La maturation des ARN implique un grand nombre d’évènements post-transcriptionnels, parmi lesquels la polyadénylation qui constitue une étape clé. Chez Arabidopsis, la présence de l’hétérochromatine au niveau des introns de certains gènes peut influencer considérablement la polyadénylation de leur transcrits. INCREASED IN BONSAI METHYLATION2 (IBM2) est une protéinequi contrôle cette catégorie de gènes en reconnaissant l’hétérochromatine au niveau des introns via son domaine BOMO-ADJACENT HOMOLOGY (BAH). IBM2 se lie à l’ARNm par son motif RNA RECOGNOTION (RRM), afin d’assurer la transcription complète de ces gènes cibles en favorisant l’utilisation d’un site distal de polyadénylation. Par conséquent, en mutant IBM2, des plus transcrits courts sont synthétisés suite à une polyadénylation précoce au niveau de la régionhétérochromatique. Durant ma thèse, j’ai cherché à comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents de cette régulation tout en étudiant le rôle du complexe protéique IBM2. Nous avons identifié des protéines partenaires d’IBM2 déjà étudiées telle que ENHANCED DOWNY MILDEW2 (EDM2) et ASI-IMMUNOPRECIPITATED PROTEIN1 (AIPP1), ainsi qu’une nouvelle protéine interagissant physiquement avec IBM2 et d’autres protéines. La mutation du gène correspondant à cette protéine conduit à une réduction de l’expression globale des cibles d’IBM2testées, accompagnée d’un niveau réduit de transcrits longs fonctionnels. Moyennant un crible génétique des suppresseurs de la mutation ibm2, nous avons identifié plusieurs facteurs agissant en amont de la voie IBM2, notamment la protéine FLOWERING TIME CONTROL (FPA). FPA est une protéine capable de s’associer à l’ARN pour favoriser l’utilisation de sites proximaux de polyadénylation de plusieurs gènes cibles, avec parmi eux des gènes contrôlés par IBM2, ce qui suggère que la transcription complète de ces gènes dépend étroitement des actions antagonistes entre IBM2 et FPA. Nos résultats ont montré que le choix du site de polyadénylation de gènes contenant de l’hétérochromatine dépend de plusieurs protéines agissant en différents complexes ainsi que l’interconnexion avec d’autres voies. / RNA maturation implies numerous post-transcriptional modifications in whichpolyadenylation is a key step. In Arabidopsis, the heterochromatin found within introns(intronic-HC) can impact transcripts polyadenylation of host genes. INCREASED IN BONSAI METHYLATION2 (IBM2), an RNA-binding protein containing a bromo-adjacent homology (BAH) domain, interacts with intronic-HC to produce functional full-length transcripts by promoting distal polyadenylation. Loss of IBM2 function triggers short transcripts production due to premature polyadenylation from the heterochromatic region. During my thesis, I investigated the role of proteins that may belong to different sub-complexes in the regulation of intronic-HC containing genes. We identified IBM2 partners, including ENHANCED DOWNY MILDEW 2 (EDM2) and ASI-IMMUNOPRECIPITATED PROTEIN1 (AIPP1), and a novel partner that interacts directly with IBM2 and other proteins. Mutating the corresponding gene of the novel partner results in decreased expression of tested IBM2-targets such as IBM1 encoding an H3K9demethylase and the disease resistance gene RECOGNITION OF PERONOSPORA PARASITICA 7 (RPP7), accompanied with compromised use of their distal polyadenylation sites. By conducting a genetic screen of ibm2 mutation suppressors, we identified factors belonging to different pathways that act upstream of IBM2, among them the FLOWERING TIME CONTROL PROTEIN (FPA). FPA is an RNA-binding protein that promotes the use of proximal polyadenylation sitesof several genes such as IBM1. Our data bring evidence that antagonistic actions of FPA and IBM2 regulates polyadenylation sites choice at intronic-HC containing genes. These results provide new insights to understand the interplay between heterochromatin and RNA processing.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医科学) / 乙第13169号 / 論医科博第4号 / 新制||医科||6(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 萩原 正敏, 教授 近藤 玄, 教授 高田 穣 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Afin d'étudier la formation de l'hétérochromatine dans l’embryon préimplantatoire de souris, je me suis concentrée sur deux régions génétiques différentes - répétitions péricentriques et L1 éléments transposables - dans le but notamment de découvrir les mécanismes qui conduisent à la répression et le rôle distinct qu’ils peuvent jouer pendant le processus de développement et la division cellulaire. Mes expériences montrent que l’organisation spatiale spécifique des domaines péricentriques est essentielle pour leur répression ainsi que pour leur organisation correcte. De plus, mes résultats suggèrent que les défauts d’organisation de l’hétérochromatine conduisent à des défauts de division cellulaire et de prolifération. La seconde partie de ma thèse montre que la réglementation stricte de L1 éléments transposables est nécessaire pour le développement préimplantatoire d'embryons de souris. En outre, représente la première tentative pour élucider la biologie des éléments L1 dans l’embryon précoce de souris par l’utilisation de modificateurs de transcription ciblés spécifiquement. / To study the formation of heterochromatin in mouse preimplantation embryo, I focused on two different genetic regions – pericentric repeats and L1 transposable elements - in order to investigate the mechanisms that lead to their repression and the distinct role that these regions can play during the process of development and cell division. My experiments show that the specific spatial organization of pericentric domains is essential for their repression and for their correct organization. Moreover, my findings suggest that defects in organization of heterochromatin lead to improper cell division and proliferation. The second part of my thesis shows that the tight regulation of L1 transposable elements is required for the preimplantation development of mouse embryos. Additionally, it is the first attempt to elucidate the biology of L1 elements in the early mouse embryo through the use of targeted transcription modifiers.

<p>To ensure genomic integrity, the genome must be accurately duplicated once and only once per cell division. DNA replication is tightly regulated by replication licensing mechanisms which ensure that origins only initiate replication once per cell cycle. Disruption of replication licensing mechanisms may lead to re-replication and genomic instability. </p><p>DNA licensing involves two steps including the assembly of the pre-replicative compelx at origins in G1 and the activation of pre-RC in S-phase. Cdt1, also known as Double-parked (Dup) in <italic> Drosophila Menalogaster </italic>, is a key regulator of the assembly of pre-RC and its activity is strictly limited to G1 by multiple mechanisms including Cul4<super>Ddb1</super> mediated proteolysis and inhibitory binding by geminin. Previous studies have indicated that when the balance between Cdt1 and geminin is disrupted, re-replication occurs but the genome is only partially re-replicated. The exact sequences that are re-replicated and the mechanisms contributing to partial re-replication are unknown. To address these two questions, I assayed the genomic consequences of deregulating the replication licensing mechanisms by either RNAi depletion of geminin or Dup over-expression in cultured Drosophila Kc167 cells. In agreement with previously reported re-replication studies, I found that not all sequences were sensitive to geminin depletion or Dup over-expression. Microarray analysis and quantitative PCR revealed that heterochromatic sequences were preferentially re-replicated when Dup was deregulated either by geminin depletion or Dup over-expression. The preferential re-activation of heterochromatic replication origins was unexpected because these origins are typically the last sequences to be duplicated during normal S-phase. </p><p>In the case of geminin depletion, immunofluorescence studies indicated that the re-replication of heterochromatin was regulated not at the level of pre-RC activation, but rather due to the restricted formation of the pre-RC to the heterochromatin. Unlike the global assembly of the pre-RC that occurs throughout the genome in G1, in the absence of geminin, limited pre-RC assembly was restricted to the heterochromatin. Elevated cyclin A-CDK activity during S-phase could be one mechanism that prevents pre-RC reassembly at euchromatin when geminin is absent. These results suggest that there are chromatin and cell cycle specific controls that regulate the re-assembly of the pre-RC outside of G1.</p><p>In contrast to the specific re-replication of heterochromatin when geminin is absent, re-replication induced by Dup over-expression is not restricted to heterochromatin but rather includes re-activation of origins throughout the genome, although there is a slight preference for heterochromatin when re-replication is initiated. Surprisingly, Dup over-expression in G2 arrested cells result in a complete endoreduplication. In contrast to the ordered replication of euchromatin and heterochromatin during early and late S-phase respectively, endoreduplication induced by Dup over-expression does not exhibit any temporal order of replication initiation from these two types of chromatin, suggesting replication timing program may be uncoupled from local chromatin environment. Taken together, these findings suggest that the maintenance of proper levels of Dup protein is critical for genome integrity.</p> / Dissertation

Here I describe the construction and characterization of a new generation of human artificial chromosome that contains an array of DNA sequences that can be used to manipulate the chromosome in vivo and possibly in vitro. This HAC was originated in human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells from a synthetic alphoid DNA containing an array of TetOperator sequences, cloned in a BAC-based vector. This synthetic ά-satellite DNA formed HACs that were stably maintained throughtout replication and segregation in HT1080 cells. However, I succeeded to also transfer and manipulate the alphoidtetO HAC into a HeLa-based hybrid cell line. The synthetic alphoidtetO HAC chromatin was similar to the chromatin at endogenous centromeric alphoid DNA. Importantly, the DNA sequences embedded in the synthetic HAC were accessible to targeting TetR-fused constructs in vivo. The alphoidtetO HAC could be successfully targeted with a number of TetR:fusion proteins without affecting its chromatin structure, kinetochore assembly and mitotic behaviour. However, the targeting of a transcriptional activator (tTA) inactivated the HAC synthetic alphoidtetO DNA in a fraction of transfected cells. Surprisingly, the targeting of the transcriptional repressor tTS, co-repressor KAP1 or the heterochromatin-associated protein HPIά severely inactivated the synthetic alphoidtetO kinetochore . In fact, upon targeting several inner and outer kinetochore proteins were delocalized from the alphoidtetO sequences. The dissociation of kinetochore proteins CENP-H and CENP-C appeared to precede that of CENP-A. The alphoidtetO HAC lacking inner kinetochore protein complexes showed mitotic defects including misalignment at the metaphase plate and defective anaphase segregation, ultimately being included in tiny DAPI-positive nano-nuclei in the cytoplasm. The transcriptional repressor tTS repressed the low levels of transcription from the alphoidtetO sequences. In addition, targeting of transcriptional repressors altered the HAC chromatin towards a more “closed”, heterochromatic conformation, as seen from the changes in histone tail modifications. Interestingly, the targeting of the histone methyltransferase EZH2 to the alphoidteto HAC showed a much milder inactivating activity compared to KAP1. Based on these results, I propose that the formation of HPI-type of heterochromatin or accumulation of HPIά to the centromeric regions could disrupt the association of constitutive kinetochore proteins to the underlying sequences. Centromeric alphoid sequences lacking a functional kinetochore structure then also loose the centromere-specific histone H3 variant CENP-A becoming definitively inactive. Alternatively, a basal transcriptional activity from centromeric sequences might be required for centromere functionality.

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The class Arachnida is not thoroughly explored from the cytogenetic point of view. Previous studies suggest a high diversity of karyotypes and sex determination in arachnids. This study deals with the evolution of sex chomosomes, nucleolar organizer regions (NOR), and telomeric repeats in the tetrapulmonate clade of arachnids, particularly in groups of ancient origin. Sex chromosomes were detected in two orders. Detection of NORs in a large set of species supports the hypothesis that the ancestral karyotype of arachnids contained NOR on one pair of autosomes only. The number of NORs has increased during the evolution of some groups of Pedipalpi. The NORs are located in terminal or subterminal chromosomal regions in most tetrapulmonates. The occurrence of the "insect" telomeric motif was confirmed in majority of tetrapulmonates. Interstitital telomeric repeats were not detected with the exception of one species. Keywords: arachnids, meiosis, sex chromosomes, telomeres, nucleolar organizer, heterochromatin