The present thesis deals with a design of a heating system for reconstructed family house. The heat loss was calculated according to ČSN EN 12831 Heating systems in buildings – Method for calculation of the heating load. The projected system was regulated. Hot water generation and the safety devices, such as safety valve or expansion tank, were designed. The total costs were calculated afterwards.

Heating and cooling along with the indoor air quality is now discussed topic not only in the family houses. Goes hand in hand with reducing the energy consumption of buildings. This fact is edited by various laws or Regulations, no matter we discuss new buildings requirements, or for example energy label on older constructions.

The diploma thesis is consists from three main parts. In the first section are stated heating options in the apartment building. The second part deals with calculations of heat loss. A third part presents an economic assessment of the various options.

I dag sätts flera åtgärder in för att bromsa klimatförändringarna, både inom Sverige och på internationell nivå. ‘Forum för energieffektivt byggande’, FEBY, är en organisation som arbetar med att driva utvecklingen av lågenergibyggnader framåt. FEBY har tagit fram ett certifieringssystem som ska hjälpa byggherrar uppföra byggnader med lägre energianvändning. För att en byggnad ska bli certifierad krävs det att den uppfyller vissa krav, bland annat på värmeförlusttal. Sedan starten 2008 har ca 50 småhus certifierats enligt systemet, vilket väcker frågan om varför så få småhus har certifierats och om detta kan bero på hur kraven är ställda.Syftet med rapporten är att undersöka om de krav som FEBY ställer på värmeförlusttal är rimliga vid byggande av ett småhus oavsett vart i Sverige det är placerat. Undersökningen har gjorts för tre orter i olika delar av Sverige; Lund, Falun och Boden. Byggnadens utformning är densamma på alla tre orter, med undantag för isolertjocklek i ytterväggen. Parametrarna fönsterglasarea, U-värde på fönster, luftläckning och köldbrygga varierades i beräkningarna för att få ett bredare och mer trovärdigt resultat.Undersökningen görs enligt de beräkningar som FEBY hänvisar till i dokumentet FEBY18 med utgångspunkt i krav för värmeförlusttal på nivå FEBY Guld.Rapporten avgränsas till en enplansvilla på 100 m2 uppvärmd golvarea. Ingen hänsyn tas till faktorer så som ljud, sol, fukt, årsvärmefaktor eller värmebalans för luftvärmd byggnad. Inte heller beaktas bärförmåga, motstånd mot brand eller fönstrens läge.Resultatet visar att negativa U-värden uppstår vid flera parametervariationer i Boden och Falun. Negativa U-värden indikerar att ytterväggen måste producera värme, vilket i det här fallet inte är möjligt. I flera fall i Falun och Boden förekommer även så pass låga U-värden att isoleringen behöver anta en tjocklek på över en meter medan isolertjockleken i Lund aldrig överstiger 500 mm. Vid de mest gynnsamma förutsättningarna visar resultatet att det fortfarande är svårt att nå en rimlig isolertjocklek, eller ett positivt U-värde, i Boden och delvis Falun.Slutsatsen är att det går att konstruera en byggnad som når kraven för nivå FEBY Guld i södra Sverige, men att det blir svårare ju längre upp i landet som byggnaden ska uppföras. Tjockare isolering verkar inte göra kraven uppnåeliga i Sveriges norra delar utan med de förutsättningar som undersöks skulle väggen behöva skapa värme om värmeförlusttalet för FEBY Guld ska nås. / In the current political climate, several measures are implemented to prevent climate change both in Sweden and internationally. ‘Forum för Energieffektict Byggande’, FEBY, is an 6rganization that aims to contribute to the development and expansion of low-energy buildings. To this end, FEBY has created a certification scheme to help contractors develop buildings with lower energy consumption. To certify a building, the contractor must ensure that certain requirements are met, for example heat loss figures. Since the conception of the certification, only about 50 small houses have been certified. This raises the question of why so few small houses have been certified, and whether this is due to how the requirements are set.The purpose of this report is to investigate whether the heat loss figures that features in FEBY’s certification are reasonable in reference to the construction of small houses regardless of its location in Sweden. To examine this, this study features small house construction in Lund, Falun, and Boden. The overall building design is the same in all three locations, apart from the insulation thickness in the outer wall. The examined parameters for this study include window glass area, U-value of windows, air leakage, and thermal bridges varied in the calculations to ensure a more relevant and reliable result.This study is based on the calculations referred to in the document named FEBY18 which is based on the requirements for heat loss figures according to the FEBY Gold level.The report is limited to a single-floor house of 100 m2 of heated floor area. Factors such as sound, sun, moisture, annual heat factor, or heat balance for air-heated buildings are not considered. Nor is bearing capacity, resistance to fire, or the position of the windows, considered within the study.The result shows that negative U-values occur in several parameter variations in Boden and Falun. Negative U-values indicate that the outer wall must produce heat, which is not possible due to the construction of the wall. In several cases in Falun and Boden the U-values were so low that the insulation would need a thickness of more than one meter, while the insulation thickness in Lund never has to exceed 500 mm. Even during the most favorable conditions, the results still show the difficulty of achieving reasonable insulation thickness, as well as a positive U-value. This is especially true with regards to Boden, but in part also Falun.In conclusion, while it is possible to construct a small house that meet the requirements for the level FEBY Gold in the south of Sweden, it is increasingly challenging the further north you attempt to construct such a building. Even using thicker insulation, the requirements are difficult, if not impossible, to achieve in the north of Sweden. Under current conditions, the wall would need to generate its own heat to meat the heat loss figure demanded by the FEBY Gold standard.

Water heating in a typical home in the U.S. accounts for a significant portion (between 14% and 25%) of the total home's annual energy consumption. The objective of considerably reducing the home's energy consumption from the utilities calls for the use of onsite renewable energy systems. Integral Collector Storage (ICS) solar domestic water heating systems are an alternative to help meet the hot water energy demands in a household. In order to evaluate the potential benefits and contributions from the ICS system, it is important that the parameter values included in the model used to estimate the system's performance are as accurate as possible. The overall heat loss coefficient (Uloss) in the model plays an important role in the performance prediction methodology of the ICS. This work presents a new and improved methodology to determine Uloss as a function of time in an ICS system using a systematic optimal control theoretic approach. This methodology is based on the derivation of a new nonlinear state space model of the system, and the formulation of a quadratic performance function whose minimization yields estimates of Uloss values that can be used in computer simulations to improve the performance prediction of the ICS system, depending on the desired time of the year and hot water draw profile. Simulation results show that predictions of the system's performance based on these estimates of Uloss are considerably more accurate than the predictions based on current existing methods for estimating Uloss.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauricio Medeiros.pdf: 2573107 bytes, checksum: 1e5a17966417b43d576f37b4837c682b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work was developed at the State University of West of Paraná UNIOESTE, campus de Cascavel and was aimed at developing a computer program to simulate and scale, optimally, a system of solar water heating. To determine the efficiency parameters of the system were installed three solar collectors of 1.05 m2 each, brand Pro Sol, coupled to a thermal reservoir of 200 liters, containing electrical resistances auxiliary 2000 W. The system works by using thermosyphon, and was installed in a metal bracket fixed to the ground, oriented to the north at an angle of 35 degrees from the horizontal. We collected hourly data of solar radiation and water temperatures, and evaluated two scenarios. In the first scenario, it was considered system utilization auxiliary heating controlled by a thermostat, which linked and hang up the electrical resistances as the temperature of water in boiler oscillated around of temperature of consumption (40 º C). In the second scenario, it was considered the system to power auxiliary heating only in timetables of water consumption, when the water temperature in boiler was lower than the temperature of consumption. Coefficients were calculated heat loss in the solar collector and storage tank, the heat removal factor of solar collector and the overall efficiency of the heating system installed. These calculated parameters and other data collected were used in software developed for simulation and design in order to satisfactorily meet the needs of hot water consumption, and minimize the total installation costs and energy consumption. Finally, these system costs solar heating were compared to costs of an electric shower conventional. The results obtained were as follows: coefficient of heat loss in the solar collector (5,45 Wm-2ºC-1), coefficient of heat loss in the thermal reservoir (5,34 Wm-2ºC-1), removal factor heat of the solar collector (0.78) and overall system efficiency (31%). The times of return on capital invested in the solar heating system (compared to a conventional electric shower), for the two scenarios of use, were, respectively, 11.45 years and 7.81 years. / Este trabalho foi desenvolvido na Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná UNIOESTE, campus de Cascavel, e teve por objetivo principal o desenvolvimento de um programa computacional para simular e dimensionar, de forma otimizada, um sistema de aquecimento solar de água. Para determinar os parâmetros de eficiência do sistema, foram instalados três coletores solares de 1,05 m2 cada, da marca Pro Sol, acoplados a um reservatório térmico de 200 litros, contendo resistências elétricas auxiliares de 2000 W. O sistema utilizado funciona por termossifão, e foi instalado em um suporte metálico fixado ao solo, com orientação para o norte, num ângulo de 35º em relação à horizontal. Foram coletados dados horários de radiação solar e temperaturas da água, e avaliados dois cenários. No primeiro cenário, considerou-se a utilização do sistema de aquecimento auxiliar controlado por um termostato, que ligava e desligava as resistências elétricas conforme a temperatura da água no boiler oscilava em torno da temperatura de consumo (40ºC). No segundo cenário, considerou-se o acionamento do sistema de aquecimento auxiliar somente nos horários de consumo de água, quando a temperatura da água no boiler estivesse menor que a temperatura de consumo. Foram calculados os coeficientes de perda de calor no coletor solar e no reservatório térmico, o fator de remoção de calor no coletor solar e a eficiência global do sistema de aquecimento instalado. Esses parâmetros calculados, e os demais dados coletados, foram utilizados no software desenvolvido para simulação e dimensionamento, de maneira a atender satisfatoriamente às necessidades de consumo de água quente, e minimizar os custos totais de instalação e consumo de energia elétrica. Por fim, esses custos do sistema de aquecimento solar foram comparados aos custos de um chuveiro elétrico convencional. Os resultados obtidos foram os seguintes: coeficiente de perda de calor no coletor solar (5,45 Wm-2ºC-1), coeficiente de perda de calor no reservatório térmico (5,34 Wm-2ºC-1), fator de emoção de calor do coletor solar (0,78) e eficiência global do sistema (31%). Os tempos de retorno do capital investido no sistema de aquecimento solar (em comparação a um chuveiro elétrico convencional), para os dois cenários de utilização, foram de, respectivamente, 11,38 anos e 5,73 anos.

Submitted by Ana Sant'Ana (ana.mattos@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-26T13:33:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCCS.pdf: 2483023 bytes, checksum: 3acdef41810eb8722e4f4c44f4ebb688 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-06T14:03:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCCS.pdf: 2483023 bytes, checksum: 3acdef41810eb8722e4f4c44f4ebb688 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-06T14:03:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCCS.pdf: 2483023 bytes, checksum: 3acdef41810eb8722e4f4c44f4ebb688 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T14:04:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCCS.pdf: 2483023 bytes, checksum: 3acdef41810eb8722e4f4c44f4ebb688 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The endogenous opioids are involved in analgesia, thermoregulation and physiological responses to various stressful stimuli such as infection, psychological stress and hypoxia. The mu and kappa receptors in the hypothalamus play a role in endotoxin-induced fever and hypoxia-induced anapyrexia (opposite response to fever), respectively. In addition, periaqueductal gray (PAG), which express both mu and kappa receptors, is involved in defence and thermoregulatory responses. Thus, our hypothesis is that mu and kappa opioid receptors in the PAG modulate the restraint-induced fever in rats by activating and inhibiting this response, respectively. To this end, body temperature (Tb) and heat loss index (HLI; inference for heat conservation/loss) and oxygen consumption (VO ; inference for thermogenesis) of unanesthetized Wistar rats submitted or not to restraint stress, was monitored before and after intra-PAG microinjection of the selective mu opioid receptor antagonist (CTAP; 1 and 10 μg/ 100 nL/ animal), the selective kappa-opioid receptor antagonist (nor-BNI; 1 and 4 μg/ 100 nL/ animal), or vehicle (saline; 100nL/ animal). CTAP and nor-BNI did not change the Tb or the HLI of the animals in euthermia. During the restraint stress, Tb increased in all groups of animals. However, this effect was significantly lower in animals treated with CTAP, and significantly higher in animals treated with nor-BNI. No treatment affected HLI, but CTAP decreased thermogenesis and nor-BNI increased thermogenesis. The results indicate that the mu and kappa opioid receptors in the PAG of rats play a pyrogenic and antipyretic role, respectively, during fever induced by restraint stress and these receptors in PAG may not be essential for the maintenance of Tb during euthermia. / Os opióides endógenos estão envolvidos na analgesia, termorregulação e respostas fisiológicas a vários estímulos estressantes, como infecção, estresse psicológico e hipóxia. Os receptores mu e kappa no hipotálamo desempenham um papel na febre induzida por endotoxina e anapirexia induzida por hipoxia (resposta oposta à febre), respectivamente. Além disso, a substância cinzenta periaquedutal (PAG), que expressa ambos os receptores mu e kappa, está envolvida na defesa e respostas de termorregulação. Assim, nossa hipótese é que os receptores opióides mu e kappa na PAG modulam a febre induzida por contenção em ratos, ativando e inibindo esta resposta, respectivamente. Para este fim, a temperatura corporal (Tc) e o índice de perda de calor (IPC; inferência para a conservação/perda de calor) e o consumo de oxigênio (VO ; inferência para a termogênese) de ratos Wistar não anestesiados submetidos ou não ao estresse contenção, foi monitorado antes e depois microinjeção intra-PAG do antagonista seletivo do receptor opióide mu (CTAP; 1 e 10 μg/ 100 nL/ animal), antagonista seletivo do receptor opióide kappa (nor-BNI; 1 e 4 μg/ 100 nL/ animal) ou veículo (solução salina; 100 nL / animal). A microinjeção de CTAP ou nor-BNI não alterou a Tc ou IPC dos animais em eutermia. Durante o estresse de contenção, a Tc aumentou em todos os grupos de animais. No entanto, este efeito foi significativamente menor no grupo de animais tratados com CTAP, e significativamente maior em animais tratados com nor-BNI. Nenhum tratamento afetou o IPC, mas o CTAP diminuiu a termogênese e o nor-BNI aumentou a termogênese. Os resultados indicam que os receptores opióides mu e kappa na PAG de ratos desempenham um papel pirogênico e antipirético, respectivamente, durante a febre induzida pelo estresse de contenção e estes receptores na PAG podem não ser essenciais para a manutenção de Tc durante eutermia.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcosAVC_DISSERT.pdf: 920275 bytes, checksum: a0516528db6ebb50b81e76b753287023 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / The use of reflective surfaces functioning as thermal insulator has grown significantly over the years. Reflective thermal insulator are materials that have several characteristics such as low emissivity, low absorptivity and high reflectivity in the infrared spectrum. The use of these materials has grown a lot lately, since it contains several important radioactive properties that minimize the heat loss of thermal systems and cooling systems that are used to block the heat on the roof of buildings. A system made of three surfaces of 316 stainless steel mirror was built to analyze the influence of reflective surfaces as a way to reduce the heat loss and thereby conserve the energy of a thermal system. The system was analyzed both with and without the presence of vacuum, and then compared with a system that contained glass wool between the stainless steel mirror walls, since this isolator is considered resistive and also broadly used around the world in thermal systems. The reflectivity and emissivity of the surfaces used were also measured in this experiment. A type K thermocouple was fixed on the wall of the system to obtain the temperature of the stainless steel mirror surfaces and to analyze the thermal behavior of each configuration used. The results showed an efficiency of 13% when the reflective surfaces were used to minimize the heat loss of the thermal system. However, the system with vacuum had the best outcome, a 60% efficiency. Both of these were compared to the system made of glass wool as a thermal insulator / O uso de superf?cies refletivas funcionando como isolante t?rmico tem crescido de forma significativa nos ?ltimos anos. Os isolantes t?rmicos reflexivos s?o materiais que possuem como caracter?sticas, baixa emissividade, baixa absortividade e elevada refletividade no espectro do infravermelho. A utiliza??o desses materiais ? uma alternativa que vem sendo incrementada a cada dia, uma vez que esse tipo de isolante tem propriedades radiantes importantes como forma de minimizar as perdas de calor em sistemas de aquecimento, como tamb?m em sistemas de climatiza??o quando se tem como finalidade o bloqueio da passagem de calor em coberturas de edifica??es. Visando analisar a influ?ncia dessas superf?cies refletivas como forma de reduzir a transfer?ncia de calor em sistemas onde se requer a conserva??o de energia, montou-se um sistema de paredes m?ltiplas de tr?s superf?cies de a?o inoxid?vel 430 espelhado, espa?adas igualmente entre si e que funcionam como barreira radiante. A an?lise foi feita no sistema com e sem a presen?a de v?cuo e comparados em seguida com an?lise feita utilizando a l? de vidro entre as mesmas, uma vez que este tipo de isolante al?m de ser considerado resistivo, ? utilizado tradicionalmente no mundo em sistemas t?rmicos. Foram tamb?m medidas experimentalmente a refletividade e emissividade das placas utilizadas. Para a obten??o das medidas de temperatura das superf?cies das chapas de a?o inox, foi inserido um termopar tipo K fixado em cada superf?cie a fim de avaliar o comportamento t?rmico para cada configura??o do sistema. Os resultados mostraram que, o uso de superf?cies refletivas como uma forma de minimizar as perdas de calor em sistemas t?rmicos teve uma efici?ncia de 13%, no entanto, o sistema com presen?a de v?cuo, foi o que obteve o melhor resultado, 60% de efici?ncia, ambos com rela??o ? utiliza??o de l? de vidro como isolante convencional

This diploma thesis deals with the assessment of SCOP of the heat pump installed in the selected building and with the determination of optimal size of accumulation which should help to heat pump work with higher temperature and higher SCOP. Annual savings of operating cost and return of investment from installation of accumulation tank are evaluated in this thesis. In the research part of this thesis are described the main components of heat pump, sources of low-potential heat and types of heat pump.

The subject of this diploma thesis is to design space heating system for building with five floors, where the first above ground floor is used as commercial space. Designed building have one underground floor and four above ground floors. Diploma thesis is designed as project of Building Service, specifically that of Heating. This diploma thesis contains calculations of the design heat load, design of radiators and others heating surfaces, hydraulic balancing, generation of domestic hot water, design of heat source, calculations of safety devices and pumps design. Part of this diploma thesis is also conceptual design of regulation.