Abstract: Objective: To compare the long-term viability of percutaneously injected crushed auricular cartilage to surgically implanted cartilage in the rabbit. Methods: Auricular cartilage was harvested bilaterally in 10 New Zealand white rabbits. A 1 cm2 cartilage graft was harvested and implanted surgically on the upper nasal dorsum. The remaining cartilage was crushed and percutaneously injected on the lower nasal dorsum. Volume and mass of each graft were compared between pre-implantation and after 3 months of observation. A histological study was conducted to evaluate chondrocyte viability and degree of fibrosis on the grafts. Results: Mass and volume remained similar for surgically implanted cartilage grafts. Mass and volume diminished by an average of 47% and 40% respectively after 3 months for the injected crushed cartilage grafts. Chondrocyte viability was an average of 25% lower in the injected grafts. Conclusion: Cartilage injection is a promising technique that must be refined to increase long term chondrocyte viability. Developing an appropriate injection apparatus would improve this technique. / Résumé : Objectif: Comparer la viabilité à long-terme de cartilage auriculaire broyé injecté de façon percutanée au cartilage implanté chirurgicalement chez le lapin Méthodes: Prélèvement de cartilage auriculaire bilatéralement chez 10 lapins blancs « New Zealand ». Pour chaque lapin, une greffe de cartilage de 1 cm2 fut prélevée et implantée chirurgicalement au niveau du dorsum nasal supérieur. Le reste du cartilage fut broyé puis injecté de manière percutanée sur le dorsum nasal inférieur. La masse et le volume de chaque greffon furent mesurés lors de la chirurgie initiale et 3 mois plus tard. Une étude histologique a été entreprise afin de comparer la viabilité des greffons et le degré de fibrose. Résultats: La masse et le volume des greffons de cartilage entier sont demeurés semblables suite à l’implantation. La masse et le volume des greffons de cartilage injecté ont diminué en moyenne de 47% et 40% respectivement suite à l’implantation. L’analyse histologique a démontré une diminution moyenne de 25% de la viabilité chondrocytaire pour les greffons de cartilage injecté. Conclusion: L’injection de cartilage est une technique prometteuse devant être raffinée pour augmenter la viabilité chondrocytaire à long-terme. Le développement d’un instrument d’injection approprié faciliterait la technique.

<p> Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women (apart from skin cancers). African American (AA) women have lower rates of breast cancer, but higher mortality from the disease. Tertiary prevention may play a role in improving survivorship. Lifestyle changes after diagnosis have been studied, with conflicting evidence on the direction of behavior change, as well as the successful maintenance of outcomes. In this secondary data analysis study, we utilized the Behavior Change data set of The Women's Circle of Health Study (WCHS), with 1599 cases of breast cancer diagnoses among women (both AA and European American (EA) in the New York City metropolitan area and northern New Jersey). Raw data from the `Behavior Change Section'--a survey subset from the WCHS--was converted into scores of `healthy/positive behavior change'. While both groups made positive behavior changes, a significantly greater percentage of AA made positive/healthy dietary (intake of fruits, vegetables, fats, meat) behavior changes compared to EA women (p&lt;0.001). More AA women made positive changes related to tobacco use (p&lt;0.001) and alcohol consumption (p=0.029). The current analysis did not assess an intervention, motivations for change, or health outcomes. Programs promoting decreased tobacco and alcohol consumption and healthy weight management may be an impetus for such change. Future research may focus efforts on AA, with additional attention to health care issues apart from lifestyle--including access to health care-- as this group has higher rates of breast cancer mortality. Characterizing the behaviors before and after diagnosis may be even more useful in determining the course of change for women with breast cancer.</p>

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Master of Science / Department of Kinesiology / Timothy I. Musch / Aged rats exhibit a decreased muscle microvascular O[subscript]2 partial pressure (PO[subcript]2mv) at rest as well as during contractions compared to young rats and this may contribute to their reduced exercise tolerance. Age-related reductions in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability due, in part, to elevated reactive O[subscript]2 species (ROS) constrain muscle blood flow (Qm). Therefore, antioxidants may restore NO bioavailability, Qm and ameliorate the reduction in PO[subscript]2mv and hence the decrease in exercise tolerance seen in aged rats. PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that antioxidants would elevate Qm at rest and during contractions and therefore PO[subscript]2mv in aged muscle. METHODS: PO[subscript]2mv and Qm were measured in the spinotrapezius while muscle oxygen consumption (VO[subscript]2m) was estimated in 20 anesthetized male Fisher 344 x Brown Norway hybrid (F344xBN) rats at rest and during 1 Hz contractions before and after antioxidant intravenous infusion (76mg/kg vitamin C and 52mg/kg tempol). Moreover, muscle force production was measured in a subset of animals. RESULTS: Before infusion, contractions invoked a biphasic PO[subscript]2mv that fell from 30.6 [plus or minus] 0.9 mmHg to a nadir of 16.8 [plus or minus] 1.2 mmHg with an 'undershoot' of 2.8 [plus or minus] 0.7 mmHg below the subsequent steady-state (19.7 [plus or minus] 1.2 mmHg). Antioxidants elevated baseline PO[subscript]2mv to 35.7 [plus or minus] 0.8 mmHg (P<0.05) and reduced or abolished the 'undershoot' (P<0.05) without changing the steady-state contracting PO[plus or minus]2mv. Antioxidants did not change Qm at rest but during contractions Qm was reduced from 157 [plus or minus] 28 to 91 [plus or minus] 15 ml min[superscript]-1 100g[superscript]-1 (P<0.05). Antioxidants produced no significant effect on VO[subscript]2m. However, antioxidant supplementation produced a 16.5% decrease (P<0.05) in muscle force production that occurred within the first contraction and remained throughout the duration of stimulation. In addition, the ratio of muscle force production to VO[subscript]2m (F/VO[subscript]2m) actually increased from 0.92 [plus or minus] 0.03 to 1.06 [plus or minus] 0.6 (P<0.05) following infusion of antioxidants. CONCLUSION: Antioxidant supplementation significantly alters the balance between muscle O[subscript]2 delivery and VO[subscript]2 at rest and during contractions, which modifies the microvascular PO[subscript]2mv profile. Specifically, antioxidants elevate PO[subscript]2mv, which improves the potential for diffusive blood-myocyte flux. This effect arises, in part, from the unanticipated fall in muscle force production consequent to antioxidant supplementation.

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Objectifs : (1) Évaluer l’effet de l’anesthésie intrathécale de la gaine carpienne sur la désensibilisation du membre distal et identifier les emplacements potentiels de désensibilisation des nerfs palmaires. (2) Investiguer l’utilisation de l’arthroscope aiguille pour la ténoscopie diagnostique de la gaine carpienne chez le cheval debout. Design : Études expérimentales ex vivo et in vivo. Animaux : Membres cadavériques (n=20+6) et chevaux (n=8+6). Matériel et méthodes : (1) Le seuil de sensibilité cutané a été mesuré sur le membre distal de 8 chevaux entre t0 et t180mn après anesthésie (mépivacaïne) intrathécale. Puis, 20 membres thoraciques ont été préparés et disséqués transversalement ou longitudinalement. (2) Les ténoscopies de la gaine carpienne avec arthroscopes aiguille et standard ont été comparées sur 6 cadavres avant de réaliser la ténoscopie avec un arthroscope aiguille chez 6 chevaux sous sédation. Résultats : (1) 6/8 chevaux ont été désensibilisés au niveau des glomes. Les nerfs palmaires sont en relation étroite avec la gaine à 2 sites de diffusion probables identifiés. (2) L’arthroscope aiguille a permis une exploration complète des structures proximales dans les modèles cadavérique et in vivo (6/6), la tension résiduelle des tendons fléchisseurs a toutefois limité la visualisation du fléchisseur superficiel du doigt chez 4/6 des chevaux in vivo. Conclusion : (1) L’anesthésie intrathécale de la gaine carpienne devrait être interprétée dans les 15min post-injection, et les autres anesthésies distales au carpe être repoussées plus de 3h après. (2) La ténoscopie debout a permis une évaluation complète et sécuritaire de la région proximale de la gaine, offrant ainsi une technique diagnostique alternative. / Objective: (1) To assess the effect of carpal sheath anaesthesia on skin sensitivity of the distal forelimb and to determine potential locations for desensitisation of palmar nerves. (2) To investigate the use of a needle arthroscope for diagnostic tenoscopy of the carpal sheath in standing horses. Study design: Experimental ex vivo and in vivo studies. Animals: Cadaveric limbs (n=20+6) and live horses (n=8+6). Methods: (1) Mechanical nociception of the distal forelimb was measured with a dynamometer on 8 horses between t0 and t180mn after intrathecal anesthesia (mepivacaine). Twenty cadaveric limbs were prepared and dissected transversally or longitudinally. (2) Needle and regular arthroscopes were compared during carpal sheath tenoscopy of 6 cadaveric limbs. Then, standing carpal sheath tenoscopy was performed in 6 sedated healthy horses with the needle arthroscope. Results: (1) Six out of 8 horses were completely desensitized on both heel bulbs. Cadaveric specimens revealed close proximity between the sheath and palmar nerves at 2 possible diffusion sites identified. (2) Needle arthroscopy allowed thorough visualization of the proximal region of the carpal sheath in cadaveric limbs and standing horses (6/6). However, remaining flexor tendons tension limited visualization of the superficial digital flexor tendon in 4/6 of horses. Conclusion: (1) Carpal sheath anaesthesia should be interpreted within 15min post-injection and perineural or articular blocks distal to the carpus should be delayed for more than 3 hours post-carpal sheath anesthesia. (2) Standing carpal sheath tenoscopy allows a safe and thorough evaluation of the proximal region of the sheath, offering an alternative diagnostic technique.

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No description available.

Master of Science / Department of Clinical Sciences / David E. Anderson / Drug delivery systems for time release of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and antibiotics in orthopedic surgeries continue to be developed. Recently, a biodegradable novel polymeric matrix has been developed for this purpose. We hypothesized that impregnation of the matrix with rhBMP-2 would enhance bone healing. The objectives of the study were to characterize elution of rhBMP-2 and two antimicrobials (tigecycline, tobramycin) from the matrix, and bone response to the matrix in the presence or absence of rhBMP-2 and antimicrobials. In vitro elution of tigecycline, tobramycin, and rhBMP-2 from the matrix was investigated. Drug concentration in media were measured on days 1-6, 8, 10, 13, 15, 17, 21, 25, 28, and 30 using high pressure liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS; antimicrobials) and ELISA (rhBMP-2). In vivo testing was done using a unicortical defect created into each tibia of twenty adult goats. Animals were randomly assigned to one of 5 groups: 1) control (untreated defect); 2) matrix; 3) matrix+ antimicrobials (tigecycline+tobramycin); 4) matrix+rhBMP-2; and 5) matrix+antimicrobials+rhBMP-2. Plasma concentration of tigecycline and tobramycin and serum concentration of rhBMP-2 were measured by the above techniques on days 1-7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 22, 26, and 30. Bone response was assessed on days 0, 14, and 30 using radiographic scoring and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (bone mineral density [BMD]). After euthanasia on day 30, histomorphologic analyses of the bone defects were done. Categorical variables were analyzed using a generalized linear model, and continuous variables using an ANOVA with P < 0.05 considered significant. In vitro elution was characterized by a rapid release on day 1 followed by a slow release until day 30 for both antimicrobials and rhBMP-2. Plasma antimicrobial concentrations showed continued release throughout the study period. Serum rhBMP-2 concentration, radiographic scores and BMD were not significantly different between groups. Periosteal and endosteal reaction surface areas were significantly greater surrounding the defects in group 4 (matrix+rhBMP-2). There was no significant difference between the groups for the percent of bone filling the defect. The matrix served as an appropriate antimicrobial and rhBMP-2 delivery system and successfully stimulated bone production when rhBMP-2 was present.