Revisão com o objetivo de analisar e comparar a legislação brasileira, nos aspectos de desenvolvimento, avaliação e comercialização dos alimentos funcionais, com a legislação dos países: Austrália, Canadá, Estados Unidos, Japão; da União Européia e a opinião do Codex Alimentarius. Separou-se e analisou-se a legislação desses alimentos em cinco partes: a) Definição legal; b) Regulamentação; c) Alegações; d) Procedimentos de comunicação das alegações; e) Critérios de avaliação da segurança e eficácia desses alimentos. Constatou-se que, dos países analisados, somente o Japão possui uma definição legal e uma regulamentação própria para essa categoria de produto e que o Canadá é o único país que apresenta uma norma clara e objetiva sobre a divulgação, nos meios de comunicação, dos alimentos com alegações. Verificou-se que existem diferentes tipos de definições e usos para as alegações, sendo algumas vezes equivalentes entre os países e outras não. Constatou-se que todos os países em estudo compartilham de alguns pontos comuns quanto aos critérios de avaliação, como: as alegações devem ser baseadas em estudos científicos relevantes; e o produto deve ser seguro sem a necessidade de supervisão médica. A Austrália, o Canadá, os Estados Unidos, a União Européia e o Reino Unido dispõem de guias de orientações bem explicativos sobre como as alegações devem ser avaliadas. Levando-se em conta as orientações fornecidas por esses documentos, elaborou-se uma sugestão de guia sobre os procedimentos/passos para se avaliar a segurança e a veracidade de uma alegação. / This is a review with the aim of analyzing and comparing Brazilian legislation relating to aspects of the development, evaluation and commercialization of functional foods, with that of Australia, Canada, the United States of America, Japan, and the European Union, and with the opinions expressed in the Codex Alimentarius. This food legislation was separated and analyzed in five distinct parts: a) The legal definition; b) Regulations; c) Claims; d) Procedures for communicating claims; and) Criteria for evaluating the security and effective of these foods. It was noticed that from all the analysed countries, only Japan has a legal definition and a regulation that fits sort of product and that Canada is the only country that has an objective and unambiguous norm on divulging the nutriments with claims among communication. With regard to claims, it was noticed that there are different types of definition and uses that sometimes have counterparts in other countries and sometimes not. In the part dealing with the evaluation criteria of these foods, it was noticed that all countries in the study have some points in common. Among these points are that the claims must be based on relevant scientific studies and that the product must be safe without the need for medical supervision. Australia, Canada, the United States, the European Union and the United Kingdom have very explicit guidelines regarding how the claims should be evaluated. Taking into consideration the guidelines supplied in these documents it was prepared a suggested guide for procedures/steps for evaluating the security and truth of the claims.

Revisão com o objetivo de analisar e comparar a legislação brasileira, nos aspectos de desenvolvimento, avaliação e comercialização dos alimentos funcionais, com a legislação dos países: Austrália, Canadá, Estados Unidos, Japão; da União Européia e a opinião do Codex Alimentarius. Separou-se e analisou-se a legislação desses alimentos em cinco partes: a) Definição legal; b) Regulamentação; c) Alegações; d) Procedimentos de comunicação das alegações; e) Critérios de avaliação da segurança e eficácia desses alimentos. Constatou-se que, dos países analisados, somente o Japão possui uma definição legal e uma regulamentação própria para essa categoria de produto e que o Canadá é o único país que apresenta uma norma clara e objetiva sobre a divulgação, nos meios de comunicação, dos alimentos com alegações. Verificou-se que existem diferentes tipos de definições e usos para as alegações, sendo algumas vezes equivalentes entre os países e outras não. Constatou-se que todos os países em estudo compartilham de alguns pontos comuns quanto aos critérios de avaliação, como: as alegações devem ser baseadas em estudos científicos relevantes; e o produto deve ser seguro sem a necessidade de supervisão médica. A Austrália, o Canadá, os Estados Unidos, a União Européia e o Reino Unido dispõem de guias de orientações bem explicativos sobre como as alegações devem ser avaliadas. Levando-se em conta as orientações fornecidas por esses documentos, elaborou-se uma sugestão de guia sobre os procedimentos/passos para se avaliar a segurança e a veracidade de uma alegação. / This is a review with the aim of analyzing and comparing Brazilian legislation relating to aspects of the development, evaluation and commercialization of functional foods, with that of Australia, Canada, the United States of America, Japan, and the European Union, and with the opinions expressed in the Codex Alimentarius. This food legislation was separated and analyzed in five distinct parts: a) The legal definition; b) Regulations; c) Claims; d) Procedures for communicating claims; and) Criteria for evaluating the security and effective of these foods. It was noticed that from all the analysed countries, only Japan has a legal definition and a regulation that fits sort of product and that Canada is the only country that has an objective and unambiguous norm on divulging the nutriments with claims among communication. With regard to claims, it was noticed that there are different types of definition and uses that sometimes have counterparts in other countries and sometimes not. In the part dealing with the evaluation criteria of these foods, it was noticed that all countries in the study have some points in common. Among these points are that the claims must be based on relevant scientific studies and that the product must be safe without the need for medical supervision. Australia, Canada, the United States, the European Union and the United Kingdom have very explicit guidelines regarding how the claims should be evaluated. Taking into consideration the guidelines supplied in these documents it was prepared a suggested guide for procedures/steps for evaluating the security and truth of the claims.

Food producers must provide food packaging with a mandatory nutrition label in conformity with the contemporary food legislation of the Europian Union. There have been several changes of the legislation in last 10 years. Moreover new rules for providing the health and nutrition claims on food packaging have been issued. Main objectives were to unite legislation valid in the European Union and also to protect the rights of customers. This diploma thesis focuses on nutrition and health claims on food packaging. The aim of the thesis is to summarize changes and current state of legislation on nutrition and health claims on food packaging and also to explore patients' awareness of nutrition and health claims. To analyse the theme of the research the quantitative method was used in a form of a questionnaire given to the patients, who are visiting a dietician. There were 83 patients, who participated in research, 80 questionnaires were analysed (3 questionnaires were not filled in properly, therefore they were not included). Most of the respondents think, that information in nutrition labels on food packaging are true and trustworthy. Respondents also read a nutrition label of food, when buying it for the first time. Most of the respondents have sought the information about health and nutrition claims on...

Health and eating healthy has become increasingly popular during the recent decades. On television, countless numbers of food commercials claim their products to be healthy, and fit good looking people propagate for the benefits of the products. At the same time, there are many studies showing these marketing messages to be highly misleading. Consequently, a great extent of existing research within this field treats the subject of consumers, children in particular, and television in relation to eating habits. However, in this study, we are not interested in confirming these facts; instead we focus on the attitudes that consumers have towards these marketing messages with underlying health claims shown in TV commercials. Today, many new types of communication channels exist, nevertheless, watching TV is an increasing activity, especially among young consumers. It was found that research including young adult consumers was scarce, why the segment of university students belonging to the generation Y was chosen for this study. The purpose of this thesis is to identify the attitudes that Swedish generation Y university students have towards TV commercials with underlying health claims. The aim is also to investigate why these consumers react to the commercials the way they do. In this thesis both a quantitative and a qualitative method was used, where the qualitative method was the most dominating. Thus, it can be considered a mixed methods approach. However, the quantitative part is dominating. For the empirical study we conducted tests where a number of persons in focus groups were exposed to different TV commercials, all with an underlying health claim. The respondents answered an in-group questionnaire and thereafter during the group discussion they were asked to describe their reactions to the TV commercials. Finally, the respondents were also asked what factors they believed important to them when they consider buying a product. The Swedish generation Y university students presented a number of attitudes towards the chosen television commercials. The students did recognize the underlying health claims and furthermore indicated other factors noticed within the commercials. Also, we could see that factors such as memory, unconscious influence as well as positioning of thecommercials had an influence on the attitudes. The results also specified that factors influencing these consumers in their purchasing decision, except the TV commercial itself, were; whether they had bought the product before, what family and friends used and recommended, as well as price and quality. The above features also had an influence on how these consumers reacted to the marketing messages. The study shows that the model of the emotional process by Holbrook and O‟Shaughnessy (1984) could be followed. We furthermore built on Bagozzi et al.‟s (1999) classification of advertisements by introducing the multi message ad. To conclude, it can be stated that factors influencing these consumers‟ attitudes of TV commercials with underlying health claims had different aspects and explanations, although common patterns could be seen. / Hälsa och att äta hälsosamt har blivit alltmer populärt under de senaste decennierna. På tv hävdar ett oräkneligt antal reklaminslag för matprodukter hur hälsosamma de är och vältränade, snygga människor propagerar för fördelarna med produkterna. Samtidigt finns det många studier som visar att dessa reklambudskap är vilseledande. Följaktligen handlar en stor del av forskningen i ämnet om sambandet mellan konsumenter - i synnerhet barn, och TV i relation till matvanor. I denna studie är vi inte intresserade av att bekräfta dessa fakta, utan fokus är istället inriktat på hur tittarna tolkar reklambudskap med underliggande hälsopåståenden. Idag finns många nya typer av kommunikationskanaler, men trots det ökar TV-tittandet, i synnerhet bland unga konsumenter. Forskning kring generation Y och deras syn på TV-reklam med underliggande hälsobudskap är hittills begränsad. Syftet med denna uppsats är att identifiera de attityder som svenska universitetsstudenter tillhörande generation Y har gentemot TV reklam med underliggande hälsobudskap. Syftet är också att undersöka varför dessa konsumenter tolkar reklamen som de gör. I rapporten användes både kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder, där den kvalitativa var mest dominerande. Man kan därför säga att en blandad metod användes för att få fram bästa resultat. För den empiriska studien gjordes ett test där ett antal personer i fyra fokus grupper fick se olika TV-reklaminslag, alla med ett underliggande hälsobudskap. Gruppmedlemmarna fick individuellt svara på ett antal frågor ur ett formulär och därefter i gruppen diskutera sina reaktioner på reklaminslagen. Hur dessa påverkade dem och vad de anser som viktigt när de själva ska köpa en produkt var andra frågor som diskuterades. Det visade sig att reklaminslagen uppfattades på olika sätt av studenterna i fokus grupperna. De identifierade de underliggande hälsobudskapen i reklamerna och även andra uppfattningar om reklambudskapen kunde utläsas. Ur resultaten kan utläsas att faktorer såsom minne, undermedvetet inflytande och även reklaminslagens position i förhållande till varandra var av vikt för hur de uppfattades. Resultatet visar också att studenterna påverkades av många fler faktorer än själva reklamen i sig, exempelvis huruvida de köpt produkten innan, vad familj och vänner använde och rekommenderade, samt pris och kvalité. Dessafaktorer påverkade även hur studenterna tolkade reklammeddelandena. Dessutom visar vi hur Holbrook och O‟Shaughnessy‟s (1984) Model of the Emotional Process, stämmer överens med resultaten i denna studie. Vi bygger även vidare på Bagozzi et al.‟s (1999) två klassificeringar av reklam och introducerar en tredje; multimeddelande-reklam. Sammanfattningsvis kan konstateras att många olika faktorer påverkade dessa konsumenters attityder gentemot TV-reklam med underliggande hälsobudskap. Trots det kunde ändå vissa gemensamma mönster utläsas.

Submitted by Mario Mesquita (mbarroso@fiocruz.br) on 2014-10-15T14:34:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizabeth José Campos.pdf: 1167263 bytes, checksum: 3fa5629908c7fc42732eda43b66a35d6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mario Mesquita (mbarroso@fiocruz.br) on 2014-10-15T14:45:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizabeth José Campos.pdf: 1167263 bytes, checksum: 3fa5629908c7fc42732eda43b66a35d6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-15T14:45:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elizabeth José Campos.pdf: 1167263 bytes, checksum: 3fa5629908c7fc42732eda43b66a35d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Politécnica de Saúde Joaquim Venâncio. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Profissional em Saúde. / No final da década de 90, em um cenário global de crises econômicas, a reforma do Estado entrou nas agendas governamentais. A introdução do modelo gerencial no setor público faz parte deste contexto da reforma administrativa, em que emerge a proposta da nova gestão pública, pautada pelo discurso ideológico de que o setor privado possui o modelo ideal de gestão, capaz de garantir a qualidade e a eficiência. A Secretaria Municipal de Saúde da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, seguindo este caminho de flexibilização da gestão pública, adotou um novo modelo jurídico-institucional para a gestão dos equipamentos públicos de saúde, baseado em Organizações Sociais. Este processo encontra-se vinculado ao novo modelo assistencial proposto para o setor saúde no município, a saúde presente, que incorpora a relação contratual com as OS para a execução dos serviços de saúde, bem como os repasses de recursos públicos. A reflexão deste estudo teve como foco compreender como os mecanismos e processos gerenciais incorporados na gestão da saúde do município, baseados na introdução de mecanismos de mercado e na adoção de ferramentas de gestão privada, se estruturam para atender as demandas da população por necessidades em saúde. O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi analisar os mecanismos e processos de gerenciamento local das equipes de saúde da família no território norte da CAP 5.2/SMS/PCRJ. Para tanto a pesquisa teve como fonte principal os documentos oficiais de gestão público/privado, bem como as atas de reunião do Conselho Distrital de Saúde, o que evidenciou a inexistência da atuação do controle público local na fiscalização e no processo de contratualização da gestão público/privado, contrariando o que está previsto no Sistema Único de Saúde. Observamos, ainda, que o estabelecimento de formas de prestação de serviços encontram-se condicionadas a determinados dispositivos, conectados a lógica da produção e da regulação. Este cenário nos revela uma tensão entre o acesso e a garantia do direito à saúde e o fortalecimento do papel regulatório na organização da atenção, diante da insuficiência concreta da oferta de serviços em atender as demanda da população. Este é um dos elementos percebidos como entrave no que diz respeito às demandas por saúde no contexto estudado. Por fim, os resultados indicaram que a nova gestão pública no setor saúde na Cidade do Rio de Janeiro não se desenvolveu a partir de mobilização da sociedade civil, nem como forma de legitimar reivindicações sobre as necessidades em saúde da população, e sim como um projeto de governo, desvinculado do controle e da participação social. / At the end of the 90s, in a scenario of global economic crisis, the reform of the state entered on government agendas. The introduction of model management in the public sector is part of this context of administrative reform, which emerges in the proposed new public management, guided by ideological discourse that the private sector has the ideal model of management, able to ensure quality and efficiency. The Municipal Secretary of Health of the city of Rio de Janeiro, following this path of public administration flexibility, adopted a new legal- institutional model for the management of public health facilities, based on Social Organizations. This process is linked to the proposed new model of care for the health sector in the county, the present health that incorporates the contractual relationship with the OS for the implementation of health services, as well as the transfers of public resources. The reflection of this study focused on understanding the mechanisms and management processes embedded in the health management of the municipality, based on the introduction of market mechanisms and the adoption of private management tools are structured to meet the demands of the population for health needs. The objective of the research was to analyze the mechanisms and processes of local management of family health teams in the territory north of the CAP 5.2/SMS/PCRJ. For both research had as its primary source documents management official public / private as well as the minutes of the meeting of the District Health Council , which highlighted the lack of performance of local public control and supervision in the contracting process of public management / private, contrary to what is provided for in the National Health System we also observed that the establishment of forms of service delivery are conditioned to certain devices , connected to the logic of production and regulation. This scenario reveals a tension between access and guarantee the right to health and strengthening the regulatory role in the organization of care, given the inadequacy of the offer concrete services to meet the demand of the population. This is one of the elements perceived as an obstacle regarding the demands for health in the context studied. Finally, the results indicated that the new public management in the health sector in the city of Rio de Janeiro has not developed from mobilization of civil society, not as a way of legitimizing claims about the health needs of the population, but as a project government, unbound control and social participation.

The topic of this diploma thesis is the Consumer protection in the food supplements area. The work has been devided into three parts. The first part is devoted to the overview about categorization of the products with the impact on health. This part of this work also includes the elementary terms, which are: food, food supplements, medicinal products, cosmetics products and medical devices. The second chapter is devoted to the matter of food supplements as such. The third chapter deals with the terms health and nutrition claims. The last chapter includes the survey between the consumers of the food suplements and also the survey between the pharmacies.

Thema of this master’s thesis is analysis of legislation influences on advertisement. Beside generally advertisement adjustment is master’s thesis oriented firstly on regulation advertisement of food supplements. On the concrete example are displayed analysis of suppose deficiencies. This master’s thesis also solves problem with advertisement production and legislation verification on marketing department in firm VALOSUN a.s.

L’obiettivo del presente lavoro di ricerca è quello di porre in luce la cosiddetta “dimensione relazionale” dell’informazione fornita ai consumatori di alimenti tramite l’etichettatura nutrizionale e salutistica, intesa quale strumento normativo per l’attuazione delle politiche nutrizionali perseguite dall'Unione Europea. Il presente scritto analizza come le funzioni dell’etichettatura alimentare siano mutate durante i decenni, a partire dalla fine degli anni settanta del secolo scorso, quando essa era sì concepita come strumento informativo, ma il cui scopo principale rimaneva tuttavia quello di appianare le varie difformità legislative o regolamentari esistenti tra i vari Stati Membri – potendo queste rappresentare un ostacolo alla creazione di un mercato comune – sino ai giorni nostri, che vedono l’etichetta come una protagonista attiva in seno ad un più ampio programma di politica nutrizionale; più precisamente, attraverso un’adeguata etichettatura alimentare, le istituzioni dell’Unione Europea ambiscono a plasmare le abitudini alimentari dei consumatori, indirizzandoli verso percorsi nutrizionali più salutari. In tale contesto, il Regolamento sulle indicazioni nutrizionali e sulla salute fornite sugli alimenti rappresenta un ambizioso e, al tempo stesso, controverso tassello del diritto alimentare europeo, le cui premesse ispiratrici erano indubbiamente lodevoli, ma che è stato vittima, successivamente, di un’attuazione che ha generato notevole scontento ed incertezza sia tra i consumatori che nell'industria, al punto tale che da più parti si nutrono dubbi in merito alla sua efficacia e validità. Il presente lavoro di ricerca ambisce quindi a fornire una profonda analisi del Regolamento sulle indicazioni nutrizionali e sulla salute, offrendo una panoramica di esso in chiave storica, sociale, ed economica, imprescindibile al fine di una corretta e completa comprensione delle scelte normative e delle loro implicazioni di mercato. In ossequio a tale intento, in ogni apertura di paragrafo è offerto un inquadramento di taglio storico-normativo, mentre, in conclusione, si tenta di fornire qualche spunto critico da cui potrebbe, o avrebbe potuto, derivare una migliore attuazione del Regolamento. Dopo una breve introduzione, la ricerca entra nel suo vivo attraverso l’analisi di ogni aspetto del Regolamento (CE) n. 1924/2006, soffermandosi, in particolar modo, su quello che è l’aspetto cruciale e problematico relativo alla sua attuazione: il ruolo della scienza e, più precisamente, la valutazione circa la fondatezza scientifica dei claims, procedimento che, in assenza di chiare definizioni normative ed operative, è di fatto rimesso alla discrezionalità interpretativa dell’EFSA, avallata (implicitamente o esplicitamente) dalla Commissione Europea e dalla Corte di Giustizia dell’Unione Europea, generando così reazioni critiche tra pratici ed accademici che accusano una illegittima applicazione del principio di precauzione in un ambito che gli è estraneo, vale a dire quello dell’informazione alimentare al consumatore finale. Il lavoro prosegue poi con una riflessione sull'esito finale di un siffatto adagiamento sul processo di validazione scientifica condotto dall’EFSA, che ha ridotto la più parte della conoscenza nutrizionale a poco più di 200 indicazioni sulla salute autorizzate, la cui formulazione letterale, tra l’altro, si dubita assai possa essere agevolmente compresa dal cosiddetto consumatore medio. Inoltre, il Regolamento lascia irrisolti e aperte molti dilemmi e questioni, che devono urgentemente trovare un positivo interessamento al fine di non vanificare gli apprezzabili sforzi di spinta alla ricerca innovativa e di garanzia di una leale ed effettiva concorrenza nell'industria alimentare; il riferimento corre, tra gli altri, ai cosiddetti “claims botanici” ed ai “probiotici”, in relazione ai quali è ad oggi impedito reclamizzare in etichetta un’indicazione salutistica, sull’assunto per cui non è ancora stato raggiunto un livello accettabile di consenso scientifico relativamente alla loro sicurezza d’uso ed efficacia. Di conseguenza, se lo stato dell’arte è connotato da un simile proibizionismo, gli operatori del settore alimentare si trovano nella situazione di dover ricorrere a diverse strategie commerciali, quali l’utilizzo di claims suggestivi che, proposti attraverso messaggi non testuali, come nel caso del food design, si rivelano cionondimeno in grado di veicolare un messaggio salutistico, senza però la soggezione allo stretto rigore scientifico richiesto dall’EFSA. Infine, il presente lavoro, seppur prevalentemente rivolto alla descrizione dello scenario regolativo europeo, non dimentica di fornire una utile prospettiva del tema anche in chiave comparata, spaziando dalle linee guida predisposte dal Codex Alimentarius agli accordi vigenti in ambito OMC applicabili all’etichettatura degli alimenti, alimentando, per l’appunto, perplessità circa la compatibilità del Regolamento (CE) n° 1924/2006 con le obbligazioni gravanti sull’Unione Europea imposte dalla sua appartenenza al WTO. / The topic of the present research is to highlight the relational dimension of the information provided to consumers via food labelling, intended as a legal tool for the implementation of the nutrition policy carried out by the EU institutions since the establishment of the European Economic Community. The present work analyses how the function of food labelling has changed during the decades, since the late Seventies of the past century, when it was merely conceived as a mean of information whose main purpose was the harmonisation of the different national legislations, which could constitute an unnecessary obstacle to the realization of the common internal market, to the most recent days, when food labelling is thought as a tool of active nutrition policy; more precisely, through an adequate labelling, the EU institutions try to shape consumers’ behaviours, driving them toward a healthier eating. In this regulatory scenario, the Regulation on Nutrition and Health Claims made on foods is an ambitious and controversial piece of European food law, whose premises were undoubtedly laudable, but which has been during the years (partially) implemented in a manner which has caused much more discontent and confusion among both consumers and manufacturers, so that nowadays many doubts are still arising for what concerns its efficacy and its validity. This research represents a deep analysis of the Regulation on Nutrition and Health Claims, also taken into consideration from the historical, sociological, and economic perspective, which must be necessarily intertwined for a complete and critical comprehension of the legal framework and its implications for the various stakeholders. For this reason, each paragraph begins with a sort of normative background, and concludes with a critical analysis of the existing situation, providing some hints for a better implementation of the NHCR. After a brief introduction, the core of the research is completely and deeply focused on each and every aspect of the Regulation, with a central part which takes into consideration the very crucial aspect of its partial and problematic ongoing implementation: the role of science and, more precisely, the requirement of the scientific substantiation of the claims, whose assessment is demanded to the EFSA that, in the absence of definitions and clear guidelines on how to conduct such an evaluation, has de facto given its personal interpretation of the normative provisions of the Regulation, on which also the Commission and the European Court of Justice (implicitly or explicitly) rely, causing discontent among operators and legal scholars who see this as an illegitimate application of the precautionary principle to the field of food information, and a possible departure from the traditional categories of the risk assessment, risk management, and legal interpretation. The analysis proceeds then by criticizing the results of the total reliance on the scientific evaluation carried out by the EFSA, which reduced most of the knowledge about nutrition science in few more than 200 approved health claims, whose wording is probably incomprehensible for the average consumer. Moreover, there are also many other open issues in the Regulation on Nutrition and Health Claims which need to be urgently addressed in order not to vanish the laudable purpose of stimulating innovation and competition in the food sector, namely the botanical claims and probiotics, which are now prevented from bearing health claims on the consideration that a complete scientific consensus about their safety and efficacy has not yet been reached. But if this is the largely prohibitive state of the art, manufacturers are of course encouraged to find different escape routes, one of which is recurring to implied health claims, adopted through non-textual messages, or, to rephrase, through a smart food design, which can convey the same representation of healthiness without being subject to the strict scientific boundaries standardised by the EFSA. In addition, and as a conclusion, the present work, although mainly focused on the European Union regulatory environment, tries to give a comparative view on what the international arena offers on the topic, from the Codex Alimentarius Commission to the various WTO Agreements pertaining to food labelling, instilling doubts about the NHCR compatibility with the obligations that the EU must fulfil in the international trade law relations.

The Food Safety and Quality Control System in Czech RepublicThe thesis describes the way how is the food safety control and quality protection provided in Czech republic. There is the law definition of the all forms of food during the food production chain from the primary production up to sale to the consumer in the work. The thesis focuses on the requirements laid down in the Czech and European food law on the food producers and sellers. The thesis also deals with the food contamination and quality aspects - nutrition value and quality branding. There is also chapter about the quality management system certification and chapter about the current cases related with the safe food area in the Czech republic in 2012 (Methanol, Polish technical salt and horse lasagne).

Obesity is one of the major public health issues in the United States, often regarded as part of a global crisis. Companies invest billions of dollars each year towards television advertising campaigns aimed at convincing audiences how their ground-breaking discovery 'battles the bulge' or somehow offers an increased health benefit. This study examined how advertisers presented health-related claims, including health and nutrient-content claims, in U.S. adult-targeted television food commercials. The claims were compared to FTC, FDA, and USDA laws, regulations, and recommendations. A content analysis of food advertising was conducted of commercials from major and cable network programs broadcast during prime-time in the first quarter of 2009. The majority of claims match current regulations when compared to Federal references. The results show that Nutrient and Wellness claims were the most frequently cited. The type of benefit, Healthy Eating, emerged almost 3 times more than any other benefit type. This is also similar to those results which suggest advertisers' intentions were to promote overall wellness in their content delivery. As such, the Wellness Approach was identified and conceptualized, leading towards full development of a Wellness Effect theory. Implications and future research opportunities are discussed on both a theoretical and practical level.