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Traditional healers' perceptions on non-adherence to African traditional medicine among patients with mental illness who consult African traditional healers in Thulamela Municipality of the Vhembe DistrictMashamba, Lufuno 05 1900 (has links)
MA (Psychology) / Department of Psychology / See the attached abstract below
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Antimicrobial, cytotoxic and prelimenary phytochemical analysis of four medicinal plants and their formulationMboweni, Hlayisa Fredah 18 May 2018 (has links)
MSc (Microbiology) / Department of Microbiology / BACKGROUND: Medicinal plants form an important part of the Southern African cultural
heritage. Indigenous populations, for example the Vha-Venda people, tend to use medicinal
plants in formulations rather than western medicines for health and survival. In order to certify
and give scientific credibility to the use of medicinal plants formulations used by Vha-Venda
people for the treatment of diseases, several assays were carried out. The present study was
aimed at assessing phytochemical content, antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities
of four indigenous Venda medicinal plants in a formulation and compare their activity with
each plant used individually.
METHODS: Peltophorum africanum (roots), Pterocarpus angolensis (bark), Terminalia
sericea (roots) and Ximenia caffra (roots) were collected from the Thohoyandou area. The
collected plant parts were extracted with methanol and water respectively. Individual plant
extracts and Five designed formulations were tested for their antimicrobial activity against
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (Methicillin Resistant), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC
33591(Methicillin Susceptible), beta lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC
700603) and extended spectrum beta lactamase producing E. coli (ATCC 35218), four clinical
isolates of Candida spp and Cryptococcus neoformans using the Broth dilution method.
Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts was determined by culturing the
contents of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on nutrient agar. Similarly, minimum
fungicidal concentration (MFC) was also determined by culturing contents of MIC in
sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). Extracts were further assessed for their total phenolic content,
total flavonoid content and Qualitative phytochemical analysis. The antioxidant ability of the
plants extracts and formulations to scavenge free radical DPPH was also determined. The plant
formulations were assessed for their anti-HIV activity using the reverse transcriptase
colorimetric assay kit. Cytotoxicity against human lymphatic endothelial cells (HLEC) was
determined using MTT assay.
RESULTS: Methanolic and aqueous extracts of T. sericea exhibited the best antifungal and
antibacterial activities whilst P. angolensis and X. caffra showed poor activities. Methanolic
plant formulations showed good activities compared to aqueous formulations. However,
Fractional Inhibition Concentration Index showed that there was 1 synergistic interaction, 25
additive interactions and 14 antagonistic interactions between the plant extracts. The
methanolic formulation 3 showed the best overall phenolic content at 11.85±0.109 mgGAE/g
whilst aqueous X. caffra extract showed the least content at 4.546±0.104 mgGAE/g. Higher
total flavonoid contents were seen in methanolic formulation 4 at 2.75±0.02 mgQE/g.
Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids,
tannins, saponins and steroids in 80% of the tested plant extracts and formulations. All plant
extracts and formulations exhibited good antioxidant activity against DPPH. The methanolic
formulation showed the best antioxidant activity with IC50 of 0.094 ± 0.33μg/ml. For anti-
HIV inhibition, all formulations at 200μg/ml exhibited higher percentage of HIV-1 reverse
transcriptase inhibition with methanolic mixture 3 being the best overall at 97.5% activity
whilst aqueous mixture5 was the least active with 63.03% inhibition activity. Moreover, the
best anti-HIV activity at 100μg/ml was exhibited by methanolic mixture 3 at 71% inhibition.
Furthermore, aqueous X. caffra, mixture 2 inhibited 26% and 51% at 12.5mg/ml and
3.125mg/ml respectively. Peltophorum africanum and mixture 5 inhibited 34%, 54% and 43%
at 3.125mg/ml, 6.25mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml respectively of Human Lymphatic Endothelial cells
growth.
CONCLUSIONS: The results from the study indicated that most of the commonly used
traditional medicinal Plants in the Venda region when mixed together have merit for use in
traditional medical practice as they have shown good antimicrobial activities, good antioxidant
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activities, good phytochemical activities and good cell proliferation activity. However some
formulations showed antagonistic interaction against bacteria. Some Individual medicinal
plants showed toxicity at higher concentrations against immune cells. Whereas formulations
promoted cell proliferation, therefore, the use of such individual plants in the treatment of
infections should be highly monitored as they may pose a health threat to normal immune cells.
Generally, plants are potential pharmacological agents which needs to be preserved and
harvested with care. / NRF
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An Analysis of Current Healing Practices Based on Selected Mega-Churches in the Vhembe District of Limpopo ProvinceMabuza, Lethabo Stanley 18 May 2018 (has links)
MAAS / Centre for African Studies / Healing practices and health related rituals play a vital role in most religious groups including African Traditional Religion, Christianity, Islamic and Hinduism. This phenomenon of healing has been a challenge to religious institutions as well as African based churches. This study examined and analysed the healing practices within mega-churches in relation to the health related aspects. It appears that healing practices performed in those churches make them popular and enhance their growth in membership numerically. The study focuses on the philosophy and theological understanding of both mega-churches and mainstream churches. It is ostensible that healing, as a phenomenon, cannot be separated from core African culture, values and practices. Current church healing practices seems to be a more practical and accessible alternative way to deal with sickness as medical facilities has become inexorably costly especially to poor community who have no access to efficient medical amenities. Underprivileged members of society are drawn to religious healing practices because healers such as prophets, pastors and apostles dangle the capacity to heal people from all kind of ailments. Poor communities become a target because they are victims of government and the department of health malfunctions which are depicted by the poor and below standard medical services in those underprivileged communities. Most people in those communities believe that the above-mentioned emerging prophets and apostles from mega-churches are anointed and possess special power to heal them as well as to redeem them from life’s harsh realities.
In the context of current healing practices, the researcher discovered that there is a need to probe and analyse the aforesaid practices particularly whereby healing seekers seems to have not receive what they anticipated from those mega-churches. The study exposes inappropriate healing dynamics conceived in the selected mega-churches within African tradition context. This study followed a qualitative approach, in which participants from both mega-churches and mainline churches were interviewed. The study further points out some perceived challenges affecting current healing practices in the selected mega-churches of Vhembe district of Limpopo Province. The study employed Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis strategy to analyse the data for the study. / NRF
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Acquisition, transfer and preservation of indigenous knowledge by traditional healers in the Limpopo Province of South AfricaMaluleka, Jan Resenga 06 1900 (has links)
Indigenous Knowledge (IK) is in danger of being obliterated due to a number of factors, such as the lack of interest from younger generations, low life expectancy where people die before transferring it to the next generation and it not being documented. This is due to the fact that IK, by its very nature, is generally known to have been passed on from generation to generation through oral tradition. This qualitative study utilised the organisational knowledge conversion theory to investigate the acquisition, transfer and preservation of IK by traditional healers in the Limpopo Province of South Africa with the view to develop a framework to provide understanding on how IK is acquired, transferred and preserved by traditional healers. The study adopted hermeneutic phenomenology research method and utilised snowball sampling technique to determine the population of this study which consisted of indigenous healers from the Limpopo Province. Data were collected through interviews with traditional healers, observations, as well as document analysis. Data were analysed and interpreted thematically according to the objectives of the study. The study revealed that knowledge of traditional healing is mainly acquired through observations, imitations, following orders and performing tasks practically. In addition to that, collaboration was highlighted as one of the driving forces behind effective transfer and acquisition of knowledge among healers. The major finding to this study was that ancestors are believed to be the ones preserving this knowledge of traditional healing and they pass it down to the chosen ones through dreams, visions and so on. The study concludes that traditional healers also preserved their knowledge orally and commonly shared and acquire knowledge during interactions with other healers. Furthermore, traditional healing is marginalised and not properly regulated in South Africa. It is recommended that key stakeholders should play an active role in ensuring that traditional healing is incorporated into the country’s healthcare system. This way traditional healing can help reduce a heavy burden on public health sector in terms of treating patients. A further study on integrating traditional healing into mainstream healthcare system in South Africa is recommended. / Information Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Information Science)
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The utilization of alien invasive medicinal plants in the treatment of HIV/AIDS related symptoms by traditional healers of Vhembe District Municipality, Limpopo Province, South AfricaMbambala, Sipho Glen 05 1900 (has links)
See the attached abstract below
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Traditional healing modalities in the provision of mental illness in Vhembe, Limpopo ProvinceNevhudoli, Nyadzani Dolphus 18 May 2018 (has links)
MAAS / Centre for African Studies / The study sought to explore the use of traditional healing modalities in the provision of mental illness in the Vhembe district of Limpopo province. Traditional medicine has been used for thousands of years by indigenous people in South Africa and Africa as a whole, and demonstrated efficacy in treating a wide range of health issue. Many of the medicines in contemporary biomedical treatment are derived from plants and herbs used by indigenous people throughout the world. The objectives of the study were to describe the profile of the clients that visit the traditional healers, to explain traditional healers’ diagnostic strategies of mental illness, to explain the traditional healing treatment modalities in the treatment of various forms of mental illness and to discuss traditional healers’ prevention methods of mental illness. The study was guided by indigenous theory of health and illness as a theoretical framework, and for supporting the literature, a theory of African perspective theory was used. A qualitative research approach was used in order to have an in-depth understanding of the modalities of traditional healing in the provision of mental health care. Case study approach was used. Participants were selected purposively around Vhembe district in Limpopo province and snowball sampling technique was applied in order to identify and recruit relevant participants. The researcher conducted semi -structured interviews to gather the relevant data. Data analysis was based on the interpretative philosophy that aimed at examining meaning and symbolic content of qualitative data. Thematic analysis method was employed. The findings of the study confirmed that traditional healing is still widely used in the communities in the provision of mental illness and that there are a variety of diagnostic, treatment and prevention methods in the provision of mental illness. The findings also show that as much as there are challenges facing traditional healing in treatment of mental illness, there is a need to introduce their modalities in the healthcare system of South Africa, Africa and the whole world. Programs that aim to educate the communities about traditional healing modalities should also be established by the Department of Health and the relevant stakeholders such as traditional healers’ organizations. / NRF
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Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Novel Treatment against Resistant Pathogenic BacteriaMurei, Arinao 18 May 2019 (has links)
MSc (Microbiology) / Department of Microbiology / BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance amongst microbial pathogens has become a challenge over past decades, bringing about genuine and frequently deadly contaminations that can't be dealt with by ordinary means. This has led to a search on developing solutions to this problem by searching for new source of antimicrobial agents or chemically altering the existing ones. Traditional medicinal plants and nanoparticles are highly targeted as promising agents to address the challenge. Pyrenacantha grandiflora Baill from Icacenaceae family possess pharmaceutical activities and is used by Vhavenda people to cure gastrointestinal related infections, diarrhea and tooth pain.
OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to synthesize, characterize and evaluate the efficacy of Pyranacantha grandiflora extracts alone and when conjugated with selected nanoparticles against pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, this study investigated the efficacy of selected antibiotics when conjugated with nanoparticles against selected pathogenic microbes.
METHODS: Pyrenacantha grandiflora Baill (tubers) were collected from Masisi area. Bioactive compounds were extracted using different solvents such as methanol, acetone, hot water, dichloromethane and chloroform. Preliminary phytochemical screening was done to identify different phytochemicals in the extracts and their functional groups were identified by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Extracts were further assessed for their total phenolic and flavonoids content. Thin layer chromatography was used to separate the compounds from the plant extracts and active compounds/group of compounds were identified by bioautography. The antioxidant ability of the extracts to scavenge free radical DPPH was also determined. Silver and gold nanoparticles were synthesized using chemical and biological methods, characterized by Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry (UV-VIS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Plant extracts, nanoparticles and antibiotics were
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conjugated differently, and conjugates were analyzed by FTIR and their antimicrobial activities were evaluated against different bacteria and fungi. The conjugates were tested for antimicrobial activity against extended beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 33591) and beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumonia (ATCC 700603) using agar diffusion assay and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using the microdilution method. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined by sub-culturing from the MIC plates on Mueller-Hinton Agar.
RESULTS: Pyrenacantha grandiflora was found to contain phenolics, saponins, alkaloids, tannin, steroids, terpenoids and flavonoids. FTIR spectroscopic studies revealed different characteristic peak values with various functional compounds similar in most extracts but differed with transmittance values. The total phenolic contents in the examined extracts ranged from 14.167 to 19.02 mg GA/g. The total flavonoid content in the examined extracts ranged from 26.603 to 34.621 mg QE/g. Thin-layer chromatography revealed various Rf values and when analyzed with bioautography, well-defined inhibition zones within the Rf value of 0.236 was identified against E. coli and K. pneumonia. The MICs of the extracts were determined, and all the extracts showed some antimicrobial activity against all tested strains ranging from 0.06-7.5 mg ml/g. Some extracts appeared to be fungicidal and hot water extracts were more active against Cryptococcus neoformans with the MFC value of 0.06 mg/ml. The methanol extract was also active against most tested strains including Candida tropicalis with the minimum fungicidal concentration value of 3.75 mg/ml. Pyrenacantha grandiflora tuber extracts conjugated with silver or gold nanoparticles exhibited a good antibacterial activity against all bacterial strain used and very few were able to exhibit bactericidal activity. Penicillin showed improvement of antibacterial activity
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when conjugated with compounds from the acetone extracts and vancomycin was found to be more effective when conjugated with silver nanoparticles and water extracts.
CONCLUSION: The present study validated the efficacy of conjugated P. grandiflora tuber extracts which is used in traditional medicine. The results revealed that water extracts which are generally used by the traditional healers are active against most microorganisms tested as well as methanol and acetone extracts and the synergistic effect was observed when they were conjugated to gold and silver nanoparticles. The results of the present investigation clearly indicate that antimicrobial activity of Pyrenacantha grandiflora Baill tuber when conjugated with selected nanoparticles and antibiotics vary with test strain and the type of solvent used during extraction, thus giving hope for future development of drug leads. / NRF
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