Viele Anwendungen der Hochtemperatur-Supraleitung arbeiten vorteilhaft im Temperaturbereich zwischen 30 - 50 K. Für diesen Temperaturbereich existieren nur wenige geeignete Kältemaschinen mit kleiner Kälteleistung (1-2 W) u. gutem Wirkungsgrad. Neon ist aufgrund seiner Stoffeigenschaften ein hervorragendes Kältemittel für diesen Temperaturbereich, wie z.B. anhand einer realisierten Joule-Thomson (JT) Demonstrationsanlage deutlich wird. Als Ergebnis einer Prozessanalyse wird ein Kreislauf vorgestellt, der speziell den Eigenschaften von Neon angepasst ist. Durch die Überlagerung von Wärmeübertragung u. arbeitsleistender Expansion sowie der Einbeziehung einer JT-Stufe kann auch mit wenig effizienten Komponenten ein vergleichsweise hoher Gütegrad erreicht werden. Durch die Integration von Wärmeübertragerflächen in eine Kolbenexpansionsmaschine wird ein neues Konzept vorgeschlagen, um Kälte in einem großen Temperaturbereich in vielen Expansionsschritten zu erzeugen, ohne dafür viele Expander zu verwenden. Diese Einheit wird als Wärmeübertrager-Expander (WE) bezeichnet. Mit einem Arbeitsraum in konischer Grundform wird der Wärmeübergangskoeffizient günstig gestaltet u. die Wärmeübergangsfläche vergrößert. Mehrere Versuchsmaschinen wurden untersucht. Anhand der Versuche konnten die wesentlichen Verlustquellen u. Problembereiche identifiziert werden. Es wurde im Rahmen der Versuchsbedingungen nachgewiesen, dass für das vorgesehene Druckverhältnis eine nahe isotherme Expansion u. Kompression möglich ist. Es werden Möglichkeiten zur Verringerung der Längswärmeleitung vorgestellt. Zwei Simulationsprogramme wurden verwendet. Mit Hilfe des Wärmeübertrager-Programms wurden die Wärmeübertragungsvorgänge unter Berücksichtigung der Längswärmeleitung simuliert. Hierbei geht die Expansionsarbeit als stationäre Wärmesenke ein. Der im Ergebnis vorliegende stationäre Temperaturverlauf ist die Grundlage für die Berechnung der Expansionsarbeit unter Berücksichtigung der Realgaseigenschaften im Expander-Programm. Für die Neon-Tieftemperaturvariante wurde eine Grundvariante des WE definiert. Anhand dieser wurde mit Hilfe der Programme der Einfluss verschiedener Parameter auf Kälteleistung u. Gütegrad untersucht. Der WE wird als Teil des beschriebenen Prozesses mit einer JT-Stufe betrachtet. Die Kälteleistung weist sowohl in Abhängigkeit vom Massestrom als auch vom Hub ein Maximum auf. Der Shuttle-Verlust verschiebt durch Wärmetransport mittels des Kolbens die effektive Kälteleistung zu kleineren Hüben. Die durch die Güte (NTU) des JT-Wärmeübertragers bestimmte Eintrittstemperatur des Niederdruckstroms in den WE hat einen großen Einfluss auf die Kälteleistung. Mit steigender Eintrittstemperatur steigen der NTU-Wert für den Arbeitsraum u. somit auch die Kälteleistung. Das Maximum der Kälteleistung stimmt nicht mit dem Optimum für den Gütegrad überein. Der Gütegrad strebt mit sinkenden Masseströmen einem Optimum zu. Durch den zunehmenden Einfluss der Längswärmeleitung u. begrenzt durch die Minimalfüllung der Maschine aufgrund des Schadraumes ergibt sich ein Optimum. Der Einfluss des Massestroms ist entscheidend. Als untergeordnete Größen beeinflussen die Eintrittstemperatur des Niederdruckstroms u. der Hub den optimalen Gütegrad. Der Einfluss der Längswärmeleitung auf Kälteleistung u. Gütegrad wird exemplarisch anhand von vergleichenden Rechnungen gezeigt. Konkret kann für einen Eintrittsdruck von 200 bar, einen Austrittsdruck von 60 bar bei einer Eintrittstemperatur des Niederdruckstroms von 80 K für die Grundvariante eine maximale effektive Kälteleistung von 1,3 W mit einem Massestrom von 0,22 g/ s bei einem Hub von ca. 17 mm ausgewiesen werden. Der effektive Gütegrad für diese Bedingungen beträgt ca. 14%. Kommerzielle Split-Stirlingkühler erreichen bei 42 K einstufig Gütegrade von ca. 7%. Mit der vorgeschlagenen Konfiguration wird ein Konzept vorgestellt, das trotz technologisch offener Fragen das Gütegradniveau bekannter Kryokühler übertreffen kann. / Many applications of high temperature superconductivity are working advantageously within a temperature range between 30 K and 50 K. But for this temperature range only few suitable cryocooler with small refrigerating capacity (1-2 W) and good efficiency exist.Due to its properties Neon is an excellent refrigerant for this temperature level as an example with realised Joule-Thomson plant shows. A process analysis results in the presented cycle which is especially adapted to the properties of Neon. By combination of heat exchange and work extracting expansion and integration of a Joule-Thomson stage a high efficiency could be reached in spite of less efficient components.By arranging heat exchanger surfaces into a piston expansion machine a new concept is suggested to produce refrigeration in a large temperature range with a lot of expansion steps with reduced number of expanders. This unit is referred hereinafter to as heat exchanger-expander.The conical shaped working space results in an increase of the heat transfer coefficient and the heat transfer area.Several test machines were investigated. By means of testing the main loss sources and critical zones could be identified. The test results prove the opportunity of a near isothermal expansion and compression for the specified pressure ratio.Options to reduce the axial heat conduction are presented.Two simulation programs were utilised. Using the heat exchanger program the heat transfer is simulated in consideration of the axial heat conduction. Thereby the expansion work is considered as a stationary heat sink. The resulting stationary temperature pattern is the base for the expansion work calculation using the real gas properties in the expander program. Referring to the defined basic neon low temperature application the influence of different parameters on refrigerating capacity and efficiency was researched with the programs. The heat exchanger-expander is part of the described process with a Joule-Thomson stage. The refrigerating capacity shows a maximum depending as well from the mass flow as from the stroke. In result of the shuttle loss smaller strokes lead to better capacity due to heat transport with the piston.The inlet temperature of the low pressure flow influenced by the quality (NTU) of the Joule-Thomson heat exchanger has a large influence on the refrigerating capacity. With increasing inlet temperature the number of transfer units (NTU) for the fluid in the working volume increases and so the refrigerating capacity, too. The location of refrigerating capacity maximum and efficiency optimum is different. While decreasing mass flow efficiency is increasing to an optimum caused by the increased influence of axial heat conduction but limited by the minimum charge of the machine due to the dead space. The influence of the mass flow is dominating. As lower range values the inlet temperature of the low pressure flow and the stroke are influencing the optimal efficiency. The influence of axial heat conduction on refrigerating capacity and efficiency is shown using comparing calculations.For an inlet pressure of 200 bar, an outlet pressure of 60 bar, an inlet temperature of the low pressure flow of 80 K, a mass flow of 0,22 g/ s and a stroke of about 17 mm for the basic version of heat exchanger-expander a maximal effective refrigerating capacity of 1,3 We could be shown. The effective efficiency therefore is 14 %. Current commercial split Stirling cryocooler reach with single stage operation efficiencies of about 7 % at 42 K. The suggested configuration represents a concept that could be able to master the efficiency level of known cryocooler.

No description available.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho apresenta uma estimativa a priori para o limite superior da distribuição de temperatura considerando um problema em regime permanente em um corpo com uma condutividade térmica dependente da temperatura. A discussão é realizada supondo que as condições de contorno são lineares (lei de Newton do resfriamento) e que a condutividade térmica é constante por partes (quando considerada como uma função da temperatura). Estas estimativas consistem em uma ferramenta poderosa que pode prescindir da necessidade de uma simulação numérica cara de um problema de transferência de calor não linear, sempre que for suficiente conhecer o valor mais alto de temperatura. Nestes casos, a metodologia proposta neste trabalho é mais eficaz do que as aproximações usuais que assumem tanto a condutividade térmica quanto as fontes de calor como constantes. / This article presents an a priori upper bound estimate for the steady-state temperature distribution in a body with a temperature-dependent thermal conductivity. The discussion is carried out assuming linear boundary conditions (Newton law of cooling) and a piecewise constant thermal conductivity (when regarded as a function of the temperature). These estimates consist of a powerful tool that may circumvent an expensive numerical simulation of a nonlinear heat transfer problem, whenever it suffices to know the highest temperature value. In these cases the methodology proposed in this work is more effective than the usual approximations that assume thermal conductivities and heat sources as constants.

Optically-transparent solids have a significant role in many emerging topics of fundamental and applied research, in areas related to Applied Optics and Photonics. In the functional devices based on them, the presence of ‘time-varying temperature fields’ critically limit their achievable performance, when used particularly for high power laser-related tasks such as light-generation, light-amplification, nonlinear-harmonic conversion etc. For optimization of these devices, accurate knowledge of the material thermal parameters is essential. Many optical and non-optical methods are currently in use, for the reliable estimation of the thermal parameters. The thermal diffusivity is a key parameter for dealing with ‘transient heat transport’ related problems. Although its importance in practical design for thermal management is well understood, its physical meaning however continues to be esoteric. The present effort concerns with a few investigations on the “Optical interrogation of ‘transient thermal conduction’ in dielectric solids”. In dielectric solids, the current understanding is that the conductive heat transport occurs only through phonons relevant to microscopic lattice vibrations. Introducing for the first time, a virtual linear translator motion as the basis for heat conduction in dielectric materials, the present investigation discusses an alternative physical mechanism and a new analytical model for the transient heat conduction in dielectric solids. The model brings into limelight a ‘new law of motion’ and a ‘new quantity’ which can be defined at every point in the material, through which time-varying heat flows resulting in time-varying temperature. Physically, this quantity is a measure for the linear translatory motion resulting from transient heat conduction. For step-temperature excitation it bears a simple algebraic relation to the thermal diffusivity of the material. This relationship helps to define the thermal diffusivity of a dielectric solid as the “translatory motion speed” measured at unit distance from the heat source. A novel two-beam interferometric technique is proposed and corroborated the proposed concept with significant advantages. Two new approaches are introduced to estimate thermal diffusivity of optically transparent dielectric solid; first of them involves measurement of the position dependent velocity of isothermal surface and second one depend on the measurement of position dependent instantaneous velocity of normalized moving intensity points. A ‘new mechanism’ is proposed and demonstrated to visualize, monitor and interrogate optically, the ‘linear translatory motion’ resulting from the transient heat flow due to step- temperature excitation. Two new approaches are introduced, first one is ‘mark’ and ‘track’ approach, it involves a new interaction between sample supporting unsteady heat flow with its ambient and produces optical mark. Thermal diffusivity is estimated by tracking the optical mark. Second one involves measurement of instantaneous velocity of optical mark for different step-temperature at a fixed location to estimate thermal diffusivity. A new inverse method is proposed to estimate thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity from the volumetric specific heat capacity alone through thought experiment. A new method is proposed to predict volumetric specific heat capacity more accurately from thermal diffusivity.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho apresenta uma estimativa a priori para o limite superior da distribuição de temperatura considerando um problema em regime permanente em um corpo com uma condutividade térmica dependente da temperatura. A discussão é realizada supondo que as condições de contorno são lineares (lei de Newton do resfriamento) e que a condutividade térmica é constante por partes (quando considerada como uma função da temperatura). Estas estimativas consistem em uma ferramenta poderosa que pode prescindir da necessidade de uma simulação numérica cara de um problema de transferência de calor não linear, sempre que for suficiente conhecer o valor mais alto de temperatura. Nestes casos, a metodologia proposta neste trabalho é mais eficaz do que as aproximações usuais que assumem tanto a condutividade térmica quanto as fontes de calor como constantes. / This article presents an a priori upper bound estimate for the steady-state temperature distribution in a body with a temperature-dependent thermal conductivity. The discussion is carried out assuming linear boundary conditions (Newton law of cooling) and a piecewise constant thermal conductivity (when regarded as a function of the temperature). These estimates consist of a powerful tool that may circumvent an expensive numerical simulation of a nonlinear heat transfer problem, whenever it suffices to know the highest temperature value. In these cases the methodology proposed in this work is more effective than the usual approximations that assume thermal conductivities and heat sources as constants.

Submitted by Vasti Diniz (vastijpa@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-18T12:28:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2590482 bytes, checksum: a72ba5c8c44731f3cffe38777111a92d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-18T12:28:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2590482 bytes, checksum: a72ba5c8c44731f3cffe38777111a92d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Aspects of the physics of nematic liquid crystals are studied in this thesis from the viewpoint of riemannian geometry through analogue models of gravitation. The topics chosen for study were: geometric and wave optics, elastic waves, hydrodynamics and heat conduction. The main analogue model used is based on the interpretation of Fermat’s principle as a process to obtain null geodesics, where the liquid crystalline material is seen as a riemannian manifold. This approach predicts that the metric effectively felt by the light ray depends on the configuration of molecules in the liquid crystal and on the parallel and perpendicular refractive indexes to the axis of symmetry of the liquid-cristal molecule. It is known that, for the particular case of the existence of topological defects within the material, effective metric similar to cosmological defects (like global monopoles and cosmic strings) are obtained. This thesis develops itself on the situation where there are topological defects of hedgehog type and (k = 1, c = 0) disclination type in the nematic phase of the liquid crystalline material. The first problem studied, as a review, deals with the wave optics, with respect to the light diffracted by the cited defects. Since plane waves of small wavelength have identical trajectories to light rays, the use of analog model is therefore justified. Thus, we show that light scattered by these defects generates a characteristic diffraction pattern, being the location given by an algebraic expression dependent on the parallel and perpendicular refractive indexes to the axis of symmetry of the molecule. We also show how theses patterns depend on the temperature of the material. The second studied problem deals with the geometrical optics and hydrodynamics of the nematic liquid crystals. From a molecular configuration similar to a (k = 1, c = 0) disclination, we let the material flow radially towards the axis of the defect. Then, using the hydrodynamic fact that velocity gradients in the material locally change the refractive index of the molecule, we find the velocity profile that must exist around the defect so that the metric actually experienced by light traveling in the plane perpendicular to the axis the defect is the Schwarzschild one in the equatorial plane, with the Schwarzschild radius interior to the object. We found that the absolute values of the velocity of liquid crystalline fluid can be order of a few meters per second, differing greatly from the values obtained by Gordon metric for an isotropic fluid under identical conditions. The third studied problem deals with the elastic oscillations in the presence of topological defects. Similarly to the first problem, the trajectory of the sound is obtained by an elastic version of Fermat’s principle and, then, compared with a null geodesic. We show how topological defects influence the sound trajectories and the sound diffracted by them. The fourth problem deals with the heat conduction in the vicinity of defects. Considering that the defects come from an addition or removal of portion of the material, letting the medium relaxes elastically, effective metric of the space disturbed by the defect are found, with expressions similar to those obtained by the analogous model based on Fermat’s principle. These metrics generate a modified thermal conductivity tensor, allowing the study of the temperature field in this situation. We show that, depending on the values of parallel and perpendicular thermal conductivity to the axis of symmetry of the molecule and on the defect in question, the temperature gradient can be accentuated or attenuated on the defect, allowing control of the response thermal temperature of the material, according to the presence of defects. Encouraging a greater understanding of the physics of liquid crystals and its use as a background in analogue models of gravity is the main theme of each analyzed problem. / Aspectos da física dos cristais líquidos nemáticos são estudados nesta tese do ponto de vista da geometria riemannina, por meio de modelos análogos de gravitação. Os tópicos escolhidos para estudo foram: óptica geométrica e ondulatória, ondas elásticas, hidrodinâmica e condução de calor. O principal modelo análogo empregado baseia-se na interpretação do princípio de Fermat como um processo de obtenção de geodésicas nulas, onde o material líquido-cristalino é visto como sendo uma variedade riemanniana. Esta abordagem prevê que a métrica efetivamente sentida pelo raio luminoso dependa da configuração das moléculas dentro do cristal líquido e dos índices de refração paralelo e perpendicular ao eixo de simetria da molécula líquido-cristalina. É sabido que, para o caso especial da existência de defeitos topológicos dentro do material, métricas efetivas semelhantes às de defeitos cosmológicos (como monopolos globais e cordas cósmicas) são obtidas. Esta tese desenrola-se sobre a situação onde existem defeitos topológicos do tipo ouriço e do tipo desclinação (k = 1, c = 0) na fase nemática do material líquido-cristalino. O primeiro problema estudado, em caráter de revisão, trata da óptica ondulatória, no que concerne a difração de luz pelos defeitos citados. Uma vez que ondas planas de comprimento de onda pequeno possuem trajetórias idênticas aos raios luminosos, o emprego do modelo análogo é justificado. Assim, mostramos que a luz espalhada por esses defeitos gera padrões de difração bem característicos, sendo a localização dada por expressão algébrica dependente dos índices de refração paralelo e perpendicular ao eixo de simetria da molécula líquido-cristalina. Também mostramos de que forma esses padrões dependem da temperatura do material. O segundo problema estudado trata da óptica geométrica e da hidrodinâmica dos cristais líquidos nemáticos. A partir de uma configuração de moléculas semelhantes à de uma desclinação (k = 1, c = 0), permitimos que o material flua radialmente na direção do eixo do defeito. Em seguida, fazendo uso do fato hidrodinâmico de que gradientes de velocidade no material modificam localmente os índices de refração da molécula, encontramos o perfil de velocidade que deve existir em torno do defeito para que a métrica efetivamente sentida pela luz, que viaja no plano perpendicular ao eixo do defeito, seja a de Schwarzschild no plano equatorial, com raio de Schwarzschild interior ao objeto. Encontramos que os valores absolutos da velocidade de fluido líquido-cristalino podem ser da ordem de alguns metros por segundo, diferindo enormemente dos valores obtidos pela métrica de Gordon para um fluido isotrópico em condições idênticas. O terceiro problema estudado aborda as oscilações elásticas na presença de defeitos. Semelhantemente ao primeiro problema, a trajetória do som é obtida por uma versão elástica do princípio de Fermat e, então, comparada com uma geodésica nula. Mostramos como defeitos topológicos influenciam nas trajetórias sonoras, assim como no som difratado por eles. O quarto problema trata da condução de calor na vizinhança de defeitos. Considerando que os defeitos são resultantes de uma adição ou remoção de porção de material, dando-se seguimento a uma relaxação elástica do meio, métricas efetivas do espaço perturbado pelo defeito são encontradas, com expressões semelhantes às obtidas pelo modelo análogo baseado no princípio de Fermat. Essas métricas geram um tensor condutividade térmica modificado, dando cabo ao estudo do campo de temperatura nessa situação. Mostramos que, dependendo dos valores da condutividade térmica perpendicular e paralela ao eixo de simetria da molécula líquido-cristalina e do defeito em questão, o gradiente de temperatura pode ser acentuado ou atenuado sobre o defeito, permitindo o controle da resposta térmica do material à temperatura, de acordo com a presença de defeitos. Suscitar um entendimento maior da física dos cristais líquidos e de seu emprego como background em modelos análogos de gravitação é o tema principal de cada um dos problemas analisados.

Um painel sanduíche consiste essencialmente em duas faces, podendo inclusive possuir reforços metálicos e um núcleo formado normalmente por um polímero celular. As faces deste tipo de painel podem estar unidas por um adesivo estrutural, ou por espuma rígida de poliuretano (PU) injetado diretamente sobre os substratos, quando a união ocorrerá naturalmente. A propriedade de maior relevância que o painel sanduíche deve ter para o transporte de cargas congeladas (0ºC a -30ºC) ou refrigeradas (7ºC a 1ºC) é a condutividade térmica (k). Dentro deste contexto o objetivo deste trabalho foi propor e caracterizar painéis sanduíches que possam ser utilizados em câmaras frigoríficas. Este trabalho apresenta as seguintes alternativas para compósito sanduíche: amostra 1 (PRFV/PU/PRFV); amostra 2 (AG/PU/AG); amostra 3 (Frisado/PU/PRFV); e amostra 4 (Al/PU/Al), onde PRFV é poliéster reforçado com fibra de vidro, PU é espuma rígida de poliuretano, AG é aço galvanizado, Frisado é alumínio frisado, e Al é alumínio. Estes painéis foram caracterizados quanto às propriedades físico-mecânicas, térmicas, morfológicas e custo. Foi possível concluir que o sistema (AG/PU/AG) mostrou o melhor custo versus desempenho dentre os compósitos propostos. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-29T19:30:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ana Paola Sartori.pdf: 3882091 bytes, checksum: c7530ac27f11dffba880ed97ee828f31 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-29T19:30:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ana Paola Sartori.pdf: 3882091 bytes, checksum: c7530ac27f11dffba880ed97ee828f31 (MD5) / A sandwich panel consists essentially of two face sheets and may even have metal reinforcements and a core formed, usually by a cellular polymer. The faces of this type of panel may be joined by a structural adhesive or in cases where the core is a rigid polyurethane foam injected directly on the substrates the union will occur naturally. The most relevant property of the sandwich panels for the transport of frozen (0ºC a -30ºC) or chilled (7ºC a 1ºC) cargo is thermal conductivity (k). Within this context the objective of this work is to obtain and characterize sandwich panels which can be used in refrigerated chambers. This work presents four alternatives for composite sandwich, sample 1 (PRFV/PU/PRFV), sample 2 (AG/PU/AG), sample 3 (Al Crimpy/PU/PRFV) and sample 4 (Al /PU/Al), were PRFV is a glass fibre reinforced plastics, PU is a rigid polyurethane, AG is galvanized steel, Al Crimpy is crimpy aluminum and Al is aluminum. These composites were characterized by physicalmechanical, thermal, morphologic and cost. It could be concluded that the AG/PU/AG showed the best cost versus performance.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work proposes a methodology to obtain the transient cutting tool temperature. The physical phenomenon is treated by a three-dimensional analysis. The inverse heat conduction technique is proposed to estimate the generated heat flux on the rake face of the tool. This technique is based on conjugate gradient method with adjoint equation. The machining process is instrumented with thermocouples at the bottom face of the tool, opposite to its main rake face. The signals are automatically received and processed using a data acquisition system and a PC-Pentium. The direct solution is numerically solved using finite volumes method with the heat flux estimated. The experimental data are processed using a computational algorithm developed specifically for inverse heat flux estimation in machining processes. Experimental temperatures are obtained during several cutting tests using cemented carbide and ceramic tools. The influence of the cutting parameters on the temperature distribution is verified. An error analysis of the results is also presented. / O objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma metodologia para a obtenção da distribuição da temperatura na superfície de corte da ferramenta em um processo de usinagem por torneamento. Nesse sentido, o problema térmico de usinagem é caracterizado de maneira bem realista através de uma abordagem tridimensional. Para a obtenção dos campos térmicos na região de corte propõe-se o uso de técnicas de problemas inversos em condução de calor. Assim, a solução do problema térmico é obtida em duas etapas: solução inversa e solução direta. A solução inversa baseia-se no método do gradiente conjugado e da equação adjunta para a estimar o fluxo de calor gerado na região de corte que flui para a ferramenta. Nesse caso, são usados termopares soldados na face oposta da ferramenta que fornecem a informação necessária para que a solução inversa consiga estimar o fluxo de calor. Com a obtenção do fluxo de calor que flui para a ferramenta utiliza-se a solução direta do problema térmico para o cálculo da temperatura na região de corte. A implementação computacional da solução inversa e da solução direta é apresentada sob a forma de um programa de computador intitulado GRAD3D 1.0. Nesse programa, além da solução proposta para o problema térmico de usinagem é possível simular numericamente problemas térmicos correlatos. Testes experimentais unidimensionais e tridimensionais com condições controladas são apresentados para a validação do algoritmo computacional. Nos testes experimentais de usinagem, a aplicabilidade da técnica proposta é avaliada para o processo de usinagem por torneamento de uma barra de ferro fundido cinzento usando-se ferramentas de metal duro (WC) e de cerâmica (Si3N4). Apresenta-se ainda uma análise dos erros que podem estar presentes nos resultados obtidos. / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

The objective of this thesis research is to improve our understanding of the flow obstacle effect on heat transfer at supercritical and high subcritical pressures by experimentally studying the effect of different obstacles on heat transfer in two vertical upward-flow test sections: a 3-rod bundle and an 8 mm ID tube. The heat transfer measurements cover the region of interest of the Canadian Super-critical Water Cooled Reactor (SCWR). A thorough analysis of the obstacle effect on supercritical heat transfer (SCHT) was performed. In the 3-rod bundle, two types of obstacles were employed: wire wraps and low-impact grid spacers. Wire wraps were found to be more effective than grid spacers to enhance the SCHT. In the tubular test section, obstacles appeared to suppress the heat transfer deterioration (HTD) or decrease its severity; obstacles also generally enhanced the SCHT both in the liquid-like and the gas- like region. The experiment in the tubular test section revealed that, at certain flow conditions (low mass flux, low inlet subcooling), flow obstacles can have an adverse impact on the SCHT. A criterion to predict the onset of this adverse effect was developed. At high subcritical pressures, obstacles increased the CHF and reduced the maximum post-CHF temperature. A comparison of the experimental data with prediction methods for the SCHT, single phase heat transfer, CHF and post-dryout heat transfer was performed. Lastly, a new correlation to predict the enhancement in SCHT due to obstacles was developed for heat transfer in the liquid-like and gas-like regions.

Um painel sanduíche consiste essencialmente em duas faces, podendo inclusive possuir reforços metálicos e um núcleo formado normalmente por um polímero celular. As faces deste tipo de painel podem estar unidas por um adesivo estrutural, ou por espuma rígida de poliuretano (PU) injetado diretamente sobre os substratos, quando a união ocorrerá naturalmente. A propriedade de maior relevância que o painel sanduíche deve ter para o transporte de cargas congeladas (0ºC a -30ºC) ou refrigeradas (7ºC a 1ºC) é a condutividade térmica (k). Dentro deste contexto o objetivo deste trabalho foi propor e caracterizar painéis sanduíches que possam ser utilizados em câmaras frigoríficas. Este trabalho apresenta as seguintes alternativas para compósito sanduíche: amostra 1 (PRFV/PU/PRFV); amostra 2 (AG/PU/AG); amostra 3 (Frisado/PU/PRFV); e amostra 4 (Al/PU/Al), onde PRFV é poliéster reforçado com fibra de vidro, PU é espuma rígida de poliuretano, AG é aço galvanizado, Frisado é alumínio frisado, e Al é alumínio. Estes painéis foram caracterizados quanto às propriedades físico-mecânicas, térmicas, morfológicas e custo. Foi possível concluir que o sistema (AG/PU/AG) mostrou o melhor custo versus desempenho dentre os compósitos propostos. / A sandwich panel consists essentially of two face sheets and may even have metal reinforcements and a core formed, usually by a cellular polymer. The faces of this type of panel may be joined by a structural adhesive or in cases where the core is a rigid polyurethane foam injected directly on the substrates the union will occur naturally. The most relevant property of the sandwich panels for the transport of frozen (0ºC a -30ºC) or chilled (7ºC a 1ºC) cargo is thermal conductivity (k). Within this context the objective of this work is to obtain and characterize sandwich panels which can be used in refrigerated chambers. This work presents four alternatives for composite sandwich, sample 1 (PRFV/PU/PRFV), sample 2 (AG/PU/AG), sample 3 (Al Crimpy/PU/PRFV) and sample 4 (Al /PU/Al), were PRFV is a glass fibre reinforced plastics, PU is a rigid polyurethane, AG is galvanized steel, Al Crimpy is crimpy aluminum and Al is aluminum. These composites were characterized by physicalmechanical, thermal, morphologic and cost. It could be concluded that the AG/PU/AG showed the best cost versus performance.