Objetivo: Comparar as imagens obtidas por meio da sinuscopia virtual com aquelas adquiridas por meio da tomografia computadorizada helicoidal, quando da interpretação dos comprometimentos sinusais, considerando as opiniões dos médicos otorrinolaringologistas e radiologistas odontológicos, com a finalidade de validação do método da sinuscopia virtual. Métodos: Foram utilizadas informações obtidas por meio da observação de imagens de 20 casos pertencentes ao arquivo docente, da Unidade de Imagens Dento-Maxilo-Facial da Clínica Felix Boada, em Caracas-Venezuela. Os referidos casos apresentaram imagens adquiridas por meio da tomografia computadorizada helicoidal e imagens obtidas por meio da sinuscopia virtual. As imagens foram analisadas por 2 grupos de observadores, 10 médicos otorrinolaringologistas e 10 radiologistas odontológicos, que responderam a um questionário previamente elaborado. Resultados: Os resultados foram avaliados pelos testes estatísticos de média aritmética, mediana, desvio padrão, análise de médias, percentuais globais, teste não–paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis e teste não-paramétrico de Wilcoxon. Conclusões: Para os médicos otorrinolaringologistas e radiologistas odontológicos faz-se importante, a associação das imagens obtidas por meio da sinuscopia virtual com as imagens axiais obtidas por meio da tomografia computadorizada helicoidal na interpretação de um comprometimento sinusal. Os radiologistas odontológicos acharam que as imagens axiais obtidas por meio da tomografia computadorizada helicoidal já eram esclarecedoras, na avaliação dos casos, embora também recomendassem a sinuscopia virtual. Nos casos considerados fáceis, a aplicação da sinuscopia virtual foi evidente, porém nos casos difíceis não contribuiu. A sinuscopia virtual isoladamente não oferece condições para a conclusão do diagnóstico de uma afecção sinusal. / Purpose: To compare the images obtained by means of virtual sinuscopy with those formed by means of helical computerized tomography during the interpretation of sinusal compromise taking into consideration the opinions of otorhinolaryngologists and odontological radiologists aiming to validate the method of virtual sinuscopy. Methods: Information obtained through the observation of images of 20 cases belonging to the professorial file, of the Dental – Maxillo - Facial Unit of Images of Félix Boada Clinic in Caracas–Venezuela were used. The cases mentioned above showed images formed by means of the helical computerized tomography and images formed by means of the virtual sinuscopy. The images were analysed by 2 groups of observers, 10 otorhinolaryngologists and 10 odontological radiologists who answered a questionnaire previously prepared. Results: The results were appraised through statistical tests of arithmetic average, median, standard deviation, average analysis, global percentile, Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test and Wilcoxon non-parametric test. Conclusions: To the otorhinolaryngologists and odontological radiologists it is important, the association of the images obtained by means of the virtual sinuscopy with the axial images formed by means of helical computerized tomography in the interpretation of a sinusal compromise. The odontological radiologists thought the axial images formed by means of the helical computerized tomography were already elucidatory, for the evaluation of the cases although they also recommended the virtual sinuscopy. In the cases regarded as easy ones, the application of the virtual sinuscopy was evident, but in the difficult cases it didn’t contribute. The virtual sinuscopy used singly doesn’t offer conditions for a diagnostic conclusion of the sinusal affection.

Os estudos desenvolvidos nessa tese tiveram como objetivo principal o desenvolvimento de materiais que pudessem ser aplicados tanto para o reconhecimento de moléculas quirais quanto para catálise. A estrutura sugerida baseou-se em nanopartículas de ouro funcionalizadas com polímeros helicoidais ligados à superfície do metal através de um átomo de telúrio. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em quatro etapas, consistindo a primeira dos estudos de funcionalização de nanopartículas de ouro com os organoditeluretos, onde foi observado que a presença de diferentes grupos funcionais não interfere no processo. A segunda etapa foi a investigação da tolerância do catalisador de ródio, necessário para a polimerização, à presença do átomo de telúrio. Os resultados mostraram que a atividade do catalisador é inibida na presença do ditelureto, contudo, o mesmo não ocorre quando o composto está ligado à superfície da nanopartícula. A terceira e quarta etapas foram o desenvolvimento de polímeros helicoidais baseados em estruturas poli(fenilacetilênica)s, sendo uma delas desenvolvida no laboratório do Prof. Alcindo Dos Santos (terceira etapa - Brasil) e a outra no laboratório do Prof. Eiji Yashima (quarta etapa - Japão). Nos estudos da terceira etapa foi dado foco a preparação de um polímero que pudesse ser aplicado tanto para o reconhecimento de moléculas quirais quanto para catálise assimétrica, contudo, o material obtido foi bastante insolúvel na maioria dos solventes orgânicos e são necessárias modificações na estrutura do monômero para aumentar a solubilidade do respectivo polímero. Na última etapa foi investigada a influência da estrutura helicoidal em reações assimétricas, sendo preparados copolímeros constituídos por uma unidade quiral sem atividade catalítica e uma unidade aquiral com atividade catalítica. Os resultados mostraram que a unidade aquiral é capaz de promover transformações assimétricas quando presente em uma estrutura helicoidal com um sentido preferencial da hélice Com o trabalho desenvolvido determinou-se que é possível a preparação dos materiais desejados através do crescimento do polímero na superfície da nanopartícula. Preparou-se com sucesso o monômero que deverá ficar ancorado no metal, restando sintetizar um monômero de estrutura adequada para realizar o reconhecimento de moléculas e catálise, como desejado / The studies done in this PhD thesis aimed the preparation of a material that could be used in the recognition of chiral molecules and as catalysts. Its structure was based on gold nanoparticles that was functionalized with helical polymers containing a tellurium atom as an attach point. The presentation of the results was divided in four parts and the first one was the studies about the functionalization of gold nanoparticles with organoditellurides as a model material. It was observed that the presence of various functional groups in organic tellurides does not interfere into the process. The second part was the investigation of the tolerance of the rhodium catalyst, necessary for the polymerization, to the presence of the tellurium atom. The results showed that the activity of the catalyst was inhibited in the presence of a ditelluride, however, the polymerization occured when it was linked in the nanoparticle. The third and fourth parts consisted in the synthesis of the helical polymer based on oly(phenylacetilene)s structure, which one of them was prepared in professor Dos Santos\'s laboratory (third step - Brazil) and the other part in the professor Yashima\'s laboratory (fourth step - Japan). The studies of the third step was the preparation of polymers that could be applied for the recognition of chiral molecules and assymetric catalysis, however, the obtained material was too insoluble in many organic solvents and it is necessary to modify the structure of the monomer to increase the solubility of the respective polymer. In the last step was investigated the influence of the helicity in assymetric reactions. It was prepared copolymers constituted by a chiral unit without any catalytic activity and an achiral unit containing the catalytic functional group. The results showed that the achiral unit was capable to promote assymetric transformation when embebed in a preferred-handed helical structure. In this work was determined that is possible to prepare the suggested materials raising the polymer in the nanoparticle surface. The monomer that will be anchored in the metal was successfully prepared, remaining synthetize the monomer with an appropriate structure to perform the recognition of molecules and for catalysis

Neste trabalho, consideramos os efeitos de um campo magnético ressonante externo sobre o plasma confinado em um tokamak. Este campo magnético pode ser produzido quer por condutores helicoidais ou por um limitador magnético caótico. O principal propósito desse campo magnético ressonante é criar uma região de linhas de força caóticas na borda da coluna de plasma que pode melhorar o confinamento do plasma. O campo magnético de equilíbrio foi obtido resolvendo-se a equação de GRAD-SHAFRANOV em um sistema de coordenadas intrinsecamente toroidal (as coordenadas polares toroidais). Obtivemos o campo magnético, gerado pelos condutores helicoidais, através da solução explícita da equação de LAPLACE no mesmo sistema de coordenadas. A partir desse campo magnético, tomando o termo de mais baixa ordem, obtivemos analiticamente um mapa estroboscópico simplético para um conjunto de anéis limitadores magnéticos caóticos. Calculamos esse mapa estroboscópico simplético usando uma formulação hamiltoniana e adotando a. ação dos limitadores magnéticos caóticos como uma sequência de pulsos do tipo função delta. Com esse mapa estroboscópico simplético, caracterizamos algumas ilhas magnéticas ressonantes e a transição para um regime de caos global através da superposição das mesmas. Usamos esse mapa estroboscópico simplético para estudar o transporte das linhas de força na borda da coluna de plasma. A perda de linhas de força caóticas, que atingem a parede interna do tokamak, segue uma distribuição de POISSON. Calculamos, ainda, o número médio de voltas, ao redor da câmara de vácuo, necessárias para que uma linha de força caótica atinja a parede da câmara. / In this work, we have considered the effects of an external resonant magnetic field on the plasma confined in a tokamak. This resonant field can be produced by helical windings or by a chaotic magnetic limiter. The main purpose of this resonant magnetic field is to create a region of chaotic field lines at the edge of the plasma that can improve the confinement of the plasma. The equilibrium tokamak field was obtained by solving the GRAD-SHAFRANOV equation in an intrinsically toroidal coordinate system (the toroidal polar coordinates). We have obtained the magnetic field which has been generated by helical windings through an explicit solution of the LAPCACE equation in the same coordinate system. From this magnetic field, taken in its lowest order, we have analytically obtained a sympletic stroboscopic map for a set of chaotic magnetic limiters. We have calculated this sympletic stroboscopic map by using a Hamiltonian formulation and by supposing the action of the chaotic magnetic limiters as a sequence of delta-function pulses. With this sympletic stroboscopic map we have characterized some resonant magnetic islands and the onset of global chaos through their overlap. We have used this sympletic stroboscopic map in order to study the transport of the field lines at the edge of the plasma. The loss of chaotic field lines that reach the inner wall of the tokamak follows a POISSON distribution. We have also calculated the average number of toroidal turns for a chaotic field line to reach the inner wall of the tokamak.

Propõe-se analisar teoricamente a instabilidade disruptora que ocorre em plasmas confinados em Tokamaks, investigando-se a influencia de campos helicoidais ressonantes em seu equilíbrio. Para isso, considerou-se a superposição do campo magnético do plasma em equilíbrio MHD estático com o campo associado às ressonâncias, levando-se em conta a geometria toroidal do Tokamak. Devido a falta de simetria, as linhas do campo magnético total resultante desta superposição devem formar superfícies magnéticas apenas em algumas regiões do plasma. Usando o método da media, foram obtidas (analiticamente) funções de superfícies aproximadas que contem, em torno das regiões de ressonância do plasma, as linhas deste campo magnético total. Verificou-se que estas superfícies aproximadas têm estruturas de ilhas magnéticas. / It is proposed to analyse theoretically the disruptive instability that occurs in confined plasmas in Tokamaks, through investigation of the influence of resonant helical fields on their equilibrium. With this aim, a superposition of the magnetic field of the plasma in static MHD equilibrium with the field associated with the resonances is considered, taking into account the toroidal geometry of the tokamak. Due to the lack of symmetry, the lines of the total magnetic field resulting from this superposition must form magnetic surfaces only around some regions of the plasma. Using the averaging method, functions of approximate magnetic surfaces are obtained (analitically) around the regions of resonances of the plasma (they contain the lines of this total magnetic field). It was verified that these approximate surfaces have structures of magnetic islands.

Neste trabalho e avaliado o comportamento de estacas helicoidais instaladas em solo residual tropical, submetidas a esforços de tração. Para este fim, foram ensaiadas estacas helicoidais em dois campos experimentais distintos, um em Itirapina (SP), e outro em Betim (MG). No primeiro terreno, as hélices das estacas ficaram instaladas em solo residual não saturado, e no segundo terreno em solo residual saturado. Neste tipo de fundação, o efeito da instalação da estaca no solo acima das hélices e um dos fatores que afetam significantemente a capacidade de carga a tração da estaca. Portanto, considerando-se a modificação que ocorre na estrutura de solos residuais tropicais após serem penetrados pelas hélices da estaca durante a sua instalação no terreno, a presente pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o intuito de compreender o efeito desta desestruturação do solo no comportamento da estaca a tração. Para esta avaliação, foi realizado um programa experimental com provas de carga em estacas helicoidais (instrumentadas e não-instrumentadas) e ensaios de laboratório em amostras indeformadas do solo coletado ao redor de uma estaca instalada no terreno de Itirapina. Os resultados mostram o efeito significante da instalação na capacidade de carga a tração deste tipo de estaca, principalmente no caso de solo poroso e não saturado. Alem disso, por meio dos ensaios em estacas instrumentadas, foi verificado que este efeito e mais acentuado no solo acima das hélices superiores, que foi penetrado mais vezes durante a instalação. / In this work, it was evaluated the behavior of helical piles installed in tropical residual soil under tensile loads. For this purpose, helical piles of different configuration were tested in two different experimental sites, one in Itirapina (SP), and another in Betim (MG). In Itirapina, the pile helices were installed in unsaturated residual soil, and in Betim in saturated residual soil. For this type of foundation, the effect of pile installation on the soil above the helices is one of the factors that significantly affect the pile uplift capacity. Therefore, considering the changes that occur in the structure of tropical residual soils after being penetrated by the helices during pile installation, this research was conducted in order to understand the effect of this soil alteration on the uplift behavior of helical piles installed in this type of soil. For this evaluation, pile load tests were carried out on instrumented and non-instrumented helical piles. Also, laboratory tests were performed on undisturbed soil samples collected around a pile installed in the site of Itirapina. The results show the significant effect of pile installation on the uplift capacity of the tested helical piles, especially in the case of porous and unsaturated soil. In addition, through the tests on the instrumented piles, it has been found that this effect is more pronounced in the soil above the upper helices, which were penetrated more times during pile installation.

[ES] El hombro es una articulación compleja en la que interaccionan múltiples estructuras, lo que permite la realización de movimientos de gran amplitud. Debido a esta característica, puede ser fácilmente alterada si alguno de los componentes falla. Las patologías del hombro son variadas, así como diversa es la sintomatología y el nivel de alteración funcional. El grado de afectación funcional puede ser valorado ya sea mediante escalas clínicas, o con pruebas biomecánicas basadas en el análisis cinemático, que añaden objetividad a los resultados. No obstante, los modelos cinemáticos disponibles en la actualidad no ofrecen una representación realista del movimiento articular, lo que supone una importante limitación a la hora de desarrollar sistemas de valoración funcional. El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue describir el movimiento del hombro mediante técnicas cinemáticas avanzadas que incluyeran el uso de variables funcionales asociadas a la posición, velocidad y aceleración, así como la descripción de la trayectoria del eje instantáneo de rotación, con la finalidad de desarrollar un nuevo enfoque en las técnicas de valoración funcional del hombro. La muestra de estudio estuvo compuesta por 41 sujetos sanos y 15 sujetos con patología de hombro. Se analizaron los movimientos de abducción en el plano frontal y escapular, sin peso y con una maza de 1kg. Se utilizó la escala EVA (Escala Visual Analógica), para determinar el nivel de dolor percibido y la escala DASH (Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand), para definir el grado funcional. Se realizó un análisis de variables numéricas, variables funcionales, reproducibilidad y armonía del movimiento y descripción de la trayectoria del eje instantáneo de rotación (EIR). Como resultado, se ha demostrado la alta fiabilidad del procedimiento. Las diferencias encontradas entre los sujetos sanos y patológicos, solo eran evidentes a nivel de grupos, además la dispersión de la muestra era considerable. Los valores de reproducibilidad y armonía fueron similares para los dos grupos. En promedio, los sujetos patológicos tenían menor ángulo, velocidad y aceleración, pérdida que se producía de forma continua a lo largo del ciclo, como se observa en el análisis de las funciones del movimiento. Se encontró que la escala DASH guardaba una relación con las variables cinemáticas funcionales, si bien, era moderada. Por otra parte, al aumentar el nivel de afectación, se observaba una clara disminución de la velocidad angular, y un cambio en el patrón de movimiento. Con respecto al efecto de la carga, no se encontraron diferencias claras en la población de estudio. Finalmente, la trayectoria del EIR describía una ruta de inicio por debajo del acromion, seguido de un desplazamiento vertical y medio-lateral, con un patrón que aunque era similar entre los grupos, se veía afectado de forma diferente por el dolor o el nivel de afectación funcional en la muestra de patológicos. En conclusión, los resultados indican que las variables funcionales son más sensibles a los cambios que las variables numéricas clásicas basadas en rangos o valores máximos. Por otra parte, las diferencias encontradas entre los sujetos patológicos y los sanos, solo son claras a nivel de conjunto, pero no separan de forma nítida a los individuos de cada grupo, pudiendo ser solo evidentes en caso de afectaciones muy severas, pero no con niveles moderados o bajos. El estudio del EIR es novedoso y proporciona información acerca de la coordinación del movimiento, aspecto de especial relevancia dada la composición del complejo articular del hombro. Finalmente, de los resultados se extrae el interés del uso de medidas repetidas usando el sujeto como factor y utilizando las escalas de valoración funcional, ya que el uso solo de datos biomecánicos no parece ser suficiente. / [CAT] El muscle és una articulació complexa en la qual interaccionen múltiples estructures, la qual cosa permet la realització de moviments de gran amplitud. A causa d'aquesta característica, pot ser facilment alterada si algun dels components falla. Les patologies del muscle són variades, així com diversa és la simptomatologia i el nivell d'alteració funcional. El grau d'afectació funcional pot ser valorat ja siga mitjanvant escales clíniques, o amb proves biomecaniques basades en l'analisi cinematica, que afigen objectivitat als resultats. No obstant aixo, els models cinematics disponibles en l'actualitat no ofereixen una representació realista del moviment articular, la qual cosa suposa una important limitació a l'hora de desenvolupar sistemes de valoració funcional. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi va ser descriure el moviment del muscle mitjanvant tecniques cinematiques avanvades que inclogueren l'ús de variables funcionals associades a la posició, velocitat i acceleració, així com la descripció de la trajectoria de l'eix instantani de rotació, amb la finalitat de desenvolupar un nou enfocament en les tecniques de valoració funcional del muscle. La mostra d'estudi va estar composta per 41 subjectes sans i 15 subjectes amb patología de muscle. Es van analitzar els moviments d'abducció en el pla frontal i en el pla escapular, amb pes d'1 quilogram i sense pes. Es va utilitzar l'escala EVA (escala visual analogica), per a determinar el nivell de dolor percebut i l'escala DASH (Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand), per a definir el grau funcional. Es va realitzar una analisi de variables numeriques, variables funcionals, reproducibilitat i harmonia del moviment i descripció de la trajectoria de l'eix instantani de rotació. Com a resultat, s'ha demostrat l'alta fiabilitat del procediment. Les diferencies oposades entre els subjectes sans i patologics, només eren evidents a nivell de grups, a més la dispersió de la mostra era considerable. Els valors de reproducibilitat i harmonia van ser similars per als dos grups. En mitjana, els subjectes patologics tenien menor angle, velocitat i acceleració, perdua que es produia de forma contínua al llarg del cicle, com s'observa en l'analisi de les funcions del moviment. Es va trobar que l'escala DASH guardava una relació con les variables cinematiques funcionals, si bé, era moderada. D'altra banda, en augmentar el nivell d'afectació, s'observava una clara disminució de la velocitat angular, i un canvi en el patró de moviment. Respecte a l'efecte de la carrega, no es van trobar diferencies clares en la població d'estudi. Finalment, la trajectoria del EIR descrivia una ruta d'inici per davall de l'acromi, seguit d'un desplavament vertical i mig-lateral, amb un patró que encara que era similar entre els grups, es veia afectat de forma diferent pel dolor o el nivell d'afectació funcional en la mostra de patologics. En conclusió, els resultats indiquen que les variables funcionals són més sensibles als canvis que les variables numeriques classiques basades en rangs o valors maxims. D'altra banda, les diferencies oposades entre els subjectes patologics i els sans, només són clares a nivell de conjunt, pero no separen de forma nítida als individus de cada grup, podent ser només evidents en cas d'afectacions molt severes, pero no amb nivells moderats o baixos. L'estudi del EIR és nou i proporciona informació sobre la coordinació del moviment, aspecte d'especial rellevancia donada la composició del complex articular del muscle. Finalment, dels resultats s'extrau l'interés de l'ús de mesures repetides usant el subjecte com a factor i utilitzant les escales de valoració funcional, ja que l'ús sol de dades biomecanics no sembla ser suficient. / [EN] The shoulder complex is a structure of joints with the largest range of motion. Consequently, it is susceptible to injury. Shoulder pathologies involve different levels of functional impairment that can be assessed either by clinical scales or by objective methods such as kinematic analysis. However, currently available kinematic models do not offer a realistic representation of joint movement, which is an important limitation when developing functional assessment systems. The main goal of current dissertation is to describe the movement of the shoulder, using advanced kinematic techniques that include the use of position, velocity and acceleration variables, as well as the use of the instantaneous helical axis, in order to develop new techniques of functional assessment. This study included 41 healthy subjects and 15 subjects with shoulder pathology. Subjects performed humeral elevation in 2 planes (frontal and scapular) and 2 conditions (loaded and unloaded). The VAS (visual analog scale) was used to determine the level of perceived pain and the DASH scale (Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand) to define the functional impairment. An analysis of numerical variables, functional variables, reproducibility and harmony of the movement and description of the trajectory of the instantaneous helical axis (IHA) was carried out. As a result, the high reliability of the procedure has been demostrated. Significative differences were found between healthy and pathological subjects. However, it was only evident about groups, in addition the dispersion was considerable. Reproducibility and harmony values were similar for both. The functional analysis showed that the pathological group had lower angle, velocity and acceleration throughout the entire cycle. It was found that the DASH scale had a moderate relation with the functional kinematic variables. On the other hand, when increasing the level of affectation, an obvious decrease of the angular velocity, and a change in the movement pattern was observed. Regarding the effect of loading, no clear differences were found in the study population. Finally, the IHA described a vertical and mid-lateral displacement, with an initial point below the acromion. The pattern was similar in both groups, however it was affected by the level of pain and functional impairment. In conclusion, these findings suggest that functional variables are more sensitive to changes than classical numerical variables. On the other hand, differences between healthy and pathological subjects are only evident at group level. It seems that it is only evident in highly affected patients, not in those with a mild or intermediate impairment. Moreover, the study of the IHA is novel and provides relevant information about the shoulder joint coordination. Finally, we concluded that the use of repeated measurements using the subject as a factor along with the use of scales of functional assessment provides a better description of the movement since the exclusive use of biomechanical data, does not seem to be sufficient. / Cáceres Cáceres, ML. (2019). Aplicación de la cinemática articular a la valoración funcional del hombro [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/133994 / TESIS

Thesis problem: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) can provide images with identical information and considerable dose reduction compared with reasonably low costs compared to multislice computed tomography (MSCT) especially where multiple follow up imaging studies are needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of CBCT, using i-CAT®'s software, for detection of the anatomical landmarks of the external, middle and inner ear to answer this question whether MSCT Can be replaced by dental CBCT for evaluation of the temporal bone. Material and methods: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 63 subjects made with the same machine, with unknown clinical histories and no evidence of pathosis on CBCT images, were evaluated by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists retrospectively. Seven anatomical points (scutum, oval window, incudomalleolar joint, the tympanic/horizontal and mastoid/vertical segments of the facial nerve, anterior and posterior crura of stapes) of the right and left temporal bone (total of 120 temporal bones) were evaluated. The results were provided as percentage of the points identified by each radiologist. The intra and inter observer agreement were calculated using kappa statistic. Results: The scutum, the tympanic/horizontal segment of the facial nerve canal and the oval window of the right and left temporal bone of 63 cases (total 126 temporal bones) were visualized by the first observer as well-defined structures in 100%, 96.03% and 100% of the cases, respectively. The tympanic/horizontal segment of the facial nerve canal was visualized as a poorly-defined structure in 2.38 % and could not be identified in 1.59% of the cases. The anterior and posterior crura of stapes, the mastoid/vertical segments of the facial nerve canal and the incudomalleolar joint were visualized as well-defined structures in 24.60%, 53.17%, 99.21% and 57.94% of the cases, as poorly defined structures in 32.54%, 41.27%, 0.79% and 39.68% of the cases respectively. The anterior and posterior crura of stapes, the mastoid/vertical segments of the facial nerve canal and the incudomalleolar joint could not be identified in 42.86%, 5.56%, 0% and 2.38% of the cases respectively. The intra- and inter-observer agreement ranged from strong for tympanic/horizontal and mastoid/vertical segments of the facial nerve canal to poor for the anterior and posterior crura of stapes and also the incudomalleolar joint. Conclusion: The i-CAT CBCT machine is a promising replacement for MSCT in evaluation of the temporal bone where there is no need for evaluation of the anterior and posterior crura of stapes and the incudomalleolar joint which are the smallest anatomical structures in the temporal bone. Other CBCT machines with higher contrast to noise ratio should be evaluated for detection of those anatomical structures since CBCT can reduce the patient dose substantially where multiple follow up CT studied are needed. Key words: Computed tomography; cone beam CT; multislice helical CT; middle ear; inner ear; temporal bone.

<div>Due to reduced pain, shortened hospital stay and recovery, minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is becoming more and more popular in healthcare systems. MIS requires some devices for the motion and force transformation from outside to the inside of the body of a patient, and the strangled cables play a significant role in developing the instrumentations to serve for such purposes. However, current design and selection of a strangled cable is mostly intuitive that depend greatly on designers’ experiences and availability of experimental data, which leads to non-optimized designs and longer design cycles. In this thesis, both of analytical modelling and numerical simulation are proposed to build the relation of applied torque and deflection of part, so that a strangled cable with a given configuration can be characterized in term of its load-deflection relation. The defined relation has its great significance and application potential in the design optimization and precise controls of medical devices for MISs.Besides the various patterns of strangled cables, a Helical hollow strand (HHS®) tube is a special type of strangled cables with single- or multiple- layer configurations., In each layer, each of the helical wires touches its two neighboring helical wires, and it has a coreless hollow at the center. Its primary application is to carry a torsional load in a twisting mode. As an extreme, there is a possibility that all helical wires touch each other, and this forms a statically indeterminate contact obstacle in design analysis. Numerical simulation would predict that contacts occur simultaneously at all possible contacting points under the circumference that the strand is fixed at one end against rotation. In addition, the friction at contacts will affect the torsional deformation; therefore, these contacts must be taken into consideration in the development of analytical and numerical simulation models.This thesis reports the results of the investigation on the characteristics of Helical hollow strand tube (HHS®), more specifically, the relation of torsional deflection and the applied torque over a tube in the clockwise (CW) direction. The numerical simulation approach to predict the torsional deflection of HHS with various design parameters and configurations is emphasized. </div><div><br></div>

For dimensions of crankshaft drive Zetor engine, which is solve by a helical gear drive will be created a dynamic model in MBS (multi body system) and perform analyses. The same way will be created a dynamic model for a spur gear system. In conclusion will be confrontation both of these drive solutions.

The first project in this dissertation describes the total synthesis of yaku’amide A analogues. Natural product yaku’amide A possesses potent anticancer activity and exhibits a novel mode of action. However, due to its complex asymmetrical isoleucine dehydroamino acids, the synthesis of this polypeptide poses a unique challenge. Despite the efficient synthesis developed in our lab, the total synthesis of this natural product remains lengthy. In order to simplify the overall synthesis, symmetrical dehydroamino acids were incorporated to replace the dehydroisoleucine residues yielding two analogues of yaku’amide A that closely resembles the conformation of the natural product. Biological testing of the simplified analogues disclosed similar potency to that of yaku’amide A. The second part of this dissertation focuses on the influence that dehydroamino acids have on secondary structures. Peptides have an important role in medicine despite their limitations due to poor bioavailability and stability. Therapeutic use of peptides can be enhanced by designing new strategies to improve the proteolytic stability of these compounds. Attempts to increase peptide stability using trisubstituted and tetrasubstituted dehydroamino acids (ΔAAs) have been reported. Similarly, modified ΔAAs should also help tune the electronic and steric properties of peptides, while improving proteolytic stability. However, studies of peptides containing modified ΔAAs and are scarce. This project describes the synthesis and studies of incipient 310 helical tetrapeptides containing dehydroamino acids. Bulky and cyclic ΔAAs were demonstrated to alter the conformation of these tetrapeptides and impart greater stability against proteolysis and thiol additions. We believe these results can be a powerful tool to design peptide drug candidates with high proteolytic resistance and stability. tetrasubstituted dehydroamino acids (ΔAAs) have been reported. Similarly, modified ΔAAs should also help tune the electronic and steric properties of peptides, while improving proteolytic stability. However, studies of peptides containing modified ΔAAs and are scarce. This project describes the synthesis and studies of incipient 310 helical tetrapeptides containing dehydroamino acids. Bulky and cyclic ΔAAs were demonstrated to alter the conformation of these tetrapeptides and impart greater stability against proteolysis and thiol additions. We believe these results can be a powerful tool to design peptide drug candidates with high proteolytic resistance and stability.