Orientadores: Watson Loh, Edvaldo Sabadini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T08:19:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Padula_Lilian_D.pdf: 2979563 bytes, checksum: 326395f8133ab39db6f41ffbeff5d688 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta tese envolve o estudo da origem da alta viscosidade de dois óleos pesados brasileiros, OF1 e OF2, utilizando, para isso, aditivos químicos e tratamentos físicos. Através deste estudo confirmou-se o papel importante dos asfaltenos na viscosidade dos óleos aqui estudados. Investigações com espalhamento de raios-X em baixo ângulo (SAXS) indicaram a presença de agregados nestes óleosos quais apresentam uma agregação sequencial e hierarquizada. Além disso, estudou-se o que exercia um papel mais marcante sobre a viscosidade, o tamanho dos agregados ou a concentração dos mesmos. Verificou-se então que a concentração de agregados é o que apresenta maior efeito sobre a viscosidade dos óleos, uma vez que óleos com diferentes viscosidades 300.000 e 30.000 mPas apresentaram tamanho de agregados muito próximos,maior que 41 e 43 nm. No entanto, asconcentrações de asfalteno C5I eram bem diferentes para OF2s e OF1s, 14 e 20 % respectivamente, sendo mais viscosos aqueles com maior concentração de asfaltenos. O estudo com aditivos de diferentes classes mostrou que os mesmos não promoviam redução da viscosidade superior a 40 %. Além disso, mesmo os aditivos que causaram redução de 40 % na viscosidade não demonstraram nenhum efeito na microestrutura dos óleosquando avaliados por SAXS. Devido a esses resultados, propôs-se um modelobaseado no modelo desuspensão coloidal no qual os aditivos atuam sobre a fase contínua, em um efeito similar ao de diluição, não promovendo alterações nos agregados de asfaltenos na faixa de concentração estudada. Portanto, não faria sentido pensar em aditivos que em pequenas concentrações reduzam drasticamente a viscosidade / Abstract: Investigation of the elevated viscosity of two Brazilian heavy oils, OF1 and OF2, using several classes of additives and physical treatments. The studyreinforced the asphaltenes role on heavy oils viscosity. And SAXS investigationshave shown the presence of aggregates in these oils which aggregates in asequential and hierarchized. Furthermore showed also that, the concentration has a major contribution than the size of aggregates, because crudes with very different viscosities 300.000 and 30.000 mPas presented very similar aggregates sizes, 41 and 43 nm, but concentrations of asphaltene I5 quite different 14 and 20% respectively. Studying the rheology of several classes of additives the maximum viscosity reduction promoted was 40% of the initial value for heavy oils OF1s and OF2s presented. Also, the additives did not promote changes on the microstructure of asphaltene aggregates; therefore, a hypothesis having in mind petroleum as a colloidal suspension was formulated. This hypothesis states that the additives act only on the continuous medium, not on the aggregates themselves, similarly to a dilution effect. Therefore, it is very unlikely to find an additive that can be used as viscosity reducer through asphaltene disaggregation on heavy oils, at least on the additive concentration range studied here / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutora em Ciências

Extracting and producing heavy oil presents many difficulties, promoted by the nature of the constant quantities involved, such as viscosity of the oil, the means through where it moves the salinity of water, oil composition, the temperature and so forth. In the pumping, the amount of oil which is drawn is not enough to meet the expenses, that is, the cost-effectiveness has not been satisfactory. This work (Collection and Characterization of Emulsion to the correction of Heavy Oil Flow) sought to analyze the physical and chemical behavior and rheology of emulsions regarding the mobility and displacement of Heavy Oil. With the prior characterization of heavy oil from a study in the wells of the regions and UN-SEAL using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) emulsion type water and oil were obtained (W / O). To the obtainment and the formulation of the oil-water emulsion type, the use of surfactant was essential to the choice of the anionic SDS, since this surfactant is widely used in the petroleum industry. The developments made in this work, in other words, obtaining the w / o emulsions, showed a decrease in viscosity, the shear stress with increasing shear rate with the behavior of a pseudo plastic fluid. It follows that achieving the w / o emulsions, in the micellar concentrations such as 6.67 x 10-2 g.mL-1, 1.0 x 10-1 g.mL-1 and 3.75 g.mL-1 to obtain the w / o emulsions were satisfactory, compared to concentrations of ions present in the oil sample, the pH, the levels of aromatics, resins and asphaltenes, the API gravity, the density, the shaking time, 6 min , the rotation speed of 1000 RPM ± 50, the temperature of 27 ° C, with the breaking time o the emulsion 300 min observed that the viscosity of emulsified oil, tension and shear rate were reduced. Therefore, emulsion water / oil (W / O), obtained in this study achieved the goal of working to reduce the parameters that affect the mobility of heavy oil. / Extrair e produzir óleo pesado apresentam muitas dificuldades, promovidas pela natureza das constantes grandezas envolvidas tais como: viscosidade do óleo, meio por onde este se desloca, a salinidade da água presente no meio, a composição do óleo, a temperatura do meio e outras. No bombeamento a quantidade arrastada de óleo não é bastante para fazer frente aos gastos, isto é, o custo-benefício, não tem sido satisfatório. O presente trabalho (Obtenção e Caracterização de Emulsão para Correção de Escoamento de Óleo Pesado) buscou analisar o comportamento físico-químico e reológico de emulsões quanto à mobilidade e o deslocamento do Óleo Pesado. Com a caracterização prévia do óleo pesado em estudo proveniente de poços da região UN-SEAL e utilizando o Dodecil Sulfato de Sódio (SDS) foram obtidas emulsões tipo Água e Óleo (A/O). Para formulação e obtenção de emulsão tipo água-óleo, o uso de surfactante foi imprescindível. A escolha do aniônico SDS, uma vez que, este surfactante é muito utilizado na indústria do petróleo. Os desenvolvimentos realizados nesse trabalho, ou seja, a obtenção das emulsões A/O, mostrou uma diminuição da viscosidade, da tensão de cisalhamento com o aumento da taxa de cisalhamento com um comportamento de um fluido pseudo-plástico. De onde se conclui que a obtenção das emulsões A/O, nas concentrações micelares tais como: 6,67x 10-2 g.mL-1, 1,0x 10-1g. mL-1 e 3,75 g.mL-1 para a obtenção das emulsões A/O, foram satisfatórias, relativamente às concentrações de íons presentes na amostra de óleo, do pH, dos teores de aromáticos, resinas e asfaltenos, do grau API; da massa especifica,do tempo de agitação, 6 min, a velocidade de rotação 1000±50 RPM, a temperatura do meio 27 ºC, com tempo de quebra da emulsão 300 min observado que a viscosidade do óleo emulsionado, tensão e taxa de cisalhamento foram reduzidas. Portanto, emulsões água/óleo (A/O), obtidas neste estudo atingiram o objetivo do trabalho de reduzir os parâmetros que interferem na mobilidade do óleo pesado.

Multiphase flows are of great interest to a large variety of industries because flows of two or more immiscible liquids are encountered in a diverse range of processes and equipment. However, the advent of high viscosity oil requires more investigations to enhance good design of transportation system and forestall its inherent production difficulties. Experimental and numerical studies were conducted on water-sand, oil-water and oilwater- sand respectively in 1-in ID 5m long horizontal pipe. The densities of CYL680 and CYL1000 oils employed are 917 and 916.2kg/m3 while their viscosities are 1.830 and 3.149Pa.s @ 25oC respectively. The solid-phase concentration ranged from 2.15e-04 to 10%v/v with mean diameter of 150micron and material density of 2650kg/m3. Experimentally, the observed flow patterns are Water Assist Annular (WA-ANN), Dispersed Oil in Water (DOW/OF), Oil Plug in Water (OPW/OF) with oil film on the wall and Water Plug in Oil (WPO). These configurations were obtained through visualisation, trend and the probability density function (PDF) of pressure signals along with the statistical moments. Injection of water to assist high viscosity oil transport reduced the pressure gradient by an order of magnitude. No significant differences were found between the gradients of oil-water and oil-water-sand, however, increase in sand concentration led to increase in the pressure losses in oil-water-sand flow. Numerically, Water Assist Annular (WA-ANN), Dispersed Oil in Water (DOW/OF), Oil Plug in Water (OPW/OF) with oil film on the wall, and Water Plug in Oil (WPO) flow pattern were successfully obtained by imposing a concentric inlet condition at the inlet of the horizontal pipe coupled with a newly developed turbulent kinetic energy budget equation coded as user defined function which was hooked up to the turbulence models. These modifications aided satisfactory predictions.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2012. / Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references. / Driven by increasingly heavy oil reserves and more efficient refining technologies, use of heavy fuel oils for power generation is rising. Unlike other refined products and crude oils, a large portion of these heavy oils is undetectable using the traditional gas chromatography-based techniques on which oil spill science has been based. In the current study, samples collected after the 2007 M/V Cosco Busan heavy fuel oil spill (San Francisco, CA) were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC)-based techniques, numerical modeling and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) to examine natural weathering of the oil over a one and a half year period. Traditional GC techniques detected variable evidence of evaporation/ dissolution, biodegradation and photodegradation. Petroleum hydrocarbon compounds smaller than -n-C 16 were rapidly lost due to evaporation and dissolution. Significant biodegradation was not detected until one month post spill while photodegradation was only observed at one field site. To further examine the processes of evaporation and dissolution, samples were analyzed with comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GCxGC) and a physiochemical model developed to approximate quantitative apportionment of compounds lost to the atmosphere and water. Model results suggest temperature is the primary control of evaporation. Finally, to examine the prominent non-GC amenable component of the oil, samples were analyzed with FT-ICR MS. Results showed expected clustering of samples, with those samples collected sooner after the spill having the most compositional similarity to the unweathered oil. Analysis of dominant heteroatom classes within the oil showed losses of high molecular weight species and the formation of stable core structures with time. These results highlight the susceptibility to weathering of these higher molecular weight components, previously believed to be recalcitrant in the environment. Research findings indicate that environmental weathering results in removal or alteration of larger alkylated compounds as well as loss of lower molecular weight species through evaporation/dissolution, biodegradation and photodegradation, with a resultant fraction of stable compounds likely to remain in the environment years after the spill. This research demonstrates the advantages of combining multiple analytical and modeling approaches for a fuller understanding of oil spill chemistry. / by Karin Lydia Lemkau. / Ph.D.

La croissance de la demande en produits pétroliers (essence et gazole), en particulier dans les pays développés, et la nature limitée des ressources pétrolières conduisent l’industrie pétrolière à s’intéresser de plus en plus à l’exploitation et la transformation des huiles lourdes et extra-lourdes. Leurs propriétés non conventionnelles du fait de leur forte composition en asphaltènes (particules définies comme l'ensemble de constituants insolubles dans le n-heptane et solubles dans le toluène) nécessitent la mise en oeuvre de procédés de plus en plus sophistiqués à toutes les étapes de leur exploitation et de leur production. Ces bruts, situés principalement au Canada et au Venezuela, sont caractérisés par leur forte viscosité de 1 à 55 Pa.s (1 000 cP à 55 000 cP), qui rend leur transport en surface impossible dans leur état naturel. Le développement de solutions technologiques nouvelles repose sur une meilleure connaissance des propriétés thermo- physiques et du comportement colloïdal de ces produits.Les méthodes de caractérisation expérimentale et de modélisation utilisées pour les bruts conventionnels sont inadaptées pour les bruts lourds et extra lourds. La caractérisation PVT des bruts lourds fait l’objet de nombreux travaux à l’heure actuelle. Les propriétés à déterminer sont les équilibres de phase et les propriétés thermo physiques des phases en équilibre. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a pour objectifs principaux le développement de méthodes expérimentales et de modèles adaptés aux bruts lourds et aux procédés de récupération envisagés pour ces bruts (production froide, injection de solvant VAPEX, injection de vapeur SAGD, etc...). / Due to increasing demand for fuel, in particular for developed countries, and the limited nature of reserves, petroleum industry is, and will, growing concerned by the heavy and and extra-heavy oil processing. The non-conventional properties of these oils (due to a high asphaltene composition) require specific engineering solutions during the different steps of their processing. These crudes, mainly localized in Canada and Venezuela, are characterized by their strong viscosity, from 1 up to 55 Pa.s, which makes their transport to earth surface impossible. The development of new technological solutions is based on a better knowledge of the thermophysical properties and the colloidal behavior of these products. The methods of experimental characterization and modelling used for the conventional crudes are unsuited for both heavy and extra heavy crudes. To date, characterization PVT of heavy crudes is the subject of numerous studies. The properties to be determined are balances of phase and thermophysical properties of the equilibrium cycles. In this context, the main objectives of this thesis are not only the development of experimental methods and models suitable for heavy crudes, but also the recovery processes envisaged for these crudes (cold production, VAPEX process, SAGD process, etc…).

Heavy oil production has drawn more and more attention in petroleum industry. The amount of heavy oil in the world is twice more than the conventional oil (low viscosity), which has been consumed rapidly from the past. The understanding of flow patterns and pressure losses in multiphase flow with high viscosity oil are vital to assist the design of transportation pipeline. This thesis involves experimental investigation of two phase and three phase flows under high oil viscosity conditions (up to 17000cP) in horizontal pipelines. The multiphase (oil/water/solid/gas) facility was designed and constructed at Cranfield University and consists of 6m long horizontal pipeline of 0.026m diameter along with instrumentations. The principal objectives of the work were to study the effect of viscosity, water cut, temperature variance, and flow conditions on flow patterns and pressure drops for (oil/gas and oil/water) two phase flows; to compare the measured flow parameters and phase distribution with those predicted from models found in the literature for two phase flows; and to conduct an experimental study of gas injection effect on pressure gradient in (oil/water/gas) three phase flow. Due to the nature of heavy oil reservoirs, sand is associated with oil/water mixture when extracted; therefore sand concentration effect on pressure drop in (oil/water/sand) three phase flow is also examined. For oil-air flow, a smooth oil coating was observed in the film region of slug flow, while a ripple structure of oil coating film was found at higher superficial air velocity for slug flow regime and annular flow regime. The ripple structure was believed to increase the effective roughness of the pipe wall, which resulted in higher pressure gradients. The pressure drop correlations from Beggs and Brill (1973) and Dukler et al. (1964) were used to compare with experimental pressure gradients for oil/air flow. It was found that these correlations failed to predict the pressure gradients for heavy oil/air flows in this work. Several new heavy oil/water flow patterns were named and categorized based on observations. Though the heavy oil viscosity is an essential parameter for oil continuous phase flow on pressure drop, it had no significant effect beyond Water Assist Flow (WAF) condition, as a threshold was found for water cut with fixed superficial oil velocity. The transition criterion by McKibben et al. (2000b) for WAF was found to be able to predict this threshold reasonably well. Core Annular Flow (CAF) models were found to greatly under predict the pressure gradients mainly due to the coating (oil fouling) effect associated with this study. A new coating coefficient was introduced to models presented by Bannwart (2001) and Rodriguez et al (2009). The addition of solid in the mixed flow led to minor increase in the pressure gradient when the particles were moving with the flow. However, higher sand concentration in the system led to higher pressure gradient values. The addition of gaseous phase to the oil/water flow was more complex. The gaseous injection was beneficial toward reducing the pressure gradient when introduced in oil continuous phase only at very low water cuts.

Stobbe, Mark Jacob, M.A. University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada, February 2014. Public-Private Partnerships in Saskatchewan: A Tale of two Upgraders. Most of the literature dealing with public-private partnerships (P3s) examines the impact of private sector involvement in the provision of infrastructure or services normally provided by the public sector. This thesis uses the two case studies of the NewGrade Heavy Oil Upgrader and the Bi-Provincial Heavy Oil upgrader to examine the dynamics of P3s entered into by government in a market-driven, commercial sector for the purposes of promoting economic development. In the 1980’s, there was a political consensus in the Saskatchewan legislature that the province needed upgrading capacity to convert heavy crude oil into more marketable and valuable light synthetic crude and that the upgraders should be built through P3s. The result was the creation of the NewGrade and Bi-Provincial Upgraders. In the 1990’s, financial losses at both upgraders caused the Saskatchewan government to demand renegotiation of these partnerships. The thesis examines these partnerships in their initial negotiation, construction/operation and renegotiation in order to determine what environmental factors and internal dynamics contributed to the success or failure of the partnerships and the relations between the partners. The thesis argues that the upgraders successfully achieved their public policy objectives and gained the benefits of synergies arising from the differences between the public and private sector. However, the partnerships came under severe stress arising from a prolonged downturn in oil markets and the price of crude oil. The resulting financial losses caused the Saskatchewan government to seek a renegotiation of the terms of partnership. Despite this common cause of stress in the partnerships, the renegotiations of the agreements varied greatly. It is demonstrated that these differences arose from the financial structure of each partnership, the nature of the private sector partners and the number of partners involved in the project. The thesis provides some observations of potential value for governments and corporations considering entering partnerships for economic development projects. The differences between partners that can create synergistic benefits can also be the basis for the erosion of trust between the partners. The different financial tools used by government to participate in P3s can have significant impacts on both project viability and relationships between the partners.

The dependence on oil and the fact that petroleum conventional reservoirs are becoming depleted direct attentions toward unconventional-and harder to access-reservoirs. Among those, heavy and extremely heavy oil reservoirs and tar sands form a considerable portion of all petroleum resources. Conventional thermal and thermocatalytic refining methods are not affordable choices in some cases, as they demand a considerable energy investment. On the other hand, electron irradiation, as a novel technology, provides more promising results in heavy oil upgrading. Electron irradiation, as a method of delivering energy to a target molecule, ensures that most of the energy is absorbed by the molecule electronic structure. This leads to a very efficient generation of reactive species, which are capable of initiating chemical reactions. In contrast, when using thermal energy, only a small portion of the energy goes into the electronic structure of the molecule; therefore, bond rupture will result only at high energy levels. The effect of electron irradiation on different heavy petroleum fluids is investigated in this study. Radiation-induced physical and chemical changes of the fluids have been evaluated using different analytical instruments. The results show that high energy electron particles intensify the cracking of heavy hydrocarbons into lighter species. Moreover, irradiation is seen to limit any post-treatment reactions, providing products of higher stability. Depending on the characteristics of the radiolyzed fluid, irradiation may change the distribution pattern of the products, or the radiolysis process may follow the same mechanism that thermal cracking does. In addition to that, we have studied the effectiveness of different influencing variables such as reaction temperature, absorbed dose values, and additives on radiolytic reactions. More specifically, the following subjects are addressed in this study: *Radiation?induced chain reactions of heavy petroleum fluids *Complex hydrocarbon cracking mechanism *High and low temperature radiolysis *Synergetic effects of different chemical additives in radiolysis reactions *Time stability of radiation products

Orientadores: Leonardo Goldstein Junior, Emerson dos Reis / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T08:49:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galdiano_EderdosSantos_M.pdf: 3731509 bytes, checksum: 5415460955079bfdf8773ebcc4ee6500 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Esse trabalho é uma contribuição ao estudo de uma sonda não-intrusiva para medição da espessura da camada anular de escoamentos bifásicos óleo-água - core-flow. É discutida a construção do sensor capacitivo da sonda. Dela são avaliados o desempenho estático, numa bancada construída para este fim, e o dinâmico na presença de escoamento numa bancada existente no Laboratório de Petróleo (LabPetro). Através dos testes estáticos, foram obtidas informações sobre a resposta da sonda: formato da curva de resposta, sensibilidade, faixa de medição, e estudou-se o efeito da condutividade da água. Os dados experimentais foram comparados com resultados de simulação numérica obtidos por outro autor. Nos testes dinâmicos, foi utilizada uma técnica de medição da espessura da camada de água através de imagens de filmagens registradas do escoamento, sendo que estes dados foram comparados com os obtidos com a sonda capacitiva, assim permitindo a avaliação do seu desempenho no escoamento. Os resultados demonstram potencial do sistema proposto, mas também apontam para a necessidade de novos estudos e aperfeiçoamentos / Abstract: This work is a contribution to the study of a non-intrusive probe for measurement of the thickness of the water layer of a core-annular flow. A capacitive probe was built and its static performance was evaluated from tests executed in a specially designed bench-scale apparatus. In addition, evaluation of the dynamic performance was made possible from fluid-flow tests in a multiphase flow loop. From the static tests information was obtained about the probe output: shape of the produced response, sensitivity, range and the water electrical conductivity effect. The experimental data were compared with results of a numerical simulation available from a different author. In the dynamic tests the measurement technique used to obtain the thickness of the annular water layer consisted of a sequence of photographic images from a fast camera. The results were compared with those from the capacitive probe, allowing the evaluation of its performance in the presence of fluid flow. The results demonstrate the potential of the considered system, but they also point out to the necessity of new studies and development / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Osvair Vidal Trevisan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T14:40:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RibeiroJunior_GuilhermeBlaitterman_M.pdf: 3933004 bytes, checksum: 61894f4b90ecb88d0e0c7b05a71ab1ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Como as reservas mundiais de óleo leve estão decrescendo continuamente, campos de óleos pesados podem se tornar uma fonte relevante de energia em um futuro próximo. Combustão "In- Situ" (CIS) é uma promissora técnica de recuperação para este tipo de hidrocarboneto, todavia, complexa de se implementar. Tubos de combustão em escala laboratorial e simulações numéricas são essenciais para o dimensionamento de projetos de campo. Este trabalho relata a modelagem numérica de dois experimentos efetuados em escala de laboratório de processos de CIS com um óleo com 12,8º API advindo de um campo candidato para um projeto piloto no Brasil. O estudo numérico foi desenvolvido utilizando o software comercial da CMG, STARS. O objetivo foi analisar o processo, para um modelo físico correspondente ao tubo de combustão utilizado. O modelo de fluido foi ajustado através de um software comercial para um total de sete componentes, óleo pesado, óleo leve, CO2, O2, N2, H2O e coque. Dois processos de combustão foram investigados, o primeiro é o modelo clássico descrito pelo STARS da CMG e o segundo é baseado no modelo de Marín (2007), constituído de frações SARA (saturados, aromáticos, resinas e asfalteno). Os resultados numéricos foram ajustados de acordo com os dados obtidos do experimento. As conclusões sobre este estudo se referem às influências de cada variável sobre o processo global de CIS, em especial a energia de ativação e a entalpia de reação. Além disso, conclui-se que o modelo de fluido e o modelo de reações são fundamentais no ajuste de histórico, assim como a presença de reações sob altas temperaturas são imprescindíveis para se predizer o deslocamento e comportamento da frente de combustão. / Abstract: As the world reserves of light oil steadily decreases, heavy oil and tar sands resources may be an important source of energy. In situ combustion (ISC) is a promising recovery technique for this type of hydrocarbon, otherwise difficult to produce. Combustion tube laboratory experiments and numerical simulations are essential for the design of field projects. This work reports a numeric modeling of two experiments carried out under laboratory scale of in situ combustion process with a 12.8 ºAPI crude from a field candidate to a pilot project in Brazil. The numerical study was developed using the CMG commercial simulator, STARS. The aim was to analyze the process of the physical model corresponding to the combustion tube used. The fluid model was adjusted by a commercial software to a total of 7 components; heavy oil, light oil, CO2, O2, N2, H2O and coke. Two reactions model were analyzed; one is based on the classic combustion model presented by STARS and the other is based on the reactions model proposed by Marín (2007), made up of SARA (saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes) fractions. The numerical results were history matched to the data derived from the experiment. The important findings in this study were the influences of each variable on the overall ISC process, specifically the activation energy and the enthalpy reaction. It was concluded that the fluid model and the reaction model are key in the history matching task, as well as, the reactions under high temperatures are fundamental to model the combustion front displacement and behavior. / Mestrado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo