This thesis deals with the processing of an energy audit of the selected building for daily education. The target of this thesis is an evaluation of the current situation of the building, it means the evaluation of the thermal-technical qualities and energy consuption. For the initial state new measures will be suggested to reduce the energy consuption. One of the measures will be a proposal for an alternative way of supplying of the thermal energy, using the thermal pump. These suggested saving measures will be evaluated, including basic economic analysis.

Detta arbete handlar om att med en teoretisk modell kunna beräkna fram de olika mängder värmeförluster som vissa isoleringsmaterial släpper igenom.  Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka om ett specifikt isoleringsmaterial som vanligtvis inte används inom sjöfarten har möjligheten att sänka energin som försvinner igenom isoleringsmaterialen. De metoder som användes är en teoretisk modell som byggdes för att  kunna använda de olika isoleringsmaterialens värmekonduktivitet för sedan kunna beräkna de teoretiska värmeförlusterna. Resultatet visar att aerogel skulle vara lämpligt för användning inom sjöfarten tack vara sina egenskaper och isoleringsförmåga som är mycket bättre än mineralull. / This work is about using a theoretical model to calculate the various amounts of thermal losses that some insulation materials release. The purpose of this work is to investigate whether a specific insulation material that has not been properly tested in shipping has the potential to lower energy that passes through the insulation materials. The methods used are that a theoretical model was built to use the thermal conductivity of different insulation materials in order to calculate the theoretical heat losses. The result shows that aerogel would be suitable for use in shipping thanks to its properties and insulation ability, which is much better than mineral wool.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:31:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoPAFQ_DISSERT.pdf: 588963 bytes, checksum: 5fd8cce22c3bed37458f3c665452d3cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to evaluate the effects of environment on the physiological variables in agouti (Dasyprocta aguti; Linnaeus, 1766) and determine the heat loss by evaporation of this rodent. The respiratory rate had a significant effect (P<0.05) of the sex, with males being those with the highest average. Only age had significant effect (P<0.05) on rectal temperature, with the young exhibiting an average temperature higher than the adults. The right tympanic temperature was affected by sex at a significance level of 5% probability, with females having the higher average temperatures. In different ages and sexes groups, the right tympanic temperature remained above the left tympanic temperature. The temperature of the body surface had a significant effect (P<0.05) of the interaction (Sex with Age). The animal´s effect occurred while the black globe temperature in the shade remained below 32o C. Preliminary results on the distribution of body surface temperature showed significant effect (P<0.01) of body regions evaluated, with the ears (37.40±0.04° C) and the hind feet (35.89±0.04o C) had higher average temperatures. Histological analysis of skin did not reveal the presence of sweat glands. The mechanisms of latent heat loss was not affected by sex and age and showed no significant correlation with the meteorological variables. The mean and standard deviation for the heat loss by evaporation in agouti was 10.76±6.67 Wm-2. / Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos do ambiente sobre o comportamento das variáveis fisiológicas de cutias (Dasyprocta aguti; Linnaeus, 1766) e determinar a perda de calor por evaporação desse roedor. A freqüência respiratória sofreu efeito significativo (P<0,05) do sexo, sendo os machos aqueles com a média mais elevada. Apenas a idade apresentou significância (P<0,05) sobre a temperatura retal, com os filhotes exibindo uma temperatura média superior aos adultos. A temperatura timpânica direita sofreu efeito do sexo ao nível de significância de 5% de probabilidade, com as fêmeas apresentando as temperaturas médias mais elevadas. Nos diferentes sexos e faixas etárias, a temperatura timpânica direita manteve-se superior à temperatura timpânica esquerda. A temperatura da superfície corporal sofreu efeito significativo (P<0,05) da interação (Sexo com Idade), ocorrendo efeito do animal somente enquanto a temperatura do globo negro à sombra manteve-se abaixo de 32o C. Resultados preliminares sobre a distribuição da temperatura da superfície corporal demonstraram efeito significativo (P<0,01) das regiões corporais avaliadas, com as orelhas (37,40±0,04o C) e as patas posteriores (35,89±0,04o C) apresentando temperaturas médias mais elevadas. A análise histológica da pele não revelou a presença de glândulas sudoríparas. Os mecanismos latentes de termólise não sofreram efeito significativo do sexo e da idade e não mostraram correlação significativa com as variáveis meteorológicas. A média e o desvio padrão da média para a perda de calor por evaporação na cutia foi 10,76±6,67 W.m-2.

Le cycle de vie pélagique annuel des Phocidés est interrompu à deux reprises pour la reproduction et la mue, à terre ou sur la banquise. La mue est une étape essentielle pour le renouvellement du poil et de l’épiderme chez certains Monachinae. Les éléphants de mer austraux (Mirounga leonina) forment des agrégations dans des flaques de boue, ou « souilles », lorsqu’ils muent. La mue, chez cette espèce, entraîne des pertes thermiques importantes par vasodilatation périphérique. La thermorégulation sociale (i.e. agrégation d’animaux) a permis à de nombreuses espèces d’oiseaux et de mammifères d’économiser de l’énergie. Néanmoins, l’étude du comportement et de l’énergétique de la mue chez l’éléphant de mer austral a été jusqu’ici peu développée. Notre travail de recherche repose sur l’hypothèse que le comportement d’agrégation des éléphants de mer austraux répondrait aux mêmes déterminants que le mécanisme de thermorégulation sociale et entraînerait des bénéfices thermiques et énergétiques. Nous avons étudié le comportement de mue des éléphants de mer austraux femelles en lien avec les paramètres environnementaux locaux et physiologiques individuels. Nous avons mis en évidence que la sélection de l’habitat, les déplacements à terre et le comportement d’agrégation dépendent de l’avancement de la mue, du type d’habitat et des conditions météorologiques. Au pic de la mue, les pertes thermiques sont augmentées, les femelles se déplacent moins et s’agrègent davantage. De plus, les éléphants de mer s’agrègent en plus grand nombre lorsque les conditions météorologiques se dégradent, ceci principalement dans les « souilles ». Cependant, ils augmentent aussi leurs déplacements lorsque la température de l’air ressentie (i.e. combinaison température-vitesse du vent) est basse ou lorsque l’insolation augmente. De plus, les individus agrégés ont une température corporelle (stomacale et de surface) en moyenne plus basse que les individus isolés. Le taux métabolique augmenté pendant la mue serait lié aux contraintes thermiques et à une activité hormonale augmentée. Bien que le comportement d’agrégation n’ait pu être mis en relation avec la perte de masse, celui-ci est corrélé à une diminution du taux métabolique. Ainsi, les éléphants de mer femelles sont sensibles aux variations environnementales et adapteraient leur comportement en diminuant leurs dépenses énergétiques. Le comportement d’agrégation permettrait de diminuer le coût de thermorégulation par diminution des pertes thermiques. Les « souilles » sont thermiquement avantageuses et permettraient d’optimiser la diminution des pertes thermiques par agrégation et de favoriser la mue. La diminution des pertes thermiques permettrait la modulation de la température interne des individus agrégés (baisse du coût de la thermorégulation), et l’énergie économisée pourrait être ainsi réallouée à la mue. Il semblerait que des stratégies individuelles de compromis entre déplacements et agrégation soient mises en place en fonction des réserves énergétiques des individus et en vue de diminuer leurs dépenses énergétiques. De nouvelles méthodes prometteuses de mesures physiologiques chez cette espèce et appliquées sur le terrain (mesure de la fréquence cardiaque par implant sous-cutané et de la composition corporelle par bio-impédancemétrie) permettraient, une fois standardisées, d’évaluer le métabolisme des éléphants de mer austraux au cours de leur mue ainsi que leur dépense énergétique, en lien avec les variations individuelles. / Annual life cycle of Phocids at sea is interrupted twice for reproduction and moult on land. The moult, an energetically costly phase, is essential for the renewal of hair, as well as epidermis in some monachine seals (Mirounga and Monachus). Southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) huddle in mud pools, or “wallows”, while moulting on land. Peripheral vasodilatation through the isolating layer of the blubber to renew skin cells during the moult creates major heat loss, that’s why this species moult on land, fasting, rather than staying in water. Many bird and mammal species developed an energy saving strategy based on social thermoregulation in order to decrease heat loss, especially in extreme environments or particular physiological stages. However, few studies have investigated behavioural and physiological adaptations of southern elephant seals during the moult. Our study rests on the hypothesis that huddling behaviour of moulting elephant seals follows the same determinants and allows equivalent thermal and energetic benefices than social thermoregulation. We studied behavioural adaptations on land of female southern elephant seals during five moult seasons, linked to local environmental and individual physiological variations. Our results show that habitat selection, distances moved on land and aggregation behaviour are influenced by the stage of the moult, the habitat type and meteorological conditions. At the peak of moult, heat loss and aggregation behaviour are both increased, as movements on land are decreased. Moreover, aggregation rate and aggregations size increase when local weather is deteriorated, mainly in “wallows”. However, distances moved increase when windchill is low or solar radiation is high. Furthermore, aggregated seals have a lower body temperature (skin and stomach) than isolated seals. The elevated metabolic rate observed would be linked to thermal constraints and an elevated hormonal metabolism. Although we found no correlation between aggregation and body mass loss, individual aggregation rate was negatively correlated to metabolic rate. Therefore, elephant seals are sensible to environmental conditions and would adapt their behaviour to decrease energy expenditure. Aggregation behaviour allows to decrease heat loss and thus thermoregulation cost. “Wallows” offer thermal advantages and induce an increased moult rate, supposedly by maximising the decrease in heat loss when aggregated. Decreased heat loss would allow an adjustment in body temperature in aggregated seals and energy save from thermoregulation could be reallocated to the moult process. Elephant seals seem to balance movements on land and aggregation, in relation to individual body reserves, in order to decrease energy expenditure. New promising methods to record physiological parameters in the field (heart rate method and the use of bio-impedancemetry) need to be calibrate in this species to allow more precised moult metabolism and energy expenditure records, linked to individual variations.

Three studies were performed to examine biophysical sources of individual variability in the thermoregulatory responses to exercise, and the influence of skin blood flow on heat loss potential during severe heat stress. Study 1 investigated whether unbiased comparisons of changes in rectal temperature (ΔTre) should be compared at a fixed absolute rate of heat production (Hprod; W) or a fixed Hprod per unit mass (W/kg), and whether local sweat rates (LSR) should be compared at a fixed evaporative requirement for heat balance (Ereq; W) or a fixed Ereq per unit of surface area (W/m2), between independent groups of unequal body mass and body surface area (BSA). Study 2 examined whether individual variation in ΔTre, whole-body sweat loss (WBSL), and steady-state LSR is best explained by biophysical factors related to Hprod, Ereq, and body size, and if factors related to aerobic fitness (VO2max) and body fatness correlate with the residual variance in these responses. Study 3 tested whether alterations in skin blood flow shift the critical vapour pressure (Pcrit) above which core temperature could no longer be regulated in hot/humid conditions, indicating altered heat loss potential from the skin. In study 1, exercise at fixed absolute Hprod and Ereq resulted in greater ΔTre and LSR in smaller individuals (smaller mass and BSA), but exercise at set Hprod in W/kg and Ereq in W/m2 resulted in no differences in ΔTre and LSR, respectively, regardless of body size and %VO2max. In study 2, 50-71% of the individual variation in ΔTre, whole-body sweat loss (WBSL), and steady-state LSR was explained by Hprod (W/kg), absolute Ereq (W) and Ereq (W/m2) respectively, while body fat percentage and %VO2max contributed merely 1-4% to the total variability. In study 3, despite a ~20% lower skin blood flow, Pcrit was unaffected by a large reduction in skin blood flow following iso-smotic dehydration, with no differences in core and skin temperatures and sweating observed. Collectively, these findings suggest that between-group comparisons and modelling of thermoregulatory responses must first consider biophysical factors related to metabolic heat production and body size, rather than factors related to VO2max and body fatness. Furthermore, lower levels of skin blood flow may not impair maximum heat dissipation from the skin to the external environment during severe passive heat stress as previously thought.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the possibility of heating the particular house and depending on the results to recommend appropriate option resp. type of fuel needed for heating. For this reason, the paper is primarily focused on general knowledge related to the issue of heating houses, which belong types of heating systems and heating options or heat loss or heat demand for heating. After all the general knowledge is applied to a particular house, which will serve as input for the analysis. Analysis of heating the house is subsequently determined not only from a cost point of view but also from a technical point of view and the output of recommending specific options for heating the house.

This diploma thesis deals with the calculation of the heat loss of a family house, possible ways of reducing the heat loss and impacts of replacing an existing heating source with a gas condensing boiler or heat pump. The research is focused on the individual ways of reducing the heat loss and possible choices of heating sources for the chosen subject. In the next part, there is the house described and its heat loss is calculated according to ČSN EN 12831. Subsequently, arrangements are proposed to reduce the heat loss and return on investment is calculated. The last part is focused on replacing the existing heating source by a gas con-densing boiler and heat pump. Regarding to low price of 1 GJ of heat, reducing heat loss without the subsidy program “Nová Zelená Úsporám”, would not be interesting. However, if we replace an existing source with a gas condensing boiler or heat pump, then the reduction is a must.

The thesis deals with the possibilities of heat recovery in air ventilation systems. After a thorough analysis of the problems, the different ways of ventilation with the return of heat are compared even during simultaneous operation of the heating source. The research includes the selection of a suitable ventilation device with heat recovery based on a first investment and operating costs. Subsequently, the selected ventilation device is used for the HVAC project in the housing part of the multifunctional building. The project is created in BIM Revit software.

The diploma thesis is focused on the design of heating and forced ventilation for the project of the family house Doubrava. In the first two chapters is briefly described the theory and there is also described the project of the family house. The next chapter deals with the design of the forced equal pressure ventilation with the heat and moisture recovery. Than the heat loss are calculated according to the norm ČSN EN 12831-1. The next part is focused on the design of heating system and the heat source for the family house Doubrava. There is described detailed design of the floor heating, including necessary calculations, and also the type of the heat pump, as the heat source and source for hot water heating, is chosen. This part also contains a selection of expansion tank and safety valve and approximate calculation of the size of the primar circuit. The last part deals with the possibilities of using renewable energy sources. At the end of the thesis, there are more detailed results of the calculations and the mechanical drawings of individual designs of the ventilation and heating system and also there are tables of the acquisition costs.

Master thesis deals with designing of air-conditioning system into newly reconstructed high-rise building of Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Brno University of Technology. Reconstruction of a building results in change of thermo-technical parameters which impacts dimensioning of air condition system. Designing air-conditioning system depends on heat loss and heat gain calculation and also on consequential psychometrical calculations. The size of air conditioning equipment which provides required internal microclimate will be determined from the calculation results. Currently there is Detail design elaborated including technical report and material specification.