evaluated especially time and labor intensity and the influence of various solutions on fertilization and hatching rate of eggs. In this trial was all pikeperch females injected the same amount of HCG hormone 500 IU per kilogram of body weight. Tested solutions was a mixture of talc and milk, just eggs wash water and the solution of various concentrations alkalase. The amount alkalase was 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2 and 5 ml, which are mixed with distilled water, so that the total volume of the solution was 1000 ml. The third experiment was supposed to simulate the pilot plant mass propagation of pikeperch females. All females received the same amount of hormone 500 IU of HCG per kilogram of body weight. All eggs were deprived of stickiness using a mixture of talc and milk. In the last experiment was one of the methods tested, which could limit the number of spontaneous spawning during the artificial spawning of pikeperch. To prevent spontaneous spawning were selected females (all were injected with 500 IU of HCG per kilogram of body weight) sewing genitourinary papilla. The incubation of eggs collected during all the experiments were used Zugské bottle.

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-08-02T19:54:49Z (GMT) / Submitted by GABRIEL MAKSOUD GRECO null (gabrielmaksoud@gmail.com) on 2016-08-05T20:05:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Maksoud Greco - Tese de Doutorado com Ficha Catalográfica.pdf: 1246379 bytes, checksum: abd353a17deff1c72be3554b66dfb1c3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-09T16:43:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 greco_gm_dr_bot.pdf: 1246379 bytes, checksum: abd353a17deff1c72be3554b66dfb1c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T16:43:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 greco_gm_dr_bot.pdf: 1246379 bytes, checksum: abd353a17deff1c72be3554b66dfb1c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-31 / A manipulação farmacológica do ciclo estral é rotineiramente utilizada na égua, pelo fato desta apresentar grande variação na duração do estro e no intervalo entre o seu início e a ovulação. Como maiores taxas de concepção decorrem da deposição do sêmen no trato reprodutivo feminino próximo à ovulação, diversos agentes foram empregados objetivando sua indução e sincronização, em especial a gonadotrofina coriônica humana (hCG) e o acetato de deslorelina. O mecanismo de ação destes fármacos envolve o hormônio luteinizante (LH), sendo que o hCG mimetiza suas ações e o acetato de deslorelina estimula sua liberação pela adenohipófise. Incremento semelhante às concentrações circulantes de LH tem sido observado em vacas com o uso de cipionato de estradiol (ECP), o qual é usualmente empregado na indução e sincronização de ovulações na espécie pelo seu baixo custo. A fim de auxiliar na escolha do protocolo ideal para a indução de ovulação em éguas, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito do tratamento com o hCG e/ou com o acetato de deslorelina, nas doses preconizadas ou em subdoses, sobre as concentrações plasmáticas de LH, a indução e a sincronização de ovulação, o grau de edema endometrial, o diâmetro folicular e a sua taxa de desenvolvimento. Ainda, buscou-se verificar o resultado da aplicação de ECP sobre a indução e sincronização da ovulação e as concentrações plasmáticas de LH, bem como a existência de uma correlação entre a taxa de crescimento, o diâmetro folicular e o edema endometrial sobre a fertilidade pós-indução com a dose preconizada de hCG. Os resultados obtidos através do presente trabalho nos permitiram concluir que: a) os protocolos propostos com o hCG e/ou o DES induziram e sincronizaram a ovulação de forma eficaz, estimulando sua ocorrência de folículos pré-ovulatórios menores; b) o DES estimulou maior liberação de LH que o hCG após 24 horas; c) a adição do hCG ao tratamento com DES não promoveu um incremento nas concentrações circulantes de LH, seja nas doses preconizadas ou em subdoses; d) o tratamento com ECP não resultou em aumento nas concentrações circulantes de LH, tendo inibido sua liberação em alguns animais, pré-dispondo ao surgimento de folículos anovulatórios e atresia folicular; e) o uso de subdoses de hCG e/ou DES levaram a um maior incremento nas concentrações circulantes de LH após 48 horas, por um provável mecanismo de “down-regulation” que ocorre após o uso das doses recomendadas destes hormônios; f) os tratamentos com o hCG e/ou o DES não impediram o desenvolvimento folicular ou reduziram o diâmetro folicular após 24 horas; g) a indução de ovulação levou a uma redução no grau de edema endometrial após 24 horas; o qual persistiu à ovulação; h) o grau máximo de edema endometrial, bem como seu escore à detecção da ovulação não influenciaram a fertilidade pós-indução com 2.000 UI de hCG; i) o tamanho e a taxa de desenvolvimento folicular pós-indução com 2.000 UI de hCG tenderam a uma correlação positiva com a taxa de fertilidade pós-inseminação artificial. / Pharmacological manipulation of the equine estrous cycle is routinely applied, due to the fact that mares show great disparity on estrous duration and in the interval between its onset and ovulation. Since higher pregnancy rates are obtained when semen is deposited in the female reproductive tract at a time close to ovulation, several ovulation inducting agents have been used, specially human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and deslorelin acetate (DES). The mechanism of action of these drugs involves the luteinizing hormone (LH), for hCG mimics its actions and DES stimulates endogenous adenohypophyseal secretion. Similar increment in circulating LH concentrations has been observed in cows treated with estradiol cypionate (ECP), which is usually administrated as an interesting and cheaper alternative to induce and synchronize ovulations in the bovine species. In order to aid recognition of the ideal ovulation induction and synchronization protocol in the mare, the present study evaluated the effect of treatment with hCG and/or DES, using the recommended or a subdose, on ovulation induction and synchronization, plasmatic LH concentrations, grade of endometrial edema, follicular growth and diameter. Thus, this experiment intended to verify the effect of ECP administration on ovulation induction, synchronization and plasmatic LH concentrations, as well as the existence of a correlation between follicular growth, pre-ovulatory diameter and endometrial edema with fertility of mares induced using the recommended hCG dose. The obtained results led to the following conclusions: a) protocols using hCG and/or DES successfully induced and synchronized ovulations, stimulating smaller pre-ovulatory follicles to ovulate; b) DES stimulated a higher LH secretion than hCG 24 hours post-injection; c) combining hCG to DES treatment did not favor LH secretion; d) estradiol cypionate treatment did not induce ovulation or favor plasmatic LH concentrations, but, instead, lead to a substantial anovulation and follicular atresia rate, possibly due to its decrease in some animals; e) subdoses of hCG and DES stimulated a higher LH increase after 48 hours, possibly due to a down-regulation mechanism upon administration of the recommended dose; f) treatment with hCG and/or DES did not impair follicular development after 24 hours; g) ovulation induction decreased endometrial edema after 24 hours, which persisted at ovulation; h) fertility of mares treated with 2,000 IU of hCG was not influenced by the maximum endometrial edema score observed during estrous or the grade of edema the day an ovulation was detected; i) follicle size and growth rate post-induction with 2,000 IU of hCG tend to bear a positive correlation with fertility.

O líquido folicular é o microambiente do oócito durante sua maturação in vivo que é, em parte constituído por exsudato do soro sanguíneo e por substâncias produzidas localmente, que estão relacionados com a atividade metabólica das células ovarianas. Tais substâncias podem ser essenciais para a proliferação e diferenciação das células somáticas bem como na maturação e posterior fertilização de um oócito competente. A busca por biomarcadores capazes de predizer a saúde de um folículo ou a capacidade do oócito em se tornar um embrião saudável é objeto de estudo na medicina reprodutiva humana e veterinária. Para tanto é essencial o conhecimento a nível molecular dos constituintes do liquido folicular e suas funções. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o perfil proteico do líquido folicular de éguas submetidas à indução de ovulação, com dois diferentes protocolos usuais na prática clínica, utilizando eletroforese bidimensional em gel de poliacrilamida. Para tanto 19 amostras de liquido folicular de éguas que tiveram sua ovulação induzida por dois diferentes protocolos (1000UI hCG IV, Grupo H, ou 1000UI hCG IV + 1,5mg de acetato de deslorelina IM, Grupo H + G) foram submetidos a eletroforese 2D e posterior análise dos géis no PDQuest. Os valores de proteína total foram significativamente diferente nos Grupo H e Grupo H+G, 63,97 ± 6,97 e 73,07 ± 6,42, respectivamente. O número máximo de spots em um mesmo gel foi de 157 e o mínimo de 34, com média de 90 spots para o Grupo H e 83 spots para o Grupo H+G. Os 19 géis foram avaliados e a porcentagem máxima de spots relacionados foi de 52% e a mínima de 0%. Com média de 37,8% de similaridade entre spots para o Grupo H e 22% para o Grupo H+G. Estes resultados são de grande importância devido à escassez de trabalhos com proteômica de liquido folicular de éguas induzidas a ovulação e demonstram que a associação entre hCG e acetato de deslorelina aumenta a concentração de proteínas no líquido folicular em folículos pré-ovulatórios (>35 mm). / Follicular fluid is the oocyte microenvironment during its in vivo maturation. It is partly composed by blood serum exudate, and also by locally produced substances, related to ovarian cells metabolic activity. These substances may be essential for somatic cells proliferation and differentiation, as well as on the oocyte maturation and fertilization. The search for biomarkers able to predict oocyte ability to grow into a healthy embryo are targets on human and veterinary reproductive medicine. It is essential to know the components of follicular fluid and their functions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate protein profile of the follicular fluid in mares with inducted ovulation, in two different protocols, using 2D electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. 19 follicular fluid samples from mares in which ovulation induction was performed with two different protocols (1000UI hCG IV or 1000UI hCG IV + 1,5mg deslorelin acetate IM), submitted to 2D electrophoresis, and gel analysis on PDQuest. Total protein values were significantly different in Group H and Group H+G, 63,97 ± 6,97 and 73,07 ± 6,42, respectively. The highest number of spots on a same gel was 157 and the minimum was 34, with a mean of 90 spots to Group H and 83 spots for Group H+G. All of the19 gels were evaluated according to MasterGel and the highest percent of related spots was 52% and the lowest, 0%, with mean similarity between spots 37,8% to Group H and 22% to Group H+G. These results are of great importance, due to lack of works on follicular fluid proteomics using fluid from mares with induced ovulation, and demonstrate that the association hCG + deslorelin acetate increase proteins concentration on pre-ovulatory follicles fluid.

Abstract The number of ovarian follicles declines with age resulting in a significant decrease of fertility by the age of 40. However, the age when follicle loss starts to affect ovarian endocrine function is not well recognized. The purpose of the present study was to investigate age-related ovarian/adrenal androgen secretion, which is crucial for estrogen biosynthesis in healthy women and in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Another aim of the study was to compare the usefulness of different serum markers in assessing ovarian aging and in diagnosing polycystic ovaries (PCOs) and PCOS. The human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) test was used to study the endocrine potential of ovaries/adrenals. The ovarian capacity to secrete and synthesize androgens was found to be decreased as early as at the age of 30 in regularly menstruating women. In women with PCOS, both basal and hCG-stimulated androgen levels were about 50% higher than in healthy women and they remained high until late reproductive age. Similarly to regularly menstruating women, the androgen secretion capacity in PCOS subjects decreased with age, and estradiol concentrations remained unchanged until the age of 44 years. Adrenal androgen synthesis was not changed during hCG-tests. Since serum antimüllerian hormone (AMH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were changed significantly after the age of 25 years in regularly menstruating women, they may be considered as useful serum markers reflecting the ovarian aging process. In women with PCOS, AMH levels were continuously 2- to 3-fold higher than in healthy women possibly reflecting high follicle number in these women. A decline in ovarian endocrine function before the age of 30 is one of the first signs of ovarian aging. However, in women with PCOS ovarian androgen secretion capacity is markedly increased and remain high throughout the reproductive years. The results of the present studies also indicate that LH/hCG does not play a role in adrenal androgen synthesis, since LH/hCG did not stimulate adrenal androgen synthesis. The measurement of AMH is a useful tool to estimate ovarian aging process as well as to diagnose PCOs/PCOS.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Jeffrey S. Stevenson / A study was performed to determine the minimum effective dose of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) needed to induce ovulation of follicles in cattle (Exp. 1). Another study determined the effects of replacing the first injection of GnRH (d -7) with hCG or saline in a Resynch-Ovsynch protocol [injection of GnRH 7 d before and 48 h after PGF[subscript2alpha] before a resynchronized fixed-timed AI (TAI)] on pregnancy rates in cows diagnosed not pregnant and pregnancy survival in cows diagnosed pregnant (d 0; Exp. 2). A final study determined the ovulation potential of hCG compared with GnRH and saline (Exp. 3). In Exp. 1, ovaries of Holstein cows were mapped by using transrectal ultrasonography 7 d before pregnancy diagnosis. Cows were assigned to treatments of saline, 100 [Mu]g of GnRH, or 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 3,000 IU of hCG. Ovarian structures were monitored 7 d later and proportion of cows and follicles that ovulated were recorded. In Exp. 2, cows in 4 herds were assigned to treatments of 1,000 IU of hCG, 100 [Mu]g of GnRH, or left as untreated controls 7 d before pregnancy diagnosis. Nonpregnant cows were given PGF[subscript2alpha] (d 0), then inseminated 72 h later, concurrent with a GnRH injection. Pregnancy rates tended (P = 0.08) to be increased by GnRH (17.9%; n = 703) compared with control (12.9%; n = 505), but not hCG (16.5%; n = 541). Incidences of ovulation in nonpregnant cows (Exp. 3) were: hCG (51.6%; n = 126), GnRH (46.1%; n = 102), and control (28.1%; n = 96), whereas those in pregnant cows were: hCG (59.3%; n = 59), GnRH (24.5%; n = 49), and control (6.9%; n = 58). We concluded that: 1) a minimum dose of 1,000 IU of hCG resulted in a greater ovulatory response than saline, GnRH, or 500 IU of hCG (Exp. 1); 2) initiating a Resynch-Ovsynch protocol 7 d before pregnancy diagnosis with saline reduced timed AI pregnancy rates (Exp. 2); and 3) incidence of new CL was greater after hCG than GnRH in pregnant cows, but not in nonpregnant cows (Exp. 3).

No description available.

O líquido folicular é o microambiente do oócito durante sua maturação in vivo que é, em parte constituído por exsudato do soro sanguíneo e por substâncias produzidas localmente, que estão relacionados com a atividade metabólica das células ovarianas. Tais substâncias podem ser essenciais para a proliferação e diferenciação das células somáticas bem como na maturação e posterior fertilização de um oócito competente. A busca por biomarcadores capazes de predizer a saúde de um folículo ou a capacidade do oócito em se tornar um embrião saudável é objeto de estudo na medicina reprodutiva humana e veterinária. Para tanto é essencial o conhecimento a nível molecular dos constituintes do liquido folicular e suas funções. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o perfil proteico do líquido folicular de éguas submetidas à indução de ovulação, com dois diferentes protocolos usuais na prática clínica, utilizando eletroforese bidimensional em gel de poliacrilamida. Para tanto 19 amostras de liquido folicular de éguas que tiveram sua ovulação induzida por dois diferentes protocolos (1000UI hCG IV, Grupo H, ou 1000UI hCG IV + 1,5mg de acetato de deslorelina IM, Grupo H + G) foram submetidos a eletroforese 2D e posterior análise dos géis no PDQuest. Os valores de proteína total foram significativamente diferente nos Grupo H e Grupo H+G, 63,97 ± 6,97 e 73,07 ± 6,42, respectivamente. O número máximo de spots em um mesmo gel foi de 157 e o mínimo de 34, com média de 90 spots para o Grupo H e 83 spots para o Grupo H+G. Os 19 géis foram avaliados e a porcentagem máxima de spots relacionados foi de 52% e a mínima de 0%. Com média de 37,8% de similaridade entre spots para o Grupo H e 22% para o Grupo H+G. Estes resultados são de grande importância devido à escassez de trabalhos com proteômica de liquido folicular de éguas induzidas a ovulação e demonstram que a associação entre hCG e acetato de deslorelina aumenta a concentração de proteínas no líquido folicular em folículos pré-ovulatórios (>35 mm). / Follicular fluid is the oocyte microenvironment during its in vivo maturation. It is partly composed by blood serum exudate, and also by locally produced substances, related to ovarian cells metabolic activity. These substances may be essential for somatic cells proliferation and differentiation, as well as on the oocyte maturation and fertilization. The search for biomarkers able to predict oocyte ability to grow into a healthy embryo are targets on human and veterinary reproductive medicine. It is essential to know the components of follicular fluid and their functions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate protein profile of the follicular fluid in mares with inducted ovulation, in two different protocols, using 2D electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. 19 follicular fluid samples from mares in which ovulation induction was performed with two different protocols (1000UI hCG IV or 1000UI hCG IV + 1,5mg deslorelin acetate IM), submitted to 2D electrophoresis, and gel analysis on PDQuest. Total protein values were significantly different in Group H and Group H+G, 63,97 ± 6,97 and 73,07 ± 6,42, respectively. The highest number of spots on a same gel was 157 and the minimum was 34, with a mean of 90 spots to Group H and 83 spots for Group H+G. All of the19 gels were evaluated according to MasterGel and the highest percent of related spots was 52% and the lowest, 0%, with mean similarity between spots 37,8% to Group H and 22% to Group H+G. These results are of great importance, due to lack of works on follicular fluid proteomics using fluid from mares with induced ovulation, and demonstrate that the association hCG + deslorelin acetate increase proteins concentration on pre-ovulatory follicles fluid.