Le mot golem, un hapax biblique traduit de l’hébreu golmi, présent dans le Psaume CXXXIX,16, désigne la forme du premier homme avant son animation par le souffle divin. Le plus souvent traduit par « embryon » ou « masse informe », son sens a généré une exégèse considérable.De la tradition juive, le mot en arrivera à désigner un homme artificiel, et sa création sera attribuée à de pieux rabbins dans une perspective d’imitation Dei, selon une interprétation magique du Sefer Yetsirah ou « Livre de la Création » qui en contiendrait la clé. L’expérience doit prouver la puissance créatrice des lettres de l’alphabet hébraïque ou des lettres du Nom de Dieu, selon les maîtres de la Cabbale achkénase et européenne du Nord. Ils ont consigné les techniques de création : c’est un rituel en deux temps, façonnement de la forme humaine à partir des éléments puis animation de celle-ci grâce aux récitations de combinatoires de lettres. La réussite de l’expérience est considérée comme la pierre de touche de la perfection religieuse du créateur comme de sa puissance créatrice, à l’instar de celle des lettres de l’alphabet hébraïque.Le golem entre dans le domaine légendaire vers la fin du XVIIIe siècle et les débuts du XIXe siècle, pour prêter à de saints rabbins des pouvoirs démiurgiques. A une première légende d’origine polonaise centrée sur le Rabbin Elias Baalschem de Chelm, succède la légende pragoise un peu plus tardive qui prend le pas sur la première et attribue au Rabbin Judah Löw ben Bezalel, outre des pouvoirs surnaturels, la création d’un golem censé protéger la ville juive des accusations de crimes riruels historiques. Si c’est au créateur que nous avons choisi de nous intéresser plus particulièrement, nous n’avons manqué d’évoquer le mot « golem » lui-même, son origine ainsi que celle de la légende et en regard de parallèles anciens. Nous nous sommes appuyée sur les thèmes mis en avant itérativement par les auteurs et dans lesquels s’inscrit le thème : Cabbale juive et mystique des lettres et du Nom de Dieu ou Schem. Magie, alchimie nous ont amenée à évoquer avec les auteurs le thème de Faust puis de Frankenstein explicites dans les textes, pour souligner la création dans la création. Nous nous sommes servie du thème du Graal pour mettre l’accent, avec une interrogation sur le parallèle icône et idole, sur la littéralité du thème de la création, avant d’en arriver à mettre l’accent sur une poétique des commencements, création de l’homme artificiel et création littéraire en miroir. / The word golem, a biblical hapax which was translated from the Hebrew term “golim”, is to be found in Psalm CXXXIX,16. It refers to the shape of the first man before his being given life by the breath of God.Most of the time, translated by the word “embryo” or “shapeless mass”, its very meaning has given rise to considerable exegis.From the Jewish tradition, the word will consequently happen to describe an artificial man whose creation will be ascribed to devout rabbis who had in prospect an Imitatio Dei, according to the magic interpretation of the Sefer Yetsirah or “Book of Creation” which is supposed to hold the key of it. The experiment must prove the creative power of the letters of the Hebrew alphabet or the letters attributed to the Name of God, according to the Ashkenazi and Northern European masters of the Cabbala. They have consigned their techniques of creation; the ritual takes place in two stages: first of all, there is the building of the human shape from the elements, then its animation happens owing to the reciting and combined arrangement of letters. The success of the experiment is considered as the touchstone of the religious perfection of the maker as well as his creative power, just like that of the letters of the Hebrew alphabet.The golem became part of the legendary field between the end of the XVIIIth century and the beginning of the XIXth century, giving holy rabbis such powers as demiurges.The first legend brought to light has Polish origins and is centered on Reb Elias Baalschem of Chelm. Not long after it will give precedence to the legend born in Prague which tells the story of Rabbi Löw who, besides his supernatural powers, made a golem to protect the Jewish town accused of committing ritual historical crimes.Trought I decided to take a special interest in the maker’s function, actually I did mention the word golem, its origin as well as its legends, in connection with ancient parallels. I based my study on the iterated themes regularly brought to light by authors in whose works I might find the following themes: Jewish Cabbala, the mystic of the letters and the Name of God or Schem.Magic, alchemy would lead me to evoke the themes of Faust and Frankenstein and to underluie with their authors the theme of creation within creation.I called to mind the myth of the Holy Grail too, to wonder about the paralell between icon and idol, as well as about the literality of the poetic of all beginnings with the making of the artificial man and any literay creation, acting like a mirror writing

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:26:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Maghidman.pdf: 2297108 bytes, checksum: b83346eebd47176c4236673151c93188 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-22 / Instead of language been created by men, Jewish mysticism believes the world and everything that exists has been created and is mantained by God through language, specifically among the infinite combinations of the Hebrew Alphabet (the twenty two letters and the ten first numbers). This way, the entire universe is a phenomenon of language. The present paper discusses the importance of language and a type of Metaphysics of the Hebrew Alphabet, comparing the different views between the philosophical tradition, represented here by the following texts: Cratylus, by Plato and De Magistro, by Augustine, and, representing the jewish tradition, especially the jewish mysticism, the Sêfer Yetsiráh, of unknown author. As part of this analysis the paper presents, over all, Gershom Scholem s Theory of Language and The Metaphysics of the Hebrew Alphabet by Elias Lipiner, as well as the approach to Philosophy of Language, through the jewish mystic view, specifically from the Cabalah / Em lugar de a linguagem haver sido criada pelo homem, o Misticismo Judaico acredita que o mundo e tudo o que nele existe foi criado e é mantido por Deus por meio da linguagem, especificamente através das infinitas combinações do Alfabeto Hebraico (as vinte e duas letras e os dez primeiros números). Dessa forma, todo o universo constitui-se em um fenômeno da linguagem. O presente texto discute a importância da linguagem e uma classe de Metafísica do Alfabeto Hebraico, comparando distintas visões entre a tradição filosófica representada aqui pelos textos: Crátilo, de Platão e De Magistro, de Agostinho, pela tradição judaica, especificamente por meio de sua mística, o Sêfer Yetsiráh, de autoria desconhecida. Como parte da análise o texto apresenta, sobretudo, a Teoria da Linguagem de Gershom Scholem e a Metafísica do Alfabeto Hebraico de Elias Lipiner, bem como uma aproximação à Filosofia da Linguagem por meio da visão mística judaica, mais especificamente da Cabaláh