This thesis proposes a variety of antenna designs suitable for modern of mobile products, such as mobile phones, PDAs and so forth, on both the 2G and 3G communication systems according to the mobile communication development. Based on the integration of monopole or planar inverted-F antenna with the system ground planes, multi-frequency, broadband, and high radiation efficiency can be achieved, which is very promising to be adapted into communication products. Furthermore, an antenna capable of WLAN and UWB is proposed for future wireless communication applications.

Studies of the optimum isolation in a multi-mode PDA phone are presented in this thesis. Firstly, we analyze the optimum isolation between the DCS and GPS antennas embedded in a dual-mode PDA phone. Then, we change the antenna types of the DCS system to study again the behavior of the optimum isolation. Secondly, we analyze the optimum isolation between a DCS antenna and a WLAN antenna embedded in a dual-mode PDA phone. Finally, we propose a multi-mode PDA phone for DCS, GPS, and WLAN operations with good isolation among the three internal antennas.

In this thesis, the study mainly focuses on developing multiband chip antennas for mobile handsets. Three possible solutions and their extended and integrated designs are presented. By using the dielectric material as the chip base, the chip antenna can be smaller in size and simpler in design. Most of the applications of the traditional chip antennas are rarely used as the mobile phone antenna and are commonly designed with a single operating band to cover GPS or WLAN operation only. Different types of the antennas are proposed in the thesis. The metal patterns of the monopole and loop antennas are manufactured inside the chip base with an occupied volume of generally less than 0.8 cc, some even as small as 0.3 cc. Electronic components like the lens of the embedded camera and the speaker can be integrated close to the chip antenna with little influences on the radiation characteristics. Consequently, the developed chip antennas are suitable for mobile communications and can cover not only GSM850/900/1800/1900/ UMTS bands but also WLAN/WiMAX bands.

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, ein Handover-Verfahren für ein Siemens Handset zu entwickeln. Die Entwicklungsumgebung beruht auf den Wireless-LAN Standards 802.11 der IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). Dabei liegen die Schwerpunkte auf den Standardisierungen 802.11f und 802.11i, wobei sich eine neue Arbeitsgruppe (IEEE 802.11r) direkt mit dem Thema "Handover" beschäftigen wird. Das Handset soll selbständig die Verwaltung und Einleitung des Handovers übernehmen und lediglich insofern vom Access Point unterstützt werden, dass dieser als Informationssammler dient und somit Entscheidungshilfen geben kann.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第18760号 / 経博第511号 / 新制||経||273(附属図書館) / 31711 / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 椙山 泰生, 教授 日置 弘一郎, 教授 武石 彰 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

An internal eight-band LTE/WWAN handset antenna integrated with a USB connector is presented. The proposed antenna comprises an antenna ground which faces a protruded ground extended from the main ground of the handset to accommodate a USB connector. The antenna ground is used as a shorting portion to short-circuit the antenna to ground such that the coupling between the antenna ground and the protruded ground is effectively suppressed. In this case, the proposed antenna can be integrated with a USB connector mounted on the protruded ground, leading to compact integration of the antenna inside the handset. Good radiation characteristics of the antenna are also obtained, and the proposed antenna occupies 60 ¡Ñ 12 ¡Ñ 4.8 mm3 (about 3.4 cm3) only. Effects of the user¡¦s head and hand on the proposed antenna are studied, and the simulated SAR and HAC results are also analyzed in this thesis.

In this thesis, two types of handset antenna design respectively for dual-band GSM850/1900 operation and seven¡Vband LTE/WWAN operation are presented. The proposed antennas can achieve decreased antenna size and enhanced operating bandwidth by shaping the system ground plane of the handset. The seven-band LTE/WWAN antenna is printed on the system circuit board with good radiation characteristics and occupies a small size of 24.5 x 10 mm2. At first, we propose a half-loop antenna structure which integrates its facing edge of the system ground plane as the resonant path of the antenna. In this case, the required length of the half-loop antenna structure is only about a half compared with the traditional loop antenna. Next, to enhance the operating bandwidth of the antenna, a parasitic shorted monopole strip is added and a shaped system circuit board is used. The shaped system circuit board can integrate the battery with the circuit board to help reduce the thickness of handset. Also, much enhanced operating bandwidth for the lower band can be obtained, owing to the enhanced surface current excitation in the system ground plane resulting from properly shaping the system circuit board. Effects of the user¡¦s head and hand on the proposed antenna are studied, and the simulated SAR and HAC results are also analyzed for bio-compatibility issue.

Tο αντικείμενο της διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι η μελέτη και σε βάθος ανάλυση και μοντελοποίηση της ηλεκτρομαγνητικής αλληλεπίδρασης του ανθρώπινου σώματος και των κεραιών που χρησιμοποιούν οι φορητές τερματικές συσκευές των σύγχρονων συστημάτων κινητής τηλεφωνίας. Ο στόχος είναι διπλός: αφενός μεν να υπολογιστεί η υποβάθμιση της απόδοσης της κεραίας, που προκαλείται από την παρουσία του σώματος του χρήστη σε μικρή απόσταση από αυτή και αφετέρου να εξεταστεί και να προσδιοριστεί επακριβώς το ποσό της ηλεκτρομαγνητικής ακτινοβολίας που απορροφάται από το ανθρώπινο σώμα και ειδικότερα από τον ανθρώπινο εγκέφαλο κατά τη χρήση του κινητού τηλεφώνου. Ο απώτερος σκοπός είναι η συμβολή στην ανάπτυξη ασύρματων τερματικών (πχ. κινητά τηλέφωνα) που θα είναι πιο αποδοτικά στη λειτουργία τους και ταυτόχρονα περισσότερο ασφαλή για το χρήστη τους. Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή πραγματοποιήθηκε εκτενής μελέτη και ανάλυση των παραμέτρων που σχετίζονται με την αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ της κεραίας ασύρματων τερματικών συσκευών και του σώματος του χρήστη. Σχεδιάστηκαν, μοντελοποιήθηκαν, υλοποιήθηκαν και μετρήθηκαν πειραματικά πρωτότυπα τερματικών συσκευών παρουσία ομοιωμάτων του ανθρώπινου κεφαλιού με σκοπό τον υπολογισμό της απορρόφησης ακτινοβολίας από το κεφάλι και της μεταβολής της απόδοσης της κεραίας του τερματικού. Αναπτύχθηκε κατάλληλη μεθοδολογία μετρήσεων στο μακρινό πεδίο για την αξιόπιστη και ακριβή μέτρηση των χαρακτηριστικών των κεραιών του τερματικού. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν έντονη αλλαγή των χαρακτηριστικών της κεραίας και του διαγράμματος ακτινοβολίας της, παρουσία του κεφαλιού του χρήστη. Επίσης, υπολογίστηκε η απότομη πτώση της απορρόφησης ακτινοβολίας και η αύξηση της απόδοσης με την απομάκρυνση του τερματικού από το κεφάλι. Επιτεύχθηκε σημαντική βελτίωση της λειτουργίας μέσω της μορφοποίησης του διαγράμματος ακτινοβολίας που κατορθώνεται με τη χρήση πολλαπλών κεραιών (συστοιχία) στο τερματικό. Τέλος εξετάστηκε η επίδραση του χεριού του χρήστη στην απόδοση ενός ΜΙΜΟ τερματικού και βρέθηκε μείωση της μέσης χωρητικότητας του καναλιού με την παρουσία του χεριού. / Τhe object of this doctoral thesis is the study, in depth analysis and modelling of the electromagnetic interaction between the human body and the antennas used in the handsets of modern wireless telecommunication systems. The aim is twofold. On one hand is the estimation of the antenna efficiency reduction that is caused by the presence of the user’s body in small distance and on the other hand is the study and precise determination of the electromagnetic radiation absorbed by the human body (especially the human head) at the use of a wireless terminal. The final aim is the contribution in the design of wireless terminals (e.g. mobile telephones) that will be more efficient in their operation and simultaneously safer for their user. In this thesis, an extensive study and analysis of the parameters related with the interaction between the wireless terminal antenna and the user’s body were realized. Experimental terminal prototypes were designed, modelled, constructed and measured in the presence of human head models in order to estimate the radiation absorption from the head and the degradation of the antenna efficiency. An appropriate measurements methodology at the far field was developed for the precise measurement of the terminal antenna characteristics. According to the results, an intense change of the antenna characteristics and of its radiation diagram in the presence of the user’s head was observed. Also, the rapid decrease of absorbed power and the increase of the efficiency were calculated after moving the handset away from the head. An important operation improvement was achieved with beamforming, which is realized using multiple antennas at the terminal. Finally, the effect of the user’s hand at MIMO terminal performance was examined and a reduction of the mean capacity of the channel in the presence of the hand was found.

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, ein Handover-Verfahren für ein Siemens Handset zu entwickeln. Die Entwicklungsumgebung beruht auf den Wireless-LAN Standards 802.11 der IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). Dabei liegen die Schwerpunkte auf den Standardisierungen 802.11f und 802.11i, wobei sich eine neue Arbeitsgruppe (IEEE 802.11r) direkt mit dem Thema "Handover" beschäftigen wird. Das Handset soll selbständig die Verwaltung und Einleitung des Handovers übernehmen und lediglich insofern vom Access Point unterstützt werden, dass dieser als Informationssammler dient und somit Entscheidungshilfen geben kann.

This research presents design techniques for a linear power amplifier with high efficiency in wireless handsets. The power amplifier operates with high efficiency at the saturated output power, maintains high linearity with enhanced efficiency at back-off power levels, and covers a broadband frequency response. The amplifier is thus able to operate in multiple modes (2G/2.5G/3G/4G). The design techniques provide contributions to current research in handset power amplifiers, especially to the converged power amplifier architecture, to reduce the number of power amplifiers within the handset while covering all standards and frequency bands around the globe. Three main areas of interest in power amplifier design are investigated: high power efficiency; high linearity; and broadband frequency response. Multiple techniques for improving the efficiency are investigated with the focus on maintaining linear operation. The research applies a new technique to the handset industry, class-J, to improve the power efficiency while avoiding the practical issues that hinder the typical techniques (class-AB and class-F). Class-J has been implemented using GaN FET in high power applications. To our knowledge, this work provides the first implementation of class-J using GaAs HBT in a handset power amplifier. The research investigates the linearity, and the nature and causes of nonlinearities. Multiple concepts for improving the linearity are presented, such as avoiding odd-degree harmonics, and linearizing the relationship between the output current and the input voltage of the amplifier at the fundamental frequency. The concept of bias depression in HBT transistors is introduced with a bias circuit that reduces the bias-offset effect to improve linearity at high output power. A design methodology is presented for broadband matching networks, including the component loss. The methodology offers a quick and accurate estimation of component values, giving more degrees of freedom to meet the design specifications. It enables a trade-off among high out-of-band attenuation, number/size of components, and power loss within the network. Although the main focus is handset power amplifiers, most of the developed techniques can be applied to a wide range of power amplifiers. / Ph. D.