The research presents two novel high power factor ac-to-dc resonant converters with symmetrical topologies and zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) operation. The derived circuits are obtained from the integration of a dual-switch boost-type or buck-boost-type power factor corrector (PFC) into a half-bridge resonant converter. With symmetrical topology, the circuit is simple and the voltage and current stresses on the two active power switches are identical to each other. The PFC is operated at discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) to achieve unity power factor. The resonant energy tank of half-bridge resonant converter is designed to be inductive to retain ZVS operation. The design equations are derived based on fundamental approximation. Prototypes of the two proposed converters designed for 100 W and 50 W, respectively, were built and tested to verify the computer simulations and analytical predictions. Satisfactory results are obtained experimentally.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This master thesis performs the analysis and design of an AC-DC converter with high voltage gain to be used to supply a magnetron in a microwave generation system. The converter topology is chosen so as to enable input power control, operation with high power factor and with possibility of wide variation in the effective voltage input, so that the converter operates in the universal 100-240 V effective voltage range. The topology consists of a controlled type half-bridge rectifier at the entrance, responsible for the current control and diferencial voltage balance on the DC link capacitors and an isolated DC-DC half-bridge converter with high voltage gain, which operates with a fixed duty cycle. The design of passive and active elements of AC-DC converter are presented and the discrete control to implement a prototype that operates with input power up to 800 W is performed. The controllers are implemented in a low-cost 32-bit and fixed point arithmetic microcontroller. Experimental results to validate the designed controllers are obtained for various power reference values, evaluating the converter for practically all operational range. / A presente dissertação de mestrado realiza a análise e o projeto de um conversor CA-CC de elevado ganho de tensão para ser utilizado na alimentação de um magnetron em um sistema de geração de micro-ondas. A topologia do conversor é escolhida de forma a possibilitar o controle da potência de entrada, operação com elevado fator de potência e com possibilidade de grande variação na tensão eficaz da entrada, de forma que o conversor opere na faixa de tensão universal eficaz de 100 a 240 V. A topologia é composta por um retificador meia-ponte na entrada, responsável pelo controle de corrente e equilíbrio das tensões no barramento CC, e por um conversor CC-CC meia ponte isolado na saída com elevado ganho de tensão, que opera com razão cíclica fixa. O projeto dos elementos passivos e ativos do conversor CA-CC são apresentados e o controle discreto para implementação de um protótipo que opera com potência de entrada de até 800 W é realizado. Os controladores são implementados em um microcontrolador de baixo custo de 32 bits e operação aritmética de ponto fixo. Resultados experimentais para validação dos controladores projetados são obtidos, para vários valores de referência de potência, avaliando o conversor para praticamente toda sua faixa de operação.

The thesis addresses the conceptual design and implementation of the switched-mode power supply having the adjustable dc voltage output up to 25V and current output up to 15A. The half-bridge topology is used for this supply. Design features and quantities are simulated in PSpice and Micro-Cap simulation tools. The thesis covers the simulation results, assembly data and the results measured on the implemented functional sample.

The telecommunications market is one of the large rapidly growing fields in today’s power supply industry due to the increasing demand for telecom distributed power supply (DPS) systems. The half-bridge LLC (Inductor-Inductor-Capacitor) resonant converter is currently the most attractive topology for the design and implementation of 24V/48V DC telecom power converters. The current doubler rectifier (CDR) converter topology was invented and described in the early 1950s which can offer the unique characteristic of halving the output voltage while doubling the output current compared to a standard rectifier. In this thesis, the current doubler converter topology with its unique characteristic is evaluated as a complementary solution to improve the LLC resonant converter performance, especially for the low output voltage and high output current telecommunication applications. A novel half-bridge LLC resonant current doubler converter (LLC-CDR) is proposed in this thesis which can offer several performance benefits compared to conventional LLC-standard rectifier design . The unique characteristics of the LLC-CDR topology can offer significant improvements by transformation of a 48V converter into a 24V converter with the same power density. This thesis introduces a new SPICE-based simulation model to analyse the operation of this novel LLC-CDR converter circuit design. This model can be used to define the critical component parameters for the LLC -CDR circuit output inductor values. It can also be used to predict the circuit overall performance under different load conditions. Both time-domain based transient simulation analysis and frequency-domain based AC analysis provided by this simulation model showed favourable results in comparison to bench measurement results on a prototype. The model provides a valuable insight to reveal some of the unique characteristics of this LLC -CDR topology. It demonstrates a proof of concept that the conventional LLC resonant converter can be easily redesigned for low voltage, high current applications by using the LLC-CDR topology without requiring a new design for the LLC resonant stage components and the power transformer. A new magnetic integration solution was proposed to significantly improve the overall performance in the LLC-CDR topology that had not been published before. The LLC-CDR converter hardware prototypes with two output inductors coupled and uncoupled configurations were extensively modelled, constructed and bench tested.Test results demonstrated the suitability of an integrated coupled inductors design for the novel LLC-CDR converter application. The integrated coupled inductors design can significantly improve the LLC-CDR converter frequency-domain based AC simulation analysis results. In addition, these results also illustrate the potential benefit of how the magnetic integration design in general could reduce the magnetic component size, cost, and weight compared to the uncoupled inductors design. Finally, a hardware prototype circuit was constructed based on a commercial 1800 W single phase telecom power converter to verify the operation of this novel half bridge LLC-CDR topology. The converter prototype successfully operated at both no load and full load conditions with the nominal output voltage halved from 48VDC to 24VDC, and doubled the output current to match the same output power density. It also demonstrates that the efficiency of this novel half bridge LLC –CDR is 92% compares to 90% of EATON’s commercial 24VDC LLC resonant converter, which can fulfill the research goals.

Usage of class D audio amplifiers has become increasingly widespread in recent years, mainly due to their high efficiency, which can reach almost 100 %. Class D amplifiers can also be compact, making them suitable for mobile applications. In contrast, the most efficient conventional amplifiers such as class B can reach a maximum efficiency of 78.5 %. The high efficiency of class D amplifiers can be attributed to the switching stage, which in the case of a half-bridge design consists of two amplifying MOSFETs. These MOSFETs are never on at the same time, which minimizes the quiescent current and thereby the power losses. The goal of this project was to design, simulate and construct a half-bridge class D audio amplifier. A working amplifier with 80 % efficiency was built, with power losses occuring mainly in the voltage regulators. Simulations of the amplifier corresponded well with the constructed amplifier apart from issues originating from the aforementioned voltage regulation as well as the triangle wave generator. The goal of the project was achieved and the finished amplifier possessed good sound quality and little unwanted noise. To further improve on the design, better voltage regulation, a full-bridge configuration and a feedback loop could be utilized.

No description available.

The world is heading towards an energy crisis and desperate efforts are being made to find an alternative, reliable and clean source of energy. Solar Energy is one of the most clean and reliable source of renewable energy on earth. Conventionally, extraction of solar power for electricity generation was limited to PV farms, however lately Distributed Generation form of Solar Power has emerged in the form of residential and commercial Grid Tied Micro-Inverters. Grid Tied Micro-Inverters are costly when compared to their string type counterparts because one inverter module is required for every single or every two PV panels whereas a string type micro-inverter utilizes a single inverter module over a string of PV panels. Since in micro-inverter every panel has a dedicated inverter module, more power per panel can be extracted by performing optimal maximum power tracking over single panel rather than over an entire string of panels. Power per panel extracted by string inverters may be lower than its maximum value as few of the panels in the string may or may not be shaded and thereby forming the weaker links of the system. In order to justify the higher costs of Micro-Inverters, it is of utmost importance to convert the available power with maximum possible efficiency. Typically, a microinverter consists of two important blocks; a Front End DC-DC Converter and Output DCAC Inverter. This thesis proposes efficiency optimization techniques for both the blocks of the micro-inverter. iv Efficiency Optimization of Front End DC-DC Converter This thesis aims to optimize the efficiency of the front end stage by proposing optimal design procedure for resonant parameters of LLC Topology as a Front End DC-DC Converter for PV Applications. It exploits the I-V characteristics of a solar panel to design the resonant parameters such that resonant LLC topology operates near its resonant frequency operating point which is the highest efficiency operating point of LLC Converter. Efficiency Optimization of Output DC-AC Inverter Due to continuously variable irradiance levels of solar energy, available power for extraction is constantly varying which causes the PV Inverter operates at its peak load capacity for less than 15% of the day time. Every typical power converter suffers through poor light load efficiency performance because of the load independent losses present in a power converter. In order to improve the light load efficiency performance of Three Phase Inverters, this thesis proposes Phase Skipping Control technique for Three Phase Grid Tied Micro-Inverters. The proposed technique is a generic control technique and can be applied to any inverter topology, however, in order to establish the proof of concept this control technique has been implemented on Three Phase Half Bridge PWM Inverter and its analysis is provided. Improving light load efficiency helps to improve the CEC efficiency of the inverter.

Pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifiers are extensively used in battery charger, regulated dc voltage source, UPS systems, ac line conditioner and motor drives. The conventional control schemes for these rectifiers require PLL, transformations, and input voltage sensing, which increase the cost and complexity of the controller. Simple control schemes based on resistance emulation control are developed in this thesis work for different PWM boost rectifiers. Modeling, analysis and design methods for these rectifier systems are presented. The effect of computational delay involved in digital implementation on the performance of the above rectifier systems is studied. A single-switch boost rectifier system is presented, which operates in DCM and in CCM for an output power less than and greater than 50% rated load, respectively, exploiting the best features of both the operating modes. A generalized feedforward control is presented to improve the dynamic response of output voltage of single-phase boost rectifiers against input voltage, load current and reference voltage disturbances. Feedforward control requires additional voltage and/or current measurements. A state observer is presented for estimating the inductor current of a buck rectifier, and two disturbance observers are presented to estimate the input voltage and the load current of a boost rectifier. These observers eliminate the need of additional sensors for implementing the feedforward control. The resistance emulation control is extended to four-wire PWM rectifier. Two control methods are presented. The first method makes the input currents of the rectifier proportional to their respective input voltages, while the second one balances its input currents even under unbalanced input voltage condition. A detailed analysis of line and neutral current distortions of four-wire converter is presented. A three-carrier based PWM scheme is presented, which significantly reduces the neutral current of the rectifier compared to conventional PWM scheme, when three single-phase inductors are used, and considerably reduces both line and neutral current distortions, when a three-limb inductor is used. A regenerative test setup containing two back-to-back connected three-phase PWM converters is presented for testing high-power converters in the active and reactive power circulation mode. The proposed scheme considerably reduces the cost of testing, and hence, the overall production cost of the converters compared to load-bank testing. A mathematical model is presented for the above system. A suitable control method is presented to control the two converters of the back-to-back system. A new PWM scheme is presented, which considerably reduces the requirement of the dc bus voltage of the back-to-back system compared to conventional PWM schemes. All theoretical predictions are experimentally validated. The experimental results are presented.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:27:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Vinicius Bressan.pdf: 3794882 bytes, checksum: c55b9af15d7d913dc3d962a990a792c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work present a new three-phase hybrid multilevel inverter, that is composed of two topologies in cascaded association. The three-phase NPC and the half-bridge modules are connected in series. This con¬nection increases the number of the output voltage levels, improves the output voltage quality and rises the power process by inverter. The theoretical analysis is presented, the switching states are investigated and the average and the RMS currents values in the semiconductors are verified. Based on the current values are projected the dc capacitors, and analyzed the semicondutors loss energy and the input currents of the inverter. Two modulation scheme are presented at proposed inver¬ter, the hybrid PWM and SVM modulation scheme. The first part of the experimental results are verified behavior of the multilevel power structure developed in laboratory. The second part of the experimen¬tal results evaluates quality of output voltage with different modulation scheme using of the mathematical tools THD and WTHD. / Este trabalho apresenta um novo inversor multinível híbrido trifásico, que é formado pela associação em cascata de duas topologias. No caso, um conversor NPC trifásico conectado em série a módulos de converso¬res meia ponte. A ligação em série desses conversores permite ampliar o número de níveis de tensão sintetizados pelo inversor, melhorar a qualidade da forma de onda da tensão de saída e o aumento da energia processada pelo inversor. Uma análise teórica do inversor é apresen¬tada, averiguando as etapas de operação e determinando os valores médio e eficaz da corrente nos semicondutores de potência. Com base nas análises dos valores médio e eficaz da corrente nos semicondutores dimensiona-se os capacitores de barramento, assim com a energia dissi¬pada pelos semicondutores e a análise teórica das correntes de entradas do inversor empregando de retificadores multipulsos. Também são apre¬sentadas duas técnicas de modulação ao inversor proposto: a técnica de modulação PWM híbrida e a SVM. Os resultados experimentais, em sua primeira parte, avaliam o comportamento da estrutura multinível desenvolvida em laboratório. Na segunda parte dos resultados experi¬mentais, avalia-se qualidade da forma de onda de tensão com diferentes técnicas de modulação utilizando das ferramentas matemáticas THD e WTHD.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The subject of this work is to present a switched reluctance machine (SRM) driver capable to control the machine as a motor/generator, allowing the transition between the modes of operation while the machine is running. Six load voltage control strategies developed to be applied to a switched reluctance generator was performed, being that the strategies AV2, TBV, Hi and AMV was developed in this work. A SRM simulation able to represent the machine as a motor/generator was implemented and the results were presented. The load voltage strategies showed in this work was tested through simulations and the results indicate that the strategy called AV2 was the best one, providing a better utilization of the mechanical energy from the primary source. A prototype was assembled and the experimental results showed that the machine operating as a motor/generator operate properly and all the load voltage strategies developed to switched reluctance generator kept the voltage on the load near to the reference value confirming the functionality of the strategies. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um acionamento capaz de controlar a máquina de relutância variável (MRV) como motor e como gerador, permitindo a transição de modos de operação com a máquina girando. Seis técnicas de controle de tensão na carga da máquina operando como gerador foram implementadas, sendo que as estratégias AV2, TBV, Hi e AMV foram desenvolvidas neste trabalho. Uma simulação da MRV capaz de representar a operação da máquina como motor/gerador foi desenvolvida e os resultados foram apresentados. As estratégias de controle de tensão na carga foram testadas através de simulação. Comparações entre as mesmas demonstraram que a estratégia AV2 é a que proporciona maior geração de energia elétrica, demonstrando a importância de se adicionar uma etapa de roda livre ao controle do GRV com malha fechada de tensão na carga. Um protótipo foi construído no laboratório utilizando DSP e resultados experimentais da máquina operando como motor/gerador, assim como resultados do GRV controlado pelas estratégias de controle de tensão na carga foram apresentados e discutidos. / Doutor em Ciências