Objetivos: Estimar a prevalência de anticorpos contra hepatite A (anti-HAV) em grupo de crianças e adolescentes de laboratório público e privado em Porto Alegre e comparar com estudo realizado na década anterior. Métodos: Entre 2007 e 2008 foi realizado estudo transversal onde foram incluídas, consecutivamente, 465 amostras de soros de crianças e adolescentes entre 1 e 19 anos de idade para determinar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-HAV total. As amostras foram fornecidas por laboratório público (Grupo 1), que atende somente Sistema Único de Saúde, e por laboratório privado (Grupo 2), representando os estratos socioeconômicos mais baixo e mais alto, respectivamente. O teste foi realizado em único laboratório (eletroquimioluminescência - Roche Diagnostics). Resultados > 20 UI/L foram considerados positivos. Resultados: A soroprevalência de anti-HAV no grupo 1 foi de 37,6% e o percentual de positividade aumentou conforme a idade, variando de 19,4% entre 1-4 anos a 54,1% entre 15- 19 anos. No grupo 2, a frequência de anti-HAV foi de 46,1% e foi inversamente relacionada à idade, caindo de cerca de 50,0% nas faixas etárias menores para 29,1% aos 15-19 anos. Houve diminuição significativa na prevalência do anti-HAV nas crianças de 5-9 anos do grupo 1 (P=0,03), quando comparadas com estudo realizado na década de 1990. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem queda na endemicidade da hepatite A em Porto Alegre na última década e indicam maior suscetibilidade à doença em crianças e adolescentes, principalmente no estrato socioeconômico mais baixo. / Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of anti-hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) antibodies in serum samples from children and adolescents obtained at two clinical pathology laboratories (one public, one private) in the city of Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and compare findings to those of a study carried out in the 1990s. Methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted between 2007 and 2008, 465 serum samples obtained from children and adolescents (1-19 years) were consecutively tested to determine the prevalence of total anti-HAV antibodies. Samples were provided by a public laboratory (Group 1) that serves the Unified Health System exclusively, meant to represent the lowest socioeconomic strata, and by a private laboratory (Group 2), meant to represent the higher socioeconomic classes. Tests were performed at a single laboratory using commercially available electrochemiluminescence kits. Antibody levels ≥ 20 UI/L were considered positive. Results: The seroprevalence of anti-HAV in Group 1 was 37.6%. The percentage of anti- HAV reactivity increased with age, ranging from 19.4% in the 1-to-4-year group to 54.1% in the 15-to-19-year group. In Group 2, the overall frequency of anti-HAV positivity was 46.1% and was inversely correlated with age, declining from roughly 50% in the youngest age groups to 29.1% in the 15-to-19 group. Comparison of sample findings to those reported in a 1990s study showed a significant reduction in anti-HAV prevalence among 5-to-9-year-olds in Group 1 (p = 0.03). Conclusions: The results suggest that the endemicity of hepatitis A in Porto Alegre has been declining over the past decade, and that children and adolescents, particularly those in the lowest socioeconomic strata, are more susceptible to the disease.

Objetivos: Estimar a prevalência de anticorpos contra hepatite A (anti-HAV) em grupo de crianças e adolescentes de laboratório público e privado em Porto Alegre e comparar com estudo realizado na década anterior. Métodos: Entre 2007 e 2008 foi realizado estudo transversal onde foram incluídas, consecutivamente, 465 amostras de soros de crianças e adolescentes entre 1 e 19 anos de idade para determinar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-HAV total. As amostras foram fornecidas por laboratório público (Grupo 1), que atende somente Sistema Único de Saúde, e por laboratório privado (Grupo 2), representando os estratos socioeconômicos mais baixo e mais alto, respectivamente. O teste foi realizado em único laboratório (eletroquimioluminescência - Roche Diagnostics). Resultados > 20 UI/L foram considerados positivos. Resultados: A soroprevalência de anti-HAV no grupo 1 foi de 37,6% e o percentual de positividade aumentou conforme a idade, variando de 19,4% entre 1-4 anos a 54,1% entre 15- 19 anos. No grupo 2, a frequência de anti-HAV foi de 46,1% e foi inversamente relacionada à idade, caindo de cerca de 50,0% nas faixas etárias menores para 29,1% aos 15-19 anos. Houve diminuição significativa na prevalência do anti-HAV nas crianças de 5-9 anos do grupo 1 (P=0,03), quando comparadas com estudo realizado na década de 1990. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem queda na endemicidade da hepatite A em Porto Alegre na última década e indicam maior suscetibilidade à doença em crianças e adolescentes, principalmente no estrato socioeconômico mais baixo. / Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of anti-hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) antibodies in serum samples from children and adolescents obtained at two clinical pathology laboratories (one public, one private) in the city of Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and compare findings to those of a study carried out in the 1990s. Methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted between 2007 and 2008, 465 serum samples obtained from children and adolescents (1-19 years) were consecutively tested to determine the prevalence of total anti-HAV antibodies. Samples were provided by a public laboratory (Group 1) that serves the Unified Health System exclusively, meant to represent the lowest socioeconomic strata, and by a private laboratory (Group 2), meant to represent the higher socioeconomic classes. Tests were performed at a single laboratory using commercially available electrochemiluminescence kits. Antibody levels ≥ 20 UI/L were considered positive. Results: The seroprevalence of anti-HAV in Group 1 was 37.6%. The percentage of anti- HAV reactivity increased with age, ranging from 19.4% in the 1-to-4-year group to 54.1% in the 15-to-19-year group. In Group 2, the overall frequency of anti-HAV positivity was 46.1% and was inversely correlated with age, declining from roughly 50% in the youngest age groups to 29.1% in the 15-to-19 group. Comparison of sample findings to those reported in a 1990s study showed a significant reduction in anti-HAV prevalence among 5-to-9-year-olds in Group 1 (p = 0.03). Conclusions: The results suggest that the endemicity of hepatitis A in Porto Alegre has been declining over the past decade, and that children and adolescents, particularly those in the lowest socioeconomic strata, are more susceptible to the disease.

Objetivos: Estimar a prevalência de anticorpos contra hepatite A (anti-HAV) em grupo de crianças e adolescentes de laboratório público e privado em Porto Alegre e comparar com estudo realizado na década anterior. Métodos: Entre 2007 e 2008 foi realizado estudo transversal onde foram incluídas, consecutivamente, 465 amostras de soros de crianças e adolescentes entre 1 e 19 anos de idade para determinar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-HAV total. As amostras foram fornecidas por laboratório público (Grupo 1), que atende somente Sistema Único de Saúde, e por laboratório privado (Grupo 2), representando os estratos socioeconômicos mais baixo e mais alto, respectivamente. O teste foi realizado em único laboratório (eletroquimioluminescência - Roche Diagnostics). Resultados > 20 UI/L foram considerados positivos. Resultados: A soroprevalência de anti-HAV no grupo 1 foi de 37,6% e o percentual de positividade aumentou conforme a idade, variando de 19,4% entre 1-4 anos a 54,1% entre 15- 19 anos. No grupo 2, a frequência de anti-HAV foi de 46,1% e foi inversamente relacionada à idade, caindo de cerca de 50,0% nas faixas etárias menores para 29,1% aos 15-19 anos. Houve diminuição significativa na prevalência do anti-HAV nas crianças de 5-9 anos do grupo 1 (P=0,03), quando comparadas com estudo realizado na década de 1990. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem queda na endemicidade da hepatite A em Porto Alegre na última década e indicam maior suscetibilidade à doença em crianças e adolescentes, principalmente no estrato socioeconômico mais baixo. / Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of anti-hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) antibodies in serum samples from children and adolescents obtained at two clinical pathology laboratories (one public, one private) in the city of Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and compare findings to those of a study carried out in the 1990s. Methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted between 2007 and 2008, 465 serum samples obtained from children and adolescents (1-19 years) were consecutively tested to determine the prevalence of total anti-HAV antibodies. Samples were provided by a public laboratory (Group 1) that serves the Unified Health System exclusively, meant to represent the lowest socioeconomic strata, and by a private laboratory (Group 2), meant to represent the higher socioeconomic classes. Tests were performed at a single laboratory using commercially available electrochemiluminescence kits. Antibody levels ≥ 20 UI/L were considered positive. Results: The seroprevalence of anti-HAV in Group 1 was 37.6%. The percentage of anti- HAV reactivity increased with age, ranging from 19.4% in the 1-to-4-year group to 54.1% in the 15-to-19-year group. In Group 2, the overall frequency of anti-HAV positivity was 46.1% and was inversely correlated with age, declining from roughly 50% in the youngest age groups to 29.1% in the 15-to-19 group. Comparison of sample findings to those reported in a 1990s study showed a significant reduction in anti-HAV prevalence among 5-to-9-year-olds in Group 1 (p = 0.03). Conclusions: The results suggest that the endemicity of hepatitis A in Porto Alegre has been declining over the past decade, and that children and adolescents, particularly those in the lowest socioeconomic strata, are more susceptible to the disease.

Introdução: Pacientes com infecção crônica pelo VHC e superinfecção pelo vírus da hepatite A (VHA) ou o vírus da hepatite B (VHB), têm maior morbi-mortalidade quando comparados com pacientes que apresentam infecção aguda somente pelo VHA ou VHB. A mortalidade associada à hepatite A aguda pode estar particularmente elevada em pacientes com pré-existência de hepatite crônica causada pelo VHC. Por esta razão, a imunização ativa com vacinas contra o VHA e o VHB vem a ser obrigatória nesta população, e consequentemente esta sorologia deve ser determinada. Objetivos: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a prevalência de marcadores sorológicos da hepatite A e hepatite B em 1.000 pacientes com infecção crônica pelo VHC atendidos no Ambulatório de Hepatites da Divisão de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia Clínica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Resultados: O anti-VHA IgG foi positivo em 923 de 1000 pacientes (92,3%). Quando estratificados por idade, o anti-VHA IgG foi encontrado em 61% dos pacientes entre 20 e 29 anos, 70% entre 30 e 39 anos, 85% entre 40 e 49 anos, 94% entre 50 e 59 anos e 99% nos pacientes com mais de 60 anos . O anti-HBc total foi positivo em 244 pacientes (24%). Estratificados por idade, em 4,3% dos pacientes entre 20 e 29 anos, 17% entre 30e 39 anos, 21% entre 40 e 49 anos, 24% entre 50 e 59 anos, e 28% dos pacientes com mais de 60 anos. Dos 244 pacientes anti-HBc IgG positivos, 0,8% são HBsAg positivo, 8,5% anti-HBc IgG isolado e 16% anti-HBs positivo. Conclusões: A prevalência de anti-VHA IgG nod nossos pacientes com hepatite C crônica foi semelhante à da população geral no município de São Paulo. No entanto, o anti-HBc totaI foi maior em nossos pacientes, quando comparada historicamente à população geral dos países ocidentais, sugerindo fatores de risco semelhantes para as hepatites B e C, o que enfatiza a importância dos programas de imunização nesta população / Background and Aims: Patients with chronic HCV and superinfection by hepatitis A virus (HAV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) have higher morbidity and mortality when compared with those without HCV. For this reason, HAV and HBV active immunization has become mandatory in this population and hence their serological markers must be determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of serological markers of HAV and HBV infection in patients with chronic HCV. Methods: 1.000 chronic HCV infected patients at the University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine outpatient Liver Clinic were evaluated for the prevalence of serological markers of HAV and HBV infection. Results: Anti-HAV IgG was positive in 923 of 1000 patients (92.3%). When stratified by age, the anti-HAV IgG was found in 61% of patients between 20-29 years, 70% between 30-39 years, 85% between 40-49 years, 94% between 50-59 years, and 99% over 60 years of age. Anti-HBc IgG was positive in 244 patients (24%). Stratified by age, anti-HBc IgG was found in 4.3% of patients between 20-29 years, 17% between 30-39 years, 21% between 40 -49 years, 24% between 50-59 years, and 28% of patients over 60 years of age. Of the 244 anti-HBc IgG positive patients, 0.8% were also HBsAg positive, 8.5% were anti-HBc IgG isolated and 16% were also anti-HBs positive. Conclusions: The prevalence of anti-HAV IgG was similar to the general population in the city of São Paulo. However, anti-HBc IgG was higher in our chronic HCV patients, when compared historically to the general population of western countries, suggesting similar risk factors for HBV and HCV acquisition, so emphasizing the importance of immunization programs in this population. Keywords: Hepatitis C, Chronic; Hepatitis C; Hepacivirus, Prevalence; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B Título: Prevalência de Marcadores Sorológicos das Hepatites A e B em Pacientes com Hepatite C Crônica atendidos no Ambulatório de Hepatites do Serviço de Gastroenterologia Clínica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - HCFMUSP Background and Aims: Patients with chronic HCV and superinfection by hepatitis A virus (HAV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) have higher morbidity and mortality when compared with those without HCV. For this reason, HAV and HBV active immunization has become mandatory in this population and hence their serological markers must be determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of serological markers of HAV and HBV infection in patients with chronic HCV. Methods: 1.000 chronic HCV infected patients at the University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine outpatient Liver Clinic were evaluated for the prevalence of serological markers of HAV and HBV infection. Results: Anti-HAV IgG was positive in 923 of 1000 patients (92.3%). When stratified by age, the anti-HAV IgG was found in 61% of patients between 20-29 years, 70% between 30-39 years, 85% between 40-49 years, 94% between 50-59 years, and 99% over 60 years of age. Anti-HBc IgG was positive in 244 patients (24%). Stratified by age, anti-HBc IgG was found in 4.3% of patients between 20-29 years, 17% between 30-39 years, 21% between 40 -49 years, 24% between 50-59 years, and 28% of patients over 60 years of age. Of the 244 anti-HBc IgG positive patients, 0.8% were also HBsAg positive, 8.5% were anti-HBc IgG isolated and 16% were also anti-HBs positive. Conclusions: The prevalence of anti-HAV IgG was similar to the general population in the city of São Paulo. However, anti-HBc IgG was higher in our chronic HCV patients, when compared historically to the general population of western countries, suggesting similar risk factors for HBV and HCV acquisition, so emphasizing the importance of immunization programs in this population

Introdução: Pacientes com infecção crônica pelo VHC e superinfecção pelo vírus da hepatite A (VHA) ou o vírus da hepatite B (VHB), têm maior morbi-mortalidade quando comparados com pacientes que apresentam infecção aguda somente pelo VHA ou VHB. A mortalidade associada à hepatite A aguda pode estar particularmente elevada em pacientes com pré-existência de hepatite crônica causada pelo VHC. Por esta razão, a imunização ativa com vacinas contra o VHA e o VHB vem a ser obrigatória nesta população, e consequentemente esta sorologia deve ser determinada. Objetivos: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a prevalência de marcadores sorológicos da hepatite A e hepatite B em 1.000 pacientes com infecção crônica pelo VHC atendidos no Ambulatório de Hepatites da Divisão de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia Clínica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Resultados: O anti-VHA IgG foi positivo em 923 de 1000 pacientes (92,3%). Quando estratificados por idade, o anti-VHA IgG foi encontrado em 61% dos pacientes entre 20 e 29 anos, 70% entre 30 e 39 anos, 85% entre 40 e 49 anos, 94% entre 50 e 59 anos e 99% nos pacientes com mais de 60 anos . O anti-HBc total foi positivo em 244 pacientes (24%). Estratificados por idade, em 4,3% dos pacientes entre 20 e 29 anos, 17% entre 30e 39 anos, 21% entre 40 e 49 anos, 24% entre 50 e 59 anos, e 28% dos pacientes com mais de 60 anos. Dos 244 pacientes anti-HBc IgG positivos, 0,8% são HBsAg positivo, 8,5% anti-HBc IgG isolado e 16% anti-HBs positivo. Conclusões: A prevalência de anti-VHA IgG nod nossos pacientes com hepatite C crônica foi semelhante à da população geral no município de São Paulo. No entanto, o anti-HBc totaI foi maior em nossos pacientes, quando comparada historicamente à população geral dos países ocidentais, sugerindo fatores de risco semelhantes para as hepatites B e C, o que enfatiza a importância dos programas de imunização nesta população / Background and Aims: Patients with chronic HCV and superinfection by hepatitis A virus (HAV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) have higher morbidity and mortality when compared with those without HCV. For this reason, HAV and HBV active immunization has become mandatory in this population and hence their serological markers must be determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of serological markers of HAV and HBV infection in patients with chronic HCV. Methods: 1.000 chronic HCV infected patients at the University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine outpatient Liver Clinic were evaluated for the prevalence of serological markers of HAV and HBV infection. Results: Anti-HAV IgG was positive in 923 of 1000 patients (92.3%). When stratified by age, the anti-HAV IgG was found in 61% of patients between 20-29 years, 70% between 30-39 years, 85% between 40-49 years, 94% between 50-59 years, and 99% over 60 years of age. Anti-HBc IgG was positive in 244 patients (24%). Stratified by age, anti-HBc IgG was found in 4.3% of patients between 20-29 years, 17% between 30-39 years, 21% between 40 -49 years, 24% between 50-59 years, and 28% of patients over 60 years of age. Of the 244 anti-HBc IgG positive patients, 0.8% were also HBsAg positive, 8.5% were anti-HBc IgG isolated and 16% were also anti-HBs positive. Conclusions: The prevalence of anti-HAV IgG was similar to the general population in the city of São Paulo. However, anti-HBc IgG was higher in our chronic HCV patients, when compared historically to the general population of western countries, suggesting similar risk factors for HBV and HCV acquisition, so emphasizing the importance of immunization programs in this population. Keywords: Hepatitis C, Chronic; Hepatitis C; Hepacivirus, Prevalence; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B Título: Prevalência de Marcadores Sorológicos das Hepatites A e B em Pacientes com Hepatite C Crônica atendidos no Ambulatório de Hepatites do Serviço de Gastroenterologia Clínica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - HCFMUSP Background and Aims: Patients with chronic HCV and superinfection by hepatitis A virus (HAV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) have higher morbidity and mortality when compared with those without HCV. For this reason, HAV and HBV active immunization has become mandatory in this population and hence their serological markers must be determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of serological markers of HAV and HBV infection in patients with chronic HCV. Methods: 1.000 chronic HCV infected patients at the University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine outpatient Liver Clinic were evaluated for the prevalence of serological markers of HAV and HBV infection. Results: Anti-HAV IgG was positive in 923 of 1000 patients (92.3%). When stratified by age, the anti-HAV IgG was found in 61% of patients between 20-29 years, 70% between 30-39 years, 85% between 40-49 years, 94% between 50-59 years, and 99% over 60 years of age. Anti-HBc IgG was positive in 244 patients (24%). Stratified by age, anti-HBc IgG was found in 4.3% of patients between 20-29 years, 17% between 30-39 years, 21% between 40 -49 years, 24% between 50-59 years, and 28% of patients over 60 years of age. Of the 244 anti-HBc IgG positive patients, 0.8% were also HBsAg positive, 8.5% were anti-HBc IgG isolated and 16% were also anti-HBs positive. Conclusions: The prevalence of anti-HAV IgG was similar to the general population in the city of São Paulo. However, anti-HBc IgG was higher in our chronic HCV patients, when compared historically to the general population of western countries, suggesting similar risk factors for HBV and HCV acquisition, so emphasizing the importance of immunization programs in this population