Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa e descritiva, tipo survey, cujo objetivo foi investigar a cultura de segurança do paciente, na ótica dos profissionais de enfermagem de serviço hospitalar. O estudo foi realizado em dois hospitais e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto e em ambas instituições. A amostra foi composta por 46 enfermeiros, 124 auxiliares de enfermagem e 112 técnicos de enfermagem. A coleta de dados ocorreu nos meses de junho e julho de 2013, através da aplicação questionário intitulado Hospital SurveyonPatientSafetyCulture, instrumento da Agency for Health ResearchandQuality. A análise dos dados ocorreu através de estatísticas descritivas. Quanto a caracterização dos participantes 84,7% eram do sexo feminino e 15,3% do sexo masculino, com média de 37,7 anos de idade, observa-se a predominância de técnicos de enfermagem com 41,2%, 34,6% de auxiliares de enfermagem e 24,3% de enfermeiros. Com base na avaliação das dimensões, salienta-se na dimensão trabalho em equipe dentro das unidades, que 69,4% dos profissionais concordam que quando há muito trabalho a ser feito rapidamente, trabalham em equipe para concluí-lo devidamente, na dimensão expectativas e ações de promoção de segurança dos supervisores / gerentes, 70,2% concordam que sua chefia não dá atenção suficiente aos problemas repetidos de segurança do paciente. Relativo a aprendizagem organizacional e melhoria contínua, 56,5% concordam que há avaliação da efetividade das mudanças após sua implementação. Quanto ao apoio da gestão hospitalar para a segurança do paciente os profissionais apontam com 52,8% que as ações da direção do hospital demonstram que a segurança do paciente é a principal prioridade. Sobre a percepção geral da segurança do paciente 57,2% discordam de que a segurança do paciente não deve ser comprometida em função de maior quantidade de trabalho a ser concluída. No retorno das informações e da comunicação sobre erro, 57,7% afirmam receber tais informações sempre e quase sempre. Relativo a abertura da comunicação, 42,9% apontam que nunca ou raramente sentem-se à vontade para questionar as decisões/ações de seus superiores. Quanto a frequência de notificações de eventos, 64,7% apontam notificar quase sempre e sempre o erro, engano ou falha que poderiam, mas não causam danos ao paciente. Sobre trabalho em equipe entre as unidades, nota-se proximidade entre as porcentagens de discordância e concordância, como no item há uma boa cooperação entre unidades do hospital que precisam trabalhar em conjunto\", com 41,4% e 40,5% respectivamente. Sobre a adequação de profissionais, 77,8% discordam da existência de quantidade de funcionários suficientes para dar conta do trabalho, 52,4% concordam que as mudanças de plantão são problemáticas para os pacientes. Relativo as respostas não punitivas aos erros, 71,7% apontam que quando um evento é relatado parece que o foco recai sobre a pessoa. Sobre a nota de segurança da instituição, 41,6% classificam como muito boa. Quanto as notificações nos últimos 12 meses,77,80% não notificaram nenhum evento. Conclui-se que o envolvimento dos profissionais de enfermagem é essencial para a construção de uma cultura de segurança positiva, focada em melhorias para a segurança do paciente / This is a quantitative, descriptive research, which the goal is to investigate patient safety culture from the perspective of professional from the hospital nursing team. The study was conducted in two hospitals, and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the EERP and of both hospital institutions. The sample consisted of 46 nurses, 124 nursing assistants and 112 nursing technicians. Data collection occurred during the months of June and July 2013, through the questionnaire Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture, of the Agency for Health Research and Quality. Data analysis occurred using descriptive statistics. Regarding the characterization of participants, 84.7% were female and 15.3% male, with a mean of 37.7 years of age, there is a predominance of nursing technicians with 41.2%, nursing assistants with 34.6 % and 24.3% of nurses. Based on the assessment of the dimensions is stressed that, in the dimension teamwork across hospital units, 69.4% of professionals agree that when a lot of work needs to be done quickly, they work together as a team to get the work done; about the dimension supervisor/ manager expectations and actions promoting safety, 70.2% agree that their supervisor/ manager overlooks patient safety problems that happen over and over.Related to organizational learning and continuous improvement, 56.5% agree that there is evaluation of the effectiveness of the changes after its implementation.Onhospital management support for patient safety, 52.8% of the professionals refer that the actions of hospital management show that patient safety is a top priority.On the overall perception of patient safety, 57.2% disagree that patient safety is never compromised due to higher amount of work to be completed.In what refers to feedback and communication about error, 57.7% refer that always and usually receive such information. Relative to communication openness, 42.9% said they never or rarely feel free to question the decisions / actions of their superiors.Onfrequency of event reporting, 64.7% said often and always notify mistakes that could, but do not harm the patient.Aboutteamwork across hospital units is noted similarity between the percentages of agreement and disagreement, as on the item there is a good cooperation among hospital units that need to work together, that indicates 41.4% and 40.5% respectively.Related to adequacy of professionals, 77.8% disagree on the existence of sufficient amount of employees to do the job, 52.4% agree that shift changes are problematic for patients. On nonpunitive response to errors, 71.7% indicate that when an event is reported it seems that the focus is on the person.On the patient safety grade of the institution, 41.6% classified as very good. About notifications made in the last 12 months, 77.80% did not report any events.It is conclude that the involvement of nursing professionals is essential to building a positive safety culture focused on improvements to patient safety

Introdução: A avaliação da assistência prestada é uma das condições básicas para promover a qualidade dos serviços de saúde. Obter dados a respeito do bem estar segundo a perspectiva da mulher permite corrigir inadequações e melhorar a qualidade da assistência ao parto. Objetivo da pesquisa: Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de adaptar culturalmente e validar as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Bienestar Materno em Situación de Parto (BMSP 2) para a língua portuguesa (Brasil).Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo do tipo metodológico aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo, sob o parecer nº 170.412. A adaptação cultural desta Escala, que foi produzida por enfermeiras obstétricas chilenas, foi feita conforme recomendações da literatura científica pertinente: tradução da BMSP2 para a língua portuguesa; retrotradução para língua de origem do instrumento; avaliação por um comitê de juízes; pré-teste da versão adaptada e aplicação da versão final em português. Os dados foram coletados no período de dezembro de 2012 a março de 2013 em um Hospital-Escola, situado na Zona Norte do Município de São Paulo. Participaram do estudo, 500 mulheres que receberam assistência ao parto normal na Instituição. A validade de face e conteúdo foi avaliada pelo comitê de juízes; para a validade de constructo foi realizada a análise fatorial; a validade de constructo convergente foi avaliada através do Teste de Correlação de Pearson entre a BMSP 2 e o domínio satisfação com a vida da Escala de Bem Estar Subjetivo; a validade de constructo divergente foi avaliada por meio de teste para comparação de grupos distintos. A confiabilidade foi avaliada pela consistência interna de seus itens (Alfa de Cronbach). O nível de significância adotado foi de 0,05. Resultados: A maioria das participantes do estudo vivia com o parceiro, possuía idade de 26,7 anos em média, era da cor branca, tinha entre nove e 11 anos de estudo e era do lar. Em relação às características obstétricas, 36,2% era multigesta, 28% estava na segunda gestação e 35,8% era primigesta, com idade gestacional entre 39 e 39 semanas e 6 dias (33,8%). Na avaliação das propriedades psicométricas, a análise fatorial apresentou um agrupamento diferente do encontrado pelos autores da versão original do instrumento, demonstrando a necessidade de desenvolver novos estudos objetivando propor nova distribuição fatorial para a versão brasileira desta escala. A validade de constructo convergente apresentou correlação positiva com o domínio satisfação com a vida da EBES. Na validade de constructo divergente foi obtida uma relação significante com algumas características sociodemográficas e clinico obstétricas. Com relação à confiabilidade, foi obtido um valor adequado para a consistência interna da versão adaptada da BMSP 2 (Alfa de Cronbach 0,93). Conclusão: A versão adaptada para o português da BMSP 2 mostrou-se válida e confiável na amostra estudada. Novos estudos necessitam ser realizados para testar essas propriedades em outros grupos de pacientes brasileiras. / Introduction: To evaluate the effects of health care on women`s wellness during childbirth is possible with the use of scales based on women`s perception of care. To establish the quality of these assessments is required by using a valid and cultural scale to make possible to achieve the desired improvements on outcomes of midwifery care. Objectives: The aims of this study were to translate the Chilean scale Mother`s Wellness during Childbirth to Brazilian Portuguese and to evaluate its reliability and validity. Method: This quantitative study followed five steps of cultural adaptation of the scales: translation of the scale to Brazilian Portuguese; back-translation to Spanish; assessment by a judge´s committee, scale pre-test and the application of the final version of the scale. The data were collected from December, 2012 to March, 2013 in a Brazilian University Hospital. A total of 500 women who had childbirth in this institution participated in this study. The face validity and content validity was assessed by an expert´s committee; the factor analysis was performed using the construct validity, the convergent validity was tested using the Pearson´s Correlation Test between Mother`s Wellness during Childbirth and Subjective Welfare Scale; and the divergent validity test was used to compare different groups. The reliability of the scale`s final version was assessed through internal consistency of its items using Cronbach\'s Alpha.The significance level was 0.05. Results: Women aged 26.7, were white, had a partner, had nine to 11 years of study and were housewives. Most women were multiparous, with gestational age between 39 weeks and 39 weeks and six days. The factorial analysis of scale showed a cluster difference in relation to the original scale indicating the need to explore better new distribution factors for the portuguese version of the scale. The convergent construct validity was positively correlated with life satisfaction domain of Subjective Welfare Scale and the divergent construct validity had a significant relationship with sociodemographic obstetric characteristics. The reliability of the Portuguese version of Mother`s Wellness during Childbirth was adequate for internal consistency observed with Cronbach\'s alpha value (0.93). Conclusion: Portuguese version of Mother`s Wellness during Childbirth is valid and reliable for this studied sample.

Introdução: A qualidade dos registros de enfermagem é imprescindível para documentar as necessidades dos pacientes/usuários no processo saúde-doença nas diferentes dimensões do cuidado. Objetivo geral: Avaliar a qualidade dos registros do processo de enfermagem (PE) no prontuário eletrônico de pacientes admitidos nas unidades de internação (clínica e cirúrgica), em um hospital oncológico e de ensino, no Município de São Paulo. Método: Estudo quantitativo, exploratório, descritivo e documental. A casuística compôs-se de 246 prontuários eletrônicos, selecionados por amostragem probabilística, aleatória simples e proporcional. Os dados foram coletados entre outubro e dezembro de 2015, mediante um formulário, contendo os registros relativos ao PE no prontuário eletrônico: avaliação inicial, exame físico, diagnóstico, evolução, prescrição e anotação de enfermagem. Os atributos preenchimento, representado pela presença ou ausência dos registros e a completude por completo, parcialmente completo e incompleto foram avaliados. A análise dos dados foi realizada, empregando-se a estatística descritiva e inferencial, com significância de 5%. Resultados: A conformidade geral quanto ao preenchimento dos registros correspondeu a 85% e a completude, 15,4%. Na avaliação da conformidade relativa aos seis itens, a maior conformidade de preenchimento envolveu a evolução e a anotação de enfermagem (100%), e a de completude foi a prescrição de enfermagem (82,5%). Os piores índices de conformidade relativos ao preenchimento ocorreram na avaliação inicial (86,2%) e de completude, no exame físico (48,8%). Nas unidades da oncoclínica e oncocirúrgica, a maior conformidade de preenchimento foi na evolução e na anotação de enfermagem (100%), e de completude, a prescrição de enfermagem (84,7% na oncoclínica e 80,5% na oncocirúrgica). Os piores percentuais, quanto ao preenchimento nas unidades, foram na avaliação inicial (83,9% na oncoclínica e 88,3% na oncocirúrgica), e de completude ocorreram no exame físico (54,2% na oncoclínica e 43,8% na oncocirúrgica). Na comparação entre as unidades, os itens da avaliação inicial, envolvendo os registros de queda e cuidador, e o registro de dor na evolução de enfermagem apresentaram baixos índices de conformidade, com diferença estatisticamente significativa, valor de p<0,001. Conclusão: Os achados evidenciaram elevados índices de conformidade na presença dos registros de enfermagem, porém, uma certa fragilidade na dimensão qualitativa desses documentos, frente aos percentuais encontrados na completude. Outrossim, ratificaram a importância do monitoramento e da avaliação desses registros, para implementar ações de aprimoramento, visando maiores índices de conformidade no prontuário eletrônico. / Introduction: The quality of nursing records is essential to document the needs of patients/users in the health-disease process in different dimensions of care. General Objective: To evaluate the quality of the records of the nursing process (NP) in electronic medical records of patients admitted to inpatient units (clinical and surgical), in an oncological and teaching hospital in São Paulo. Method: Quantitative, exploratory, descriptive, and documentary study. The casuistry consisted of 246 electronic medical records, selected by probabilistic sampling, simple random and proportional. Data were collected between October and December 2015, using a form containing records relating to the NP in the electronic medical record: initial assessment, physical examination, diagnosis, evolution, prescription and nursing records. The filling attributes, represented by the presence or absence of records and the absolute completeness, partially complete and incomplete were evaluated. The data analysis was performed, using descriptive and inferential statistics, with 5% significance. Results: The overall compliance as the fulfillment of the records corresponded to 85% and completeness to 15.4%. In conformity assessment on the six items, most fillings involved the evolution and nursing records (100%), and the completion was the nursing prescription (82.5%). The worst compliance rates were for the filling occurred at baseline (86.2%) and completeness, physical examination (48.8%). In units of oncologic clinics and oncologic surgeries, the highest compliance was filling in the evolution and nursing records (100%), and completeness, the nursing prescription (84.7% in oncologic clinics and 80.5% in oncologic surgeries). The worst percentage, as to whether the units were at baseline (83.9% in oncologic clinics and 88.3% in oncologic surgeries), and completion took place on physical examination (54.2% in oncologic clinics and 43.8% in oncologic surgeries). Comparing the units, the items of the initial evaluation, involving the loss of records and caregiver, and the pain in nursing evolution showed low levels of compliance with a statistically significant difference, p <0.001. Conclusion: The results show high levels of compliance in the presence of nursing records, however, a certain fragility in the qualitative dimension of these documents, compared to the percentage of completion. Furthermore, ratified the importance of monitoring and evaluation of these records, to implement improvement actions aimed at increased compliance rates of electronic medical records.

Orientadores: Stela Márcia Pereira, Gláucia Maria Bovi Ambrosano / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T01:39:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Menezes_LauradeFreitas_M.pdf: 1056891 bytes, checksum: 7814a88405461b90fc450386cd1c516b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este estudo seccional investigou o impacto dos Centros de Especialidades Odontológicas (CEOs) nos indicadores de procedimentos da atenção secundária no Estado de São Paulo, bem como sua relação com variáveis econômicas. A amostra contou com os 645 municípios do estado, divididos segundo a presença e ausência dos CEOs, no ano de 2009. As variáveis dependentes analisadas foram os procedimentos de endodontia, periodontia e cirurgia oral menor e as variáveis independentes selecionadas foram cobertura dos Centros de Especialidades, renda per capita e PIB per capita. A análise estatística dos dados foi feita através de teste Qui-quadrado e regressão logística múltipla, ajustada para a co-variável porte municipal. Como resultado, observou-se que os municípios que têm CEO apresentaram um maior número de procedimentos quando comparados aos que não o possuem (p<0,0001). A presença do CEO (p=0,0001; OR:49,06); (p<0,0001; OR:9,59); (p<0,0001; OR:26,39) foi considerada determinante para o maior número de procedimentos clínicos de Endodontia, Periodontia e Cirurgia Oral Menor, respectivamente. Pode-se concluir que os Centros de Especialidades Odontológicas impactaram, de forma substancial, o acesso aos serviços de atenção secundária no estado de São Paulo, independente do porte municipal / Abstract: This cross-sectional study investigated the impact of Specialized Dental Clinics (SDC) on indicators of secondary care procedures in the state of São Paulo, as well as its relation to economic variables. The sample consisted of the 645 municipalities in the state, with and without SDC in 2009. The dependent variables analyzed were endodontics, periodontics and minor oral surgery procedures and independent variables selected were specialized coverage, per capita income and per capita GDP. The statistical analysis was performed using chi-square test and multiple logistic regression, adjusted for covariate municipal size. Results showed that counties with SDC presented greater number of procedures when compared with those who do not have (p <0.0001). The presence of the SDC (p = 0.0001, OR = 49.06) (p <0.0001, OR: 9.59), (p <0.0001, OR: 26.39) was considered decisive for the largest number of clinical procedures of Endodontics, Periodontics and Minor Oral Surgery, respectively. In conclusion, Specialized Dental Clinics impacted access to secondary care services in the state of São Paulo, regardless of municipal size / Mestrado / Odontologia em Saude Coletiva / Mestra em Odontologia em Saúde Coletiva

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:49:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LILIAN MOURA DE LIMA.pdf: 1272342 bytes, checksum: e6c136314886322d6aa38853685abd38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-07 / Household contacts of index cases tuberculosis have an increased risk of developing the disease due to the closeness and the time duration of exposure to the bacillus. For this reason the evaluation of these individuals is decisive to controlling the disease, since the early diagnosis and timely treatment stop the transmission chain of the disease reflecting on the reduction of incidence rates. To this purpose there are protocols and targets proposed by the World Health Organization in which the health services should be based in the proper evaluation of the contacts. The study aimed investigate the health services that diagnosticate tuberculosis in Pelotas in relation to the service offered to household contacts of the index case. It consists of a descriptive, quantitative and transversal cut study linked to the multicentric project entitled "Delay in the diagnosis of tuberculosis: analysis of causes in different regions of Brazil". The study sample was composed of 85 index cases of tuberculosis interviewed in the origin study in Pelotas and their 163 household contacts. The collection of these data took place between July and December 2009 in the control of tuberculosis program in Pelotas and the collection of medical records has occurred in January 2011 in this same service. It was used the database research of the multicentric study and it was built a database in Excel software with the data from medical records. The analysis of data was performed using descriptive statistics. The results show that attention to tuberculosis in Pelotas need to be rethought with the of involving primary care in the evaluation of household contacts in order to facilitate early diagnosis, appropriate clinical evaluation of contacts and interruption of transmission chain of TB in appropriate time. / Os contatos intradomiciliares dos casos índices de tuberculose têm risco aumentado de desenvolver a doença em virtude da proximidade e do tempo de exposição ao bacilo. Por este motivo a avaliação destes indivíduos é determinante para o controle da doença, já que o diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento oportuno interrompem a cadeia de transmissão da doença repercutindo na redução das taxas de incidência. Para tanto existem protocolos e metas propostos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, nos quais, os serviços de saúde devem basear-se na avaliação adequada dos contatos. O estudo objetivou investigar os serviços de saúde que fazem o diagnóstico da tuberculose em Pelotas quanto ao atendimento oferecido aos contatos intradomiciliares do caso índice. Constitui-se de um estudo descritivo, quantitativo de corte transversal, vinculado ao projeto multicêntrico intitulado Retardo no diagnóstico da tuberculose: análise das causas nas diferentes regiões do Brasil . A amostra do estudo foi composta por 85 casos índices de tuberculose entrevistados no estudo de origem em Pelotas e seus 163 contatos intradomiciliares. A coleta destes dados deu-se entre julho e dezembro de 2009 no programa de controle da tuberculose de Pelotas e a etapa de coleta do prontuário em janeiro de 2011, neste mesmo serviço. Utilizou-se o banco de dados da pesquisa do estudo multicêntrico e com os dados do prontuário construiu-se um banco no software Excel. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio da estatística descritiva. Os resultados evidenciam que a atenção a tuberculose em Pelotas necessita ser repensada no intuito de envolver a atenção primária na avaliação dos contatos intradomiciliares, visando facilitar o diagnóstico precoce, a avaliação clínica adequada dos contatos e a interrupção da cadeia de transmissão da TB em tempo oportuno.

M.Cur. / Occupational health nurses are qualified registered nurses with a post-graduate qualification in occupational health nursing as a specialised discipline, and provide the basic healthcare aspect of the occupational health programme. Their most important activity is to identify and assess the health hazard risks in the workplace. Health risk assessments are conducted by occupational health nurses to determine all the stresses, e.g. hazardous chemicals, vibration, insufficient lighting, noise exposure and thermal exposure, which may affect employees‟ health and working efficiency. The researcher conducted audits and, over a period of time, observed that 85% (n=23) of occupational health nurses in different settings conduct health risk assessments only to a certain extent. The following questions were raised: To what extent do occupational health nurses conduct health risk assessments? What are the possible reasons for them conducting the health risk assessments only to a certain extent, or not at all? What can be done to improve this? The purpose of this study was thus to explore and describe the extent to which occupational health nurses conduct health risk assessments; and the possible reasons for not conducting them or conducting them only to a certain extent. Guidelines were developed to assist occupational health nurses in conducting health risk assessments. A quantitative, descriptive design was used in this study. A sampling frame was developed from a list of all the members of the South African Society of Occupational Health Nursing Practitioners (SASOHN) in Gauteng. From the target population of occupational health nurses in Gauteng, a systematic cluster sampling method was used. A developed questionnaire was distributed by mail and e-mails, and reminders were sent by the researcher to the respondents (Burns & Grove, 2006). The researcher ensured validity and reliability throughout the study by means of theoretical review, content securing and statistical assistance (Burns & Grove, 2006). Ethical standards of the right to self-determination, right to privacy, right to confidentiality and autonomy, right to fair treatment and right to protection from discomfort and harm were adhered to. The findings revealed that the occupational health nurse is a mature, predominately female experienced practitioner who operates on behalf of a disproportionably large number of employees. Four factors influencing these nurses in conducting a health risk assessment to a certain extent were identified: competence, ignorance about the role of the occupational health nurse, workload and attitude. The researcher formulated guidelines to assist practising occupational health nurses to conduct health risk assessments.

Increasing prevalence and severity of undergraduate psychopathology, combined with heightened burden on college campus counseling centers and the potential for sustained distress and self-harm, has necessitated comprehensive, vertically integrated on-campus mental health services. Initiatives include preventive interventions that: 1) foster resilience and adaptive coping, 2) ameliorate sub-threshold symptoms of pathology as secondary prevention, and 3) foster well-being and meaningful student experiences for greater fulfillment and thriving. A growing body of supportive data has led to some expansion of mental health and wellness services on college campuses, including the use of spiritually integrated mind-body practices to promote well-being. While college campuses’ wellness initiatives show promise, structured spiritual-mind-body (SMB) interventions have yet to be formally tested in either open or controlled clinical trials. The primary aim of this open-trial pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of an eight-session SMB-integrated wellness intervention, Awakened Awareness for Adolescents (AA-A), adapted specifically for late adolescent (ages 18 - 25) college students from Awakened Awareness for adults (AA) to support spiritual development and individuation. A secondary aim was to obtain preliminary data on changes in undergraduate students’ mental health and spiritual well-being across the AA-A intervention. Participants consisted of 77 non-clinically-referred undergraduates aged 18 - 24, who attended an average of M = 5.75 (SD = 1.42) out of the eight sessions. Measures included common psychopathology symptoms, spiritual well-being, psychological, and psychosocial variables using validated self-report assessments. Additionally, we explored the effect of spiritual well-being variables’ change scores as predictors of post-AA-A psychopathology symptom scores, controlling for pretest symptom scores. Differential effects between participants with high and low baseline depression symptoms were examined on outcome measures. Preliminary findings support the feasibility and acceptability of the AA-A intervention for college student’s mental health and spiritual well-being. Results include significant reductions in depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptoms, and significant improvements in numerous spiritual well-being, psychological, and psychosocial variables. Further, a recovery process from high rates of PTS symptomatology and spiritual decline may be initiated by SMB interventions that foster enhanced spiritual perception and build awareness of personal and relational spirituality.

Mistreatment experienced by women delivering in healthcare institutions is a concerning pattern reproduced and normalized in health systems globally, causing widespread harm. Women’s reports and observations of childbirth practices in institutions have revealed that disturbing proportions of deliveries are characterized by indignity, humiliation, and neglect. The enormity of the problem constitutes a social catastrophe, as potentially hundreds of thousands are affected daily at a profoundly important moment of personal, family, and social life. Growing global concern has elicited research on mistreatment’s prevalence and characteristics, with limited attention to developing explanatory theory. The observed patterns indicate that mistreatment is systemic; therefore, social theory is required to understand why mistreatment persists, despite official norms that prohibit mistreatment and promulgate respectful care. Diane Vaughan’s normalization of organizational deviance theory from organizational sociology, emerged from studies of how things go wrong in organizations. The theory posits that organizational structures and processes are distorted due to resource scarcity combined with production pressures resulting in normalized organizational deviance in daily micro-level transactions. Furthermore, regulatory systems are unable to capture and mitigate the problem. Vaughan’s multi-level framework provided an opportunity for analogical cross-case comparison to elaborate theory on mistreatment as normalized organizational deviance.To elaborate the theory, the Tanzanian public health system in the period of 2010-2015 was selected as a case because it was the site of a seminal study to measure the prevalence of mistreatment, explore its causes, and develop and test interventions to reduce its occurrence. My participation in designing and conducting this study provided understanding of the phenomenon which formed the foundation of this dissertation. Novel theory was first elaborated through a systematic review of literature on maternal health care and the government health system in Tanzania. A broad Scopus search identified 4,068 articles published on the health system and maternal health in Tanzania of which 122 were selected. Data was extracted using a framework based on the theory and reviews of mistreatment in healthcare. Relationships and patterns emerged through comparative analysis across concepts and system levels and then were compared with Vaughan’s theory and additional organizational theories, resulting in a nascent theory. A qualitative theory-driven approach was then applied to verify and expand the nascent theory using qualitative exploratory data from the study in Tanzania described above. The data included eight focus group discussions and 37 in-depth interviews involving 91 individuals representing community and health system stakeholders. Data were analyzed deductively and inductively using the theory’s framework while allowing for emergent constructs. Analysis based on the literature review revealed that normalized scarcity at the macro-level combined with production pressures that emphasized biomedical care and imbalanced power-dependence on limited financial sources altered values, structures, and processes in the health system. Meso-level actors strove to achieve production goals with limited autonomy and insufficient resources, resulting in workarounds and informal rationing. Biomedical care was prioritized, and emotion work was rationed in provider interactions with women, which many women experienced as disrespect. The nascent theory developed through literature review was largely supported by the qualitative data, while providing further nuance and elucidating new components. Moral distress, which occurs when one knows the right thing to do but is prevented from taking the right action due to institutional constraints, emerged as an important systems effect of organizational dysfunction. In addition, the qualitative data revealed that managers coped with dual roles as both managers and providers and that the service interaction includes families, not solely providers, women, and newborns. The challenges in the regulatory environment also were clarified, highlighting that monitoring and observing mistreatment was hindered due to structural secrecy and the nature of mistreatment. The nascent theory revealed the importance of emotional labor and emotion work in understanding mistreatment. Emotional labor has been widely acknowledged as an important aspect of healthcare provision, especially for a positive patient experience; yet there has been limited attention to emotion work as the underlying effort required to provide respectful maternity care and prevent mistreatment. Qualitative data from the exploratory formative research were further analyzed to explore the characteristics of emotion work. 22 interviews and 3 focus groups with 44 maternity providers from different levels of care provision in two districts were analyzed using thematic analysis combined with affinity diagramming. Six key themes were identified that provide a deeper understanding of the emotion work required of maternity providers, including 1) expected to love and care for patients; 2) controlling emotions; 3) managing patient expectations in the face of system shortages; 4) providers are human beings too; 5) nurses are perceived as harsh; and 6) limited system support for emotion work. The themes and corresponding sub-themes highlight that the nature of childbirth care, the context, and gender norms influence the ability to exert emotion work and thus provide respectful care. Emotion work was expected but good performance was unacknowledged by the system. Additional resources are required, not only to ensure the most basic of resources to provide quality of care, but to ensure sufficient organizational support to address the emotional demands of providers. Systems need to acknowledge the extra effort required for emotion work and support and train providers to provide this care, as well as help them to manage difficult emotions that they experience due to the nature of their work. Analogical comparison with another case of organizational deviance enabled a novel approach to elaborate theory. Normalization of organizational deviance proved useful for understanding mistreatment. This theory and others from organizational sociology that explore why things go wrong in organizations may be relevant for other areas of persistent systems failure and underperformance. Further theory testing in different contexts and types of health systems is needed to understand the generalizability of the nascent theory and advance its development. In addition, many of the constructs, such as emotional labor and moral distress, have not been widely applied in low- and middle-income settings and require deeper study. This theory reveals the systemic factors driving mistreatment and can guide the identification of system leverage points to transform health systems towards ensuring a respectful experience during childbirth for women and their newborns. Ensuring that adequate resources are provided to achieve targets is essential, but organizational support to address the emotional demands of providers must also be provided. These changes will ease the burden among providers and managers struggling to provide care in under-resourced health systems. The extra effort required for emotion work should be acknowledged and appropriate training provided, as well as support for providers to manage the difficult emotions that they experience due to the nature of their work. The findings may also have implications beyond childbirth, as the theory highlights the conditions that may lead to burnout and poor mental health among providers, an ongoing problem worldwide that was exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.

A wide range of people are interested in how local factors influence patient choice among hospitals. Administrators need to know why patients are admitted to their hospitals so they can develop more sophisticated marketing of their services in an increasingly competitive environment. Planners concerned with issues of patient accessibility need know the geographic patterns of hospital use To meet these needs, it becomes necessary to develop methods to estimate the probability that patients will be admitted to a particular hospital using models that incorporate location and size of competing hospitals. In this paper, the focus of econometric investigation and prediction is the probability that a patient will select e particular hospital. Four different service areas were delineated and studied in West Virginia to test the Huff Consumer Spatial Behavior model for estimating demand at four hospitals that may be facing closure. It was found that through application of the Huff model that in a small system of hospitals and patients, each patient location (i.e., zip code) will send patients to nearly every hospital. The model predicted sufficient demand for two of the four hospitals studied. Conventional methodologies were then compared to the Huff model. The model did not test for financial feasibility of any of the facilities nor did the model adequately address the issue of how patients select a particular facility. / Master of Science

Estudo exploratório-descritivo, com o objetivo de analisar a satisfação dos usuários de uma Unidade de Saúde da Família do município de Ribeirão Preto - SP sob a perspectiva da responsividade. O cenário da pesquisa se constituiu em uma USF do Distrito Oeste do município, selecionada por meio de sorteio. A coleta de dados por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas seguiu um roteiro baseado nas dimensões da responsividade e se estendeu de setembro 2010 a janeiro de 2011. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram usuários das famílias atendidas pela USF, sendo selecionados considerando a utilização da USF por pelo menos um membro da família nos últimos 6 meses. Foram realizadas 43 entrevistas uma vez que se verificou a saturação dos dados em seu conjunto com este total de entrevistas. A análise dos dados realizada mediante análise temática identificou 4 grandes temas: 1) O ambiente da unidade de saúde, onde apesar da insatisfação pela falta de conservação e cuidado com o espaço físico da USF, os usuários indicam que isto pouco interfere na qualidade da assistência prestada. Entretanto, a degradação do ambiente é visto como falta de recursos e descuido da administração pública, e também, descaso da equipe em conservar e tornar o serviço de saúde um ambiente mais propício ao cuidado; 2) O acesso e seus componentes de acessibilidade - favorecendo à responsividade?, com a presença de distintos aspectos da acessibilidade que podem gerar satisfação e/ou insatisfação ao usuário. Ao trazerem a escassez de tecnologias leve-duras e duras no processamento do atendimento, os usuários apontam que a USF é um serviço de saúde pobre, que dispõe de pouca tecnologia, pouca complexidade, pouca capacitação do pessoal; 3) Possibilidades da construção da relação usuário - equipe - serviço de saúde, evidenciando dimensões da responsividade que se fazem presentes na relação do usuário com os serviços de saúde, mediada por uma equipe que necessita ter instrumentos para ler as necessidades de saúde do usuário e programar ações que permitam a expressão de: liberdade e participação do usuário nas decisões sobre a sua saúde ou sobre as alternativas que lhe são colocadas para seu acompanhamento. Estas dimensões dizem respeito à confiança, o vínculo necessário, a acolhida pela equipe, comunicação que permite o entendimento, a escolha por uma segunda opinião; 4) A equipe da USF - processando a assistência e acolhimento, sendo trazido na análise dos dados que os usuários consideram os profissionais da equipe de saúde acolhedores e comprometimentos com o cuidado à saúde e asseguram que as pessoas se sintam amparadas, assistidas e confiantes nas condutas prescritas, nas orientações ofertadas, possibilitando a construção ou ampliação do vínculo usuários-serviço de saúde. Conclui-se que os aspectos da responsividade contribuem na avaliação do cuidado prestado na Saúde da Família possibilitando um planejamento mais adequado e próximo às necessidades dos usuários, permitindo a análise dos serviços de saúde para ofertar uma assistência que satisfaça as expectativas da população e proporcione que as pessoas tenham seus direitos de cidadãos e de usuários do sistema de saúde respeitados. / This exploratory and descriptive study aimed to analyze the satisfaction of users who are assisted in a Family Health Unit of the city of Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, Brazil from the perspective of responsiveness. The research was carried out in a Family Health Unit of the Western District of the city, selected by lot. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, followed a script based on the dimensions of responsiveness, and lasted from September 2010 to January 2011. The subjects were users of the families assisted by the Family Health Unit, being selected if at least one family member had access to the Family Health Unit in the last 6 months. 43 interviews were conducted since it was verified the saturation of data as a whole with this all interviews. The data analysis was made through thematic analysis, in which four major themes were identified: 1) The environment of the Health Unit, where despite the dissatisfaction with the lack of maintenance and care of the physical space, users indicates that this interferes little in the quality of provided care. However, environmental degradation is seen as lack of resources and negligence of the public administration, and also neglect of the staff in conserving and making the health service an environment propitious for care; 2) Access and its components of accessibility - is it favoring responsiveness?, with the presence of different aspects of accessibility that can generate user satisfaction and/or dissatisfaction. By bringing the shortage of technology soft-hard and hard to the processing of the care, users indicate that the Family Health Unit is a poor health service, which offers low-tech, low complexity, and little staff training; 3) Possibilities of construction of the relationship user - team - health service, showing dimensions of responsiveness that are present in the user\'s relationship with health services, mediated by a team that has to have tools to know about the health needs of the user and program actions that allow the expression of freedom and user participation in decisions on his/her health or on the alternatives to his/her monitoring. These dimensions are relate to trust, necessary link, welcome by the team, communication that allows the understanding, choice for a second opinion; 4) The Family Health Unit team - providing care and reception, the data analysis showed that users consider the health professional team friendly and committed with health care and ensure that people feel supported, assisted and confident in the prescribed conduct and offered guidelines, allowing the construction or expansion of the bond health service-users. It was concluded that aspects of responsiveness contribute to the evaluation of care provided in the Family Health allowing a more appropriate planning and closer to the needs of users, which permit the health services to offer a service that meets the expectations of the population and provide that people have their rights respected as citizens and users of the health system.