A solution to reduce exhaust emissions from heavy commercial vehicles are to haul the vehicles completely or partially electric. This means that the vehicle must contain a significant electric energy source. The large capacity of the energy source causes the vehicle to either sacrifice a large part of its up time to charge the source or apply a higher charge power at the cost of power losses and lifetime of the energy source. This thesis contains a pre-study of high-power DC-charge of hybrid batteries from existing infrastructure suited to electric hybrid cars. Following parts are included in the thesis: modeling of a battery pack and a DC-DC converter, formulation of a MPC controller for the battery pack, analysis of charging strategies and battery restrictions through simulations. The thesis results shows that a longer charging time increases the energy efficiency and reduces the degradation in the battery. It also shows that a charging strategy similar to constant-current-constant-voltage charging should be used for a full charge of an empty battery.

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The transport industry is facing major changes in the transition from traditional diesel-powered vehicles to electrified vehicles. The transition to electric vehicles in the transport industry is necessary to reach the environmental goals of the Paris Agreement. Through research, data sharing between actors was identified as a potential factor that could be used in the development of the electromobility sector, but sufficient information on this subject was lacking. This led to the basis for the thesis project. The thesis project was carried out in collaboration with Volvo Group, hereby interchangeably called Volvo, to investigate how data sharing can be used to facilitate the transformation to electromobility in the transport industry. The purpose of the thesis was to: Investigate how Volvos Value Offering can be improved by mapping out potential actors in the electromobility eco-system and how they could benefit from shared data. The thesis was based on the three research questions: What values and offers can be created in the charging infrastructure industry through shared data and what challenges, risks and opportunities do this create for the stakeholders involved? What information gaps hinder the development of the electromobility market, in general and, more specifically, in relation to data sharing? And lastly, how can Volvo take advantage of business opportunities in the electromobility market, in general and, more specifically, in relation to data sharing? The methods used to answer these questions were media analysis, 19 in-depth interviews, and a workshop with Volvo. The media analysis resulted in a mapping of the involved stakeholders in the electromobility development industry, how data sharing is used today and the actors' stance on data sharing. The interviews were held with respondents from the energy industry, tech companies, researchers, haulage companies and the truck manufacturer Volvo Group. The interviews were organized using the Gioia method and resulted in six different global themes on electromobility and data sharing. Results from the media analysis and the interviews were compiled into three scenarios. These were then presented to Volvo in a workshop, where they described how they would act as a major truck manufacturer in each scenario respectively. After compiling the results from the three methods, the research questions could be answered. The first research question was answered by the fact that the transport industry has a low degree of data maturity. The reason being that there are several perceived risks among the actors regarding data sharing in the form of losing competitive advantages, increased risks of cyber-attacks and GDPR violations. Despite the low degree of data maturity, there were also new opportunities that could be identified with data sharing. The biggest identified opportunity in this thesis was that data sharing can accelerate the development and expansion of the charging infrastructure, if vehicle data and energy data can be shared between actors. The second research question was answered simply by the fact that due to the low data degree of maturity, very little data is shared at present. The biggest identified information gap was the “chicken and egg” situation in the industry, where energy actors are waiting for initiatives from the automotive industry before making any decisions, and vice versa. The third research question was answered by identifying that Volvo's greatest opportunities as truck manufacturers exist through collaborations with other companies to establish standards for data sharing and data selling, offering charging solutions for their electric trucks and, finally, logistics optimization services based on real-time data. As the three research questions were answered, the purpose of the study was therefore fulfilled. The initial scope of the thesis was expanded from focusing solely on Volvo's opportunities as a truck manufacturer, to include opportunities for actors in the entire electromobility industry such as energy companies, charging post companies, haulage companies and tech companies. The study concluded by showing that there are great potential business and optimization opportunities and societal benefits with data sharing in the EMOB industry if the actors are willing to collaborate to set standards and drive development together. / Transportindustrin står inför stora förändringar i omställningen från traditionella dieseldrivna fordon till elektrifierade fordon. Omställningen inom transportindustrin är nödvändig för att nå miljömålen inom Parisavtalet. Forskning visar att datadelning mellan aktörer är en potentiell faktor som skulle kunna användas inom utvecklingen av elektromobilitetssektorn, men tillräckligt med information om detta område saknas. Detta blev grunden för examensarbetet. Examensarbetet genomfördes i samarbete med Volvo Group, hädan efter kallat Volvo, för att undersöka hur datadelning kan användas för att underlätta elektromobilitetsomvandlingen inom transportbranschen. Syftet med arbetet var att: Undersöka hur Volvos värdeerbjudanden kan förbättras genom att kartlägga potentiella aktörer i ekosystemet för elektromobilitet och hur de kan dra nytta av delade data. Arbetet utgick ifrån de tre forskningsfrågorna: Vilka värden och erbjudanden kan skapas inom laddinfrastruktur branschen genom delade data, vilka utmaningar, risker och möjligheter skapar detta för de inblandade intressenterna? Vilka informationsluckor hindrar utvecklingen av elektromobilitetsmarknaden, generellt och, mer specifikt, i relation till datadelning? Och slutligen, hur kan Volvo ta vara på affärsmöjligheter inom elektromobilitetsmarknaden, generellt och, mer specifikt, i relation till datadelning? Metoderna som användes för att besvara dessa frågor var mediaanalys, 19 djupintervjuer, samt en workshop med Volvo Group. Mediaanalysen resulterade i en kartläggning av drivande aktörer inom elektromobilitetsbranschen, hur datadelning används i dagsläget och aktörernas inställning till datadelning. Intervjuerna hölls med respondenter från energibranschen, techbolag, forskare, åkerier och Volvo Group. Intervjuerna organiserades med Gioia metoden och resulterade i sex olika globala teman om elektromobilitet och datadelning. Resultat från mediaanalysen och intervjuerna sammanställdes i tre scenarion. Dessa presenterades för Volvo i en workshop där de fick resonera hur de skulle agera som en stor lastbilstillverkare i respektive scenario. Efter sammanställning av resultaten från de tre metoderna kunde forskningsfrågorna besvaras. Den första forskningsfrågan besvarades med att transportbranschen i sig har låg datamognadsgrad. Det eftersom det fanns flera uppfattade risker hos aktörerna kring datadelning i form av förlorade konkurrensfördelar, ökade risker för cyberattacker och GDPR överträdelser. Trots den låga datamognadsgraden så finns det nya möjligheter med datadelning, där den största identifierade möjligheten i detta arbete är att datadelning kan påskynda utvecklingen och utbyggnaden av laddinfrastrukturen om fordonsdata och energidata kan delas mellan aktörer. Den andra forskningsfrågan besvarades med att på grund av den låg data mognadsgraden så delas väldigt lite data i dagsläget. Det största identifierade informationsluckan var “hönan eller ägget” situationen i branschen, där energiaktörer väntar på initiativ från fordonsbranschen innan de tar några beslut, och vice versa. Den tredje forskningsfrågan besvarades med att Volvos största möjligheter som lastbilstillverkare finns genom samarbeten med andra företag för att etablera standarder för datadelning och dataförsäljning, erbjuda laddlösningar till sina elektriska fordon och slutligen logistikoptimeringstjänster baserade på realtidsdata. I och med att de tre forskningsfrågorna besvarades, uppfylldes därmed syftet med studien. Omfattningen av arbetet expanderades dock från att enbart fokusera på Volvos möjligheter som lastbilstillverkare, till att omfatta aktörer inom hela elektromobilitets branschen så som energibolag, laddstolpsbolag, åkerier och techbolag. Studien visar att det finns stora potentiella affärs och optimeringsmöjligheter och samhällsnytta med datadelning inom elektromobilitetsbranschen om aktörer är villiga att samarbeta för att sätta standarder och driva utvecklingen tillsammans.

Transient vehicle thermal management simulations have the potential to be an important tool to ensure long component lifetimes in heavy-duty vehicles, as well as save development costs by reducing development time. Time-resolved computational fluid dynamics simulations of complete vehicles are however typically very computationally expensive, and approximation methods must be employed to keep computational costs and turn-around times at a reasonable level. In this thesis, two transient methods are used to simulate two important time-dependent scenarios for complete vehicles; hot shutdowns and long dynamic drive cycles. An approach using a time scaling between fluid solver and thermal solver is evaluated for a short drive cycle and heat soak. A quasi-transient method, utilizing limited steady-state computational fluid dynamics data repeatedly, is used for a long drive cycle. The simulation results are validated and compared with measurements from a climatic wind tunnel. The results indicate that the time-scaling approach is appropriate when boundary conditions are not changing rapidly. Heat-soak simulations show reasonable agreement between three cases with different thermal scale factors. The quasi-transient simulations suggest that complete vehicle simulations for durations of more than one hour are feasible. The quasi-transient results partly agree with measurements, although more component temperature measurements are required to fully validate the method.