Introduction: The case study was conducted at the transport company Akka Frakt which faces the challenge of electrifying its vehicle fleet. The purpose of the study is to investigate how Akka Frakt can implement the conversion with as little impact as possible on the environment and operational activities. Problem description: Akka Frakt has recently invested in many new fossil-fueled trucks that have a long lifetime left. In addition to that, electric trucks are a new industry, which means that the technology has not been developed to adapt to all types of special constructions for trucks. Theory: The study's theoretical starting point is sustainable development where all three dimensions have been important to review. Method: The empirics was collected through qualitative methods in the form of a literature search, interviews, and the provision of internal documents. When analyzing the data, the tools Ishikawa diagram, breakdown, and risk analysis have been used. Results: The results show that the optimal changeover for Akka Frakt is ongoing over a ten-year period and electrifying all trucks where possible with today's technology. The existing trucks that have not yet been replaced are refueled with HVO100 and where electrification is not possible, the trucks are converted to biogas. Conclusions: There are problems with electrifying Akka Frakt's vehicle fleet. A major problem is the current lack of technology that does not make it possible to electrify the entire vehicle fleet. With the electrification, there are also problems that affect the operational activities, for example a running-in period. / Inledning: Fallstudien har genomförts på transportföretaget Akka Frakt som står inför utmaningen att elektrifiera sin fordonsflotta. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur Akka Frakt kan genomföra omställningen med en så liten påverkan som möjligt på miljön och den operativa verksamheten. Problembeskrivning: Akka Frakt har nyligen investerat i många nya fossildrivna lastbilar som har lång livstid kvar. Utöver det är ellastbilar en ny bransch, vilket gör att tekniken inte utvecklats för att anpassas till alla typer av specialbyggnationer till lastbilar. Teori: Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt är hållbar utveckling där alla tre dimensioner varit viktiga att granska. Metod: Empirin samlades in genom kvalitativa metoder i form av litteratursökning, intervjuer samt tillhandahållandet av interna dokument. Vid analysering av data har verktygen Ishikawa- diagram, uppdelning och riskanalys använts. Resultat: Resultatet visar att den optimala omställningen för Akka Frakt pågår under en tioårsperiod och elektrifierar alla lastbilar där det är möjligt med dagens teknik. De befintliga lastbilar som ej blivit utbytta ännu tankas med HVO100 och där det ej är möjligt att elektrifiera ställs lastbilarna om till biogas. Slutsatser: Det finns problem med att elektrifiera Akka Frakts fordonsflotta. Ett stort problem är den bristande tekniken som finns i nuläget som inte gör det möjligt att elektrifiera hela fordonsflottan. Vid elektrifieringen tillkommer även problem som påverkar den operativa verksamheten, exempelvis en inkörningsperiod.

The opportunistic environmental microbes, non-tuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM), pose an increasing risk of disease and death in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent individuals in the USA and across the world. NTM lung disease is particularly prevalent in Hawaii, although the modes of NTM acquisition and transport in Hawaii are not fully understood. This study evaluated 149 soil and 50 water samples across the Hawaiian Islands to determine geochemical factors controlling NTM. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and principal component analyses (PCA) of modern soils show variables such as Total Organic Carbon (TOC), pH, P, mafic silicate minerals, and Pb seem to control NTM presence and transition metals and oxides such as TiO2, Zr, and Nb seem to control the absence perhaps due to toxicity. Logistic regression modeling coupled with Kolmogorov-Smirnov testing supported that TOC and P could be used to explain the probability of NTM presence in modern soils. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and principal components analysis results suggest poor predictability of NTM presence in soils when evaluating mineralogy alone. The same statistical methods indicated that transition metals appeared to control NTM presence in stream water and major cations and anions seemed to control NTM absence. However, additional bacterial stream data is needed to strengthen this finding. Additionally, an Oahu source water assessment and protection groundwater model was refined by including stream discharge data, including losses to the aquifer. NTM inhabits many environmental niches, although little is understood regarding the transport of NTM from the environment to indoor plumbing. However, transport from surface water to water-supply aquifers is likely important. This study analyzes groundwater flow from stream losses as a mechanism of NTM transport to water supplies. An updated MODFLOW groundwater model was developed for the north-east Oahu, Waimea River drainage. Results show hundreds of meters of lateral and tens of meters of vertical transport of NTM in 1-3 months. Additionally, geochemical modeling with Geochemist’s Workbench showed Fe oxy/hydroxides oversaturated in 100% of streams. Fe oxy/hydroxide affixed to NTM would potentially satisfy NTM’s preference for attachment and allow for colloidal transport through the aquifer.

Sweden has recently increased its efforts to reach net-zero greenhouse gas emission by 2045.The purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility for Bollnäs municipality to meet itsenvironmental goals through the conversion of its current fleet to a Natural Gas Vehicle basedfleet. A CO2 emission-based comparison has been used to estimate from an environmentalstandpoint the viability of biogas as the main fuel for the Bollnäs municipality fleet. Theresults have shown how a compressed natural gas (CNG) based fleet would lower by morethan five times the estimated CO2 emission of the current fleet. The viability of a biogas fleethas been proven and further results have shown how if the CNG fuel was produced from100% renewable resources the environmental impact would be even lower. The results havealso shown how Electric Vehicles (EV) and Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO) from 100%renewable resources could be viable environmental alternatives but it requires furtherinvestigation from an infrastructure and economic standpoint. / <p>2021-06-04</p>