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Os peixes apresentam uma grande diversidade quanto a sua morfologia, seus habitats e também sua biologia. São encontrados em lagos, córregos, estuários e oceanos, constituindo assim mais de 50% do número total das espécies de vertebrados conhecidas atualmente. Essa fauna tem sido objeto de um número expressivo de estudos citogenéticos e moleculares, tendo-se já conhecimento não só das relações cromossômicas, mas também da sistemática de vários grupos. Essas pesquisas têm investigado não somente o número e fórmula cromossômica, mas também a presença de cromossomos sexuais diferenciados, presença de cromossomos supranumerários, padrões de distribuição da heterocromatina, localização das regiões organizadoras de nucléolo, padrões de bandamento de restrição e replicação, permitindo a localização de diferentes classes de DNAs repetitivos, bem como a identificação de homeologias cromossômicas que auxiliam a compreensão da evolução cariotípica dos grupos. Os estudos moleculares, por sua vez, têm se tornado cada vez mais importantes nesse grupo e têm fornecido dados fundamentais não só no que diz respeito à filogenia dos grupos, como também em relação a regiões repetitivas do DNA e sua importância no genoma. A união dessa área com a Citogenética tem permitido uma maior e melhor compreensão sobre os processos evolutivos associados às alterações de seqüências específicas do genoma visíveis tanto a níveis cromossômicos, quanto moleculares. O gênero Gymnotus (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes) inclui representantes com características biológicas peculiares, o que os torna objeto de estudo de diversas áreas da Biologia. Estudos sobre o gênero incluem sua caracterização cariotípica, estudo das regiões organizadoras de nucléolo (RONs) polimórficas, bem como estudos envolvendo marcadores moleculares, os quais conjuntamente com a Citogenética permitiram a análise de filogenética molecular, com inferência na evolução cromossômica, permitindo uma melhor compreensão das relações dentro do gênero. No presente trabalho foram levados a efeito estudos sobre as regiões heterocromáticas e os DNAs repetitivos desse grupo, para uma melhor compreensão da organização e localização dessas seqüências no genoma e a identificação de possíveis marcadores moleculares. Foram efetuados ainda, estudos envolvendo a evolução cariotípica das espécies G. carapo e G. sylvius, localização de genes ribossômicos e análise molecular do gene ribossômico 5S juntamente com seu espaçador não transcrito, propiciando uma melhor compreensão da evolução dessa família gênica em Gymnotus. / Fishes present a great diversity in relation to their morphology, habitat and biology. They are found in lakes, rivers, estuaries and oceans, comprising more than 50% of the total number of known vertebrates. Cytogenetic and molecular aspects of the fish fauna have been extensively studied, providing information about their chromosomal relationships and also about the systematic status of several groups. These researches have focused on the description of both chromosomal number and formula as well as the presence of differentiated sex chromosomes, occurrence of B-chromosomes, patterns of heterochromatin distribution, localization of nucleolar organizer regions, restriction or replication banding profiles allowing to locate distinct classes of repetitive DNAs and to identify chromosomal homeologies in order to understand the karyotypic evolution in distinct groups. On the other hand, molecular studies have become of utmost importance in this group, providing essential data about phylogeny of many groups and about repetitive DNA regions and their role in the genome. The union between this approach and cytogenetics has favored a better comprehension about the evolutionary processes associated with visible alterations in specific sequences within the genome at both chromosomal and molecular levels. The genus Gymnotus is composed of representatives with peculiar biological features, which turn them suitable for studies in a variety of biology approaches. Genetic studies in this genus comprise karyotype characterization, analysis of polymorphic NORs, besides studies of molecular markers that, coupled with cytogenetics, have fostered molecular phylogenetic analyzes with inferences on their chromosomal evolution, which have led to a better understanding about the interrelationships in the group. In the present work, we carried out studies about the heterochromatic regions and the repetitive DNAs in this group for a better comprehension about the organization and localization of these sequences in the genome and identification of potential molecular markers. Furthermore, studies related to the karyotype evolution in the species G. carapo and G. sylvius, location of ribosomal genes and molecular analysis of both 5S ribosomal gene and its non-transcribed spacer were performed to provide a better comprehension about the evolution of this gene family in Gymnotus.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T19:59:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thais Dulz.pdf: 2466351 bytes, checksum: 208f40d4e86e959ef9f685c1e5a3cac5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Characidae is considered the largest family and most complex among the Characiforms. The Astyanax genus is one of the most specious between the characids, comprising 142 valid species distributed in the Neotropical Region. Many of these species are restricted to certain river basins. The fish fauna of the Iguaçu River basin is characterized by having a high endemism, possibly because its isolation of the Paraná River basin, occurred about 22 million years, caused by the emergence of the Iguaçu Falls. Were recently described new species of this genus in the Rio Iguaçu, however its systematic position opposite the other Astyanax is still unknown, reinforcing necessary studies aimed at understanding their diversity and their evolutionary relationships. Therefore, this research aimed was to perform the karyotype characterization of the Astyanax species from the middle Rio Iguaçu: Astyanax altiparanae, A. bifasciatus, A. dissimilis, A. minor, A. ribeirae and A. serratus, using cytogenetics as a tool, in order to contribute to a more consistent scenario about the evolution of this group. The analysis were based on conventional Giemsa staining techniques, detection of nucleolar organizing regions by silver nitrate (Ag-NORs), C-banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to ribosomal genes 18S e 5S probes. All species presented 2n = 50 chromosomes, confirming the conservatism to the genus. The karyotypes comprise all chromosomal types and prevalence of chromosomes with two arms, mainly on the metacentric type except for A. ribeirae with the karyotype formula containing high number of acrocentrics. Despite the diploid number remain constant in these species; there were variations in karyotype formula and consequently the fundamental number, ranging from 66 to 92. The C-banding showed differences in the distribution of heterochromatic blocks between species, occurring polymorphism in A. serratus, which was also observed in other studies involving Astyanax sp. D (A. serratus). The six species showed the presence of NORs located in the telomeric region of the short arm of a chromosome pair of the type subtelocentric, characteristic conserved for the genus. Was identified single NORs in A. altiparanae and A. dissimilis, although the most common being multiple NORs, in almost all cases confirmed by 18S rDNA. All species showed 5S rDNA located in the interstitial segments of the chromosomes. Have been observed simple rDNA 5S in A. altiparanae, A. minor and A. serratus, and multiple in A. bifasciatus, A. dissimilis and A. ribeirae. Highlighted A. ribeirae by presenting a high number of rDNA 18S and 5S sites, which proved to be sintenics and co-located. In addition, this species is considered endemic for Ribeira de Iguape basin; however, was first found in the Iguaçu basin, strengthening fauna sharing hypothesis between rivers of the plateau and coastal regions in southern Brazil. The karyotype diversity evident for all species is mainly due to non-Robertsonian rearrangements. This study presented the first cytogenetic data for the genus Astyanax occurring in the Middle Rio Iguaçu region. / A família Characidae é considerada a maior e mais complexa entre os Characiformes. O gênero Astyanax é um dos mais especiosos entre os caracídeos, compreendendo 142 espécies válidas distribuídas na região Neotropical. Muitas destas espécies encontram-se restritas a determinadas bacias hidrográficas. A ictiofauna da bacia do Rio Iguaçu caracteriza-se por apresentar um elevado grau de endemismo, possivelmente devido o seu isolamento da bacia do Rio Paraná, ocorrido há cerca de 22 milhões de anos, causado pelo surgimento das Cataratas do Iguaçu. Recentemente, foram descritas novas espécies deste gênero no Rio Iguaçu, entretanto seu posicionamento sistemático frente aos demais Astyanax ainda é desconhecido, fazendo-se necessários estudos que visem à compreensão de sua diversidade e de suas relações evolutivas. Sendo assim, objetivou-se realizar a caracterização cariotípica de espécies do gênero Astyanax provenientes do médio Rio Iguaçu: Astyanax altiparanae, A. bifasciatus, A. dissimilis, A. minor, A. ribeirae e A. serratus, utilizando como ferramenta a citogenética, a fim de contribuir com um cenário mais consistente acerca da evolução deste grupo. Utilizou-se técnicas baseadas na coloração convencional por Giemsa, detecção de regiões organizadoras de nucléolo por nitrato de prata (Ag-RONs), bandamento C e hibridação in situ fluorescência (FISH) com sondas de genes ribossomais 18S e 5S. Todas as espécies estudadas apresentaram 2n = 50 cromossomos, confirmando o conservadorismo para o gênero. Observaram-se cariótipos compostos por todos os tipos cromossômicos e predominância de cromossomos com dois braços, principalmente do tipo metacêntrico, exceto para A. ribeirae com fórmula cariotípica composta por elevado número de acrocêntricos. Apesar do número diploide se manter constante nestas espécies, houve variações na fórmula cariotípica e, consequentemente no número fundamental, variando de 66 até 92. O bandamento C evidenciou variações na distribuição dos blocos heterocromáticos entre as espécies, com ocorrência de polimorfismo em A. serratus, o que também foi observado em outros estudos envolvendo Astyanax sp. D (A. serratus). As seis espécies estudadas mostraram a presença de RONs localizadas na região telomérica do braço curto de um par cromossômico do tipo subtelocêntrico, característica conservada para o gênero. Ocorreram RONs simples em A. altiparanae e A. dissimilis, as demais espécies possuem RONs múltiplas, em quase todos os casos confirmadas pela FISH com rDNA 18S. Todas as espécies evidenciaram rDNA 5S localizados nos segmentos intersticiais dos cromossomos. Foram observados rDNA 5S em um único par em A. altiparanae, A. minor e A. serratus, e múltiplos em A. bifasciatus, A. dissimilis e A. ribeirae. Destaca-se A. ribeirae por apresentar um elevado número de sítios rDNA 18S e 5S, os quais mostraram-se sintênicos e co-localizados. Além disso, esta espécie é considerada endêmica para bacia do Ribeira de Iguape; no entanto, foi encontrada pela primeira vez na bacia do Iguaçu, reforçando a hipótese de compartilhamento de fauna entre rios do planalto cristalino e regiões costeiras no sul do Brasil. A diversidade cariotípica evidenciada para todas as espécies devem-se principalmente a rearranjos não Robertsoniano. Neste estudo foram apresentados os primeiros dados citogenéticos para o gênero Astyanax ocorrentes na região do médio Rio Iguaçu.

The centromeres of eukaryotes have a region on which the kinetochore is assembled, flanked by heterochromatin which provides cohesion between the sister chromatids during cell division. When centromeric heterochromatin is lost chromosomes no longer segregate evenly into the daughter cells during cell division. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S. pombe) RNA interference (RNAi) is responsible for maintaining this heterochromatin. The pathway is part of a feedback loop whereby siRNAs generated from non-coding centromere transcripts are loaded into an Argonaute complex. The siRNAs guide the complex to the homologous centromere repeats in order to recruit Clr4 which modifies histone H3 with the heterochromatin mark H3K9me. A previous screen to find factors affecting centromere silencing isolated 13 loci termed centromere: suppressor of position-effect (csp) 1-13. Several csp mutants have been identified to be RNAi components. In this investigation the csp6 locus has been identified to be the Hsp70 gene ssa2+. It has been demonstrated that Argonaute proteins from plants and flies require Hsp70/90 chaperone activity for loading of siRNA. It therefore seems likely that Hsp70 may play a similar role in fission yeast. Genetic and biochemical techniques have been used in this study to investigate if the csp6 alleles are affecting siRNA loading in S. pombe. RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) transcribes the pre-siRNA transcripts from the centromere repeats. csp3 was identified to be an allele of the RNAPII subunit rpb7+. rpb7-G150D was found to cause a silencing defect in the centromeric heterochromatin through a defect in transcription. Another RNAPII mutation, rpb2-m203, was found to have strong silencing defects caused by an unidentified non-transcriptional role in RNAi-mediated heterochromatin formation at the centromere. In order to gain more insight into the role of RNAPII in heterochromatin assembly I performed a screen in which the subunits rpb3 and rpb11 were subjected to random mutagenesis. Several mutants were isolated and characterisation of phenotypes regarding heterochromatin at the centromere has been carried out for nine of the mutants. As a result a novel phenomenon of RNAi-independent silencing at the centromere has been discovered.

RNA interference (RNAi) is a conserved pathway that plays key roles in heterochromatin formation, gene regulation and genome surveillance across a wide range of eukaryotes. One of the most utilised model organisms for studying the RNAi pathway is the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. However, this species is somewhat atypical, in that it has not retained the ancestral role for RNAi in the silencing of mobile genetic elements. In contrast, the related fission yeast S. japonicus has a large and diverse retrotransposon complement that appears to give rise to abundant siRNAs. For this reason, we believe that S. japonicus may be a more suitable model for studying the role of RNAi in silencing mobile genetic elements, a function that is conserved in many higher eukaryotes. Functional analysis of the S. japonicus RNAi pathway proved more challenging than expected, as it was generally not possible to recover strains bearing deletions of core RNAi components (Ago1/Clr4/Rdp1/Arb1/Arb2). This suggests that a functional RNAi pathway may be required for viability in S. japonicus, unlike in S. pombe. However, disruption mutants were isolated for the sole Dicer ribonuclease Dcr1, at very low frequency. Analysis of these mutants revealed that disruption of Dcr1 impaired the generation of retrotransposon derived siRNAs, and caused de-repression of retroelement transcript accumulation and mobilisation in an element dependent manner. Surprisingly however, Dcr1 appeared dispensable for the maintenance of H3K9me2 at transposons, suggesting that, in contrast to S. pombe, silencing may occur principally at the post-transcriptional level. It is also possible that the isolated Dcr1 mutants represent rare survivors that are viable due to the presence of suppressor mutations elsewhere in the genome. I utilised my genome wide RNA sequencing data to help improve the annotation of the S. japonicus genome, with a specific focus on the retrotransposon complement. From this, I identified 12 new families of LTR retrotransposon, which increased the annotated retrotransposon complement by around 40% in S. japonicus. Finally, I characterised the integrative preference of the S. japonicus retrotransposon Tj1, and found that it shares characteristics associated with the S. cerevisiae retrotransposons Ty1 and Ty3, mostly integrating upstream of RNA PolIII transcribed tRNA genes. The findings of this work highlight some potentially key differences in the way the RNAi pathway functions across the fission yeast clade, both in terms of its importance for viability and its mode of action. The work undertaken here also contributes to the establishment of S. japonicus as a model for the study of RNA interference and genome regulation.

Orientador: Doralice Maria Cella / Banca: Carlos Ribeiro Vilela / Banca: Claudio Juan Bidau / Banca: Francisco de Assis Ganeo de Mello / Banca: Luciana Bolsoni Lourenço / Resumo: Dentre todas as ordens de aracnideos conhecidas taxonomicamente, Araneae e a segunda mais diversa, com numero de especies menor somente em relacao a Acari. Atualmente, 39.725 especies ja foram descritas, sendo que centenas de novas descricoes sao feitas a cada ano em diversas familias de aranhas. O conhecimento citogenetico sobre a ordem restringe-se a analise de 638 especies (ca 2%) do total descrito do ponto de vista taxonomico. Este trabalho tem como objetivos fornecer uma compilacao dos dados citogeneticos existentes para a ordem na literatura ate a presente data, bem como caracterizar e estabelecer as estrategias de diferenciacao cromossomica em 13 especies de aranhas pertencentes ao grupo das haploginas, clado que corresponde a somente 3.257 especies (ca 8%) do total da ordem e a apenas 41 especies (ca 6%) do total cariotipado ate os dias atuais. Aliado a baixa representatividade dos dados cariologicos, outros pontos que fazem das haploginas um grupo interessante para estudos sao a predominancia de cromossomos meta/submetacentricos e de sistemas cromossomicos de determinacao sexual simples e multiplos, muitas vezes incluindo um cromossomo Y, ambas caracteristicas raras entre os outros clados de Araneae. As especies analisadas pertencem a tres familias de haploginas, Pholcidae (Mesabolivar luteus e Micropholcus fauroti), Sicariidae (Loxosceles amazonica, Loxosceles gaucho, Loxosceles hirsuta, Loxosceles intermedia, Loxosceles laeta, Loxosceles puortoi, Loxosceles similis e Sicarius tropicus) e Scytodidae (Scytodes fusca, Scytodes globula e Scytodes itapevi). Em Pholcidae, os resultados ineditos para os dois generos mostraram ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Mesabolivar luteus (Keyserling 1891) and Micropholcus fauroti (Simon 1887) specimens were collected in Ubatuba and Rio Claro, both in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Mesabolivar luteus showed 2n(.) = 15 = 14 + X and 2n(.) = 16 = 14 + XX in mitotic metaphases and 7II + X in diplotenic cells. During late prophase I, all bivalents presented a ring shape, evidencing two chiasmata per bivalent. In this species, some diplotenic cells appear in pairs, maybe due to specific characteristics of the intercellular bridges. The metaphases II showed n = 7 or n = 8 = 7 + X chromosomes. Micropholcus fauroti evidenced 2n(.) = 17 = 16 + X in spermatogonial metaphases and 8II+X in diplotenic cells, with only one chiasma per bivalent, contrasting with M. luteus. In both species, all chromosomes were metacentrics. The X sexual chromosome was the largest element and appeared as a univalent during meiosis I. These are the first cytogenetical data for the genera Mesabolivar and Micropholcus. Additionally, M. luteus is the first chromosomally analyzed species of the New World clade and the observed diploid number for M. fauroti had not yet been recorded in Pholcidae. / Doutor

Epigenetic modifications are alterations in the cell nucleus that affect gene expression and can occur in chromatin at the level of DNA methylation or histone modifications. Such ‘epigenetic marks’ can be heritable through cell division but leave the DNA sequence unchanged. Post-­translational modifications can be found on the histone proteins associated with DNA; the majority of histone modifications are found on the lysine-­rich N-‐terminal amino acid “tails”. Histone acetylation and methylation influence the chromatin structure by loosening or tightening the packaging of DNA, respectively, in association with other chromatin modifiers. Condensed chromatin is linked to transcriptional silencing and genetic imprinting and also occurs at chromosomal centromeres, where it is linked to kinetochore binding. Heart development is well studied, but the epigenetic processes involved are not yet completely understood. While active chromatin mechanisms such as histone acetylation and chromatin remodelling have been described in the heart, the role of gene repressive epigenetic mechanisms has been poorly investigated. Cardiomyocytes are post-­mitotic cells that do not divide to regenerate a damaged heart. The regeneration of cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction is an important topic of interest in cardiovascular science. There are various approaches to heart repair after infarction, including activating cardiomyocytes so they become mitotic once again, or growing cardiomyocytes in vitro to attach to a lesion site. An important factor in these approaches is understanding the epigenetic mechanisms controlling cell division. In this thesis, we aim to advance the current knowledge of the epigenetic repressive mechanisms involved in cardiomyocyte formation and heart development to explain their lack of regenerative capacities. We studied the epigenetic changes that occur during cardiac development leading to a non-­‐regenerative state to pinpoint the moment at which these changes arise. We found that the epigenetic process is independent of whether cardiac lineage differentiation occurs during embryogenesis or during differentiation in vitro. We discovered that cardiac heterochromatin displays a singular epigenetic signature during development as compared to brain, another post-­mitotic tissue, or liver, an actively regenerative tissue. We observed an epigenetic change in the repressive histone modification histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation that was specific to heart development. This change involved a nuclear reorganisation of heterochromatin and a reduction of the levels of this mark in E13.5 and E14.5 embryos, as compared to E10.5 embryos. This was consistent with our observations of the histone lysine methyltransferase SUV39H1, the levels of which were lower after stage E10.5 of development. However, contradictorily, in differentiated cardiomyocytes in vitro, SUV39H1 was increased but showed low levels of H3K9me3, compared to ES cells, which had low levels of SUV39H1 and high levels of H3K9me3. We detected extremely low levels of the H3K9me3 in adult heart tissue. We observed that in adult hearts, the myocardium had maintained these major changes in H3K9me3, while this effect was not observed in the epicardium. Genomic studies were carried out to determine changes at a genomic level between the two key epigenetic stages in heart development we identified at E10.5 and E13.5. Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing for H3K9me3 analyses were carried out to find overall changes in methylation patterns. No global changes in DNA methylation were detected between these developmental stages. These results imply that the differences observed in H3K9me3 are due to remodelling of the heterochromatin during heart development and cardiomyocyte formation, rather than quantitative changes.

The ultimate goal of mitosis is the equal distribution of chromosomes between the two daughter cells. One of the key players that ensures faithful chromosome segregation is the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC). CPC localisation to mitotic centromeres is complex, involving interactions with Shugoshin and binding to phosphorylated histone H3T3. It was recently reported that Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1) has a positive impact on CPC function during mitosis. The interaction between HP1 and the CPC appears to be perturbed in cancer-­‐derived cell lines, resulting in decreased HP1 levels at mitotic centromeres and may be a potential cause for increased chromosome mis-­‐segregation rates. In this study, I tethered HP1α to centromeres via the DNA-­‐binding domain CENP-­‐B. However, instead of improving the rate of chromosome mis-­‐segregation, HP1α tethering resulted in activity of the spindle assembly checkpoint and destabilisation of kinetochore-­‐microtubule attachments, most likely caused by the robust recruitment of the CPC. Tethered HP1α even traps the CPC at centromeres during mitotic exit, resulting in a catalytically active CPC throughout interphase. However, it was not clear whether endogenous HP1 contributes to CPC localisation and function prior to mitosis. Here I also describe a substantial interaction between endogenous HP1 and the CPC during the G2 stage of the cell cycle. The two isoforms HP1α and HP1γ contribute to the clustering of the CPC into active foci in G2 cells, a process that is independent of CDK1 kinase activity. Furthermore, the H3S10ph focus formation in the G2 phase appears to be independent of H3T3ph and H2AT120ph, the two histone marks that determine the CPC localisation in early mitosis. Together, my results indicate that HP1 contributes to CPC concentration and activation at pericentromeric heterochromatin in G2. This novel mode of CPC localisation occurs before the Aurora B-­‐driven methyl/phos switch releases HP1 from chromatin, which possibly enables the H3T3ph and H2AT120ph driven localisation of the CPC during mitosis.

Chez la levure à bourgeon, l’établissement de domaines silencieux pour la transcription nécessite la formation d’une structure, de type hétérochromatine, formée par le complexe SIR (Silencing Information Regulator). Les gènes soumis à la répression transcriptionnelle par ce complexe se trouvent aux sites cryptiques de détermination du type sexuel (HM) et dans les régions subtélomériques localisées à la périphérie nucléaire. Le recrutement des protéines Sir à ces sites nécessite la présence de séquences en cis comme les silencers ou les répétitions télomériques. Mon travail de thèse s’est attaché à l’étude d’une nouvelle voie d’établissement de la répression transcriptionnelle des gènes. En effet, nous avons démontré que la répétition en tandem de protéines fortement liées à l’ADN constitue un stress pour la fibre de chromatine. Ce stress induit le recrutement du complexe SIR favorisant ainsi la formation d’hétérochromatine et la mise en silence des gènes dans des régions normalement actives du génome. De plus, nous avons observé qu’en absence de l’ADN hélicase Rrm3, dont la fonction est de faciliter la progression de la fourche de réplication le long de la fibre de chromatine, la répression induite par ces complexes est exacerbée. Ce lien entre stress réplicatif et établissement de la répression transcriptionnelle a été observé, dans un premier temps, grâce à l’utilisation de systèmes artificiels (systèmes d’étiquetage des gènes : lacO/LacI et tetO/TetR). En outre, nous avons montré qu’un site naturel de pause de la réplication, tel qu’un gène codant un ARN de transfert, peut également favoriser la répression par les protéines Sir. De manière intéressante, à l’échelle du génome, nous avons pu observer le recrutement des protéines Sir dans des régions où la progression de la fourche de réplication est ralentie. Ainsi, nos données révèlent une nouvelle voie de mise en silence des gènes liant stress réplicatif et répression transcriptionnelle. / In budding yeast, the heterochromatin-like structure formed by the SIR complex (Silencing Information Complex) represses transcription. SIR mediated repression occurs at the cryptic mating type loci (HM) and subtelomeric regions localized at the nuclear periphery. The recruitment of the Sir proteins is induced by the presence of cis-acting elements as silencers or telomeric repeats.My doctorate work was focused on the characterization of a novel pathway of silencing establishment. Indeed, we have shown that arrays of tight DNA-proteins complexes lead to a chromatin stress. This stress induces the recruitment of the SIR complex and the establishment of stable heterochromatin-like domain at ectopic sites in the budding yeast genome. Moreover, this heterochromatinization is enhanced in cells mutated for Rrm3, a specialized DNA helicase acting ahead the fork to remove replication-impeding structures. Thus, we first observed a link between replication stress and silencing establishment by using artificial systems (gene tagging systems: lacO/LacI and tetO/TetR). Further, we have shown that tRNA genes, which are known to act as replication pause sites, can favor SIR-mediated repression. Interestingly, we found that Sir proteins are recruited where the replication fork progression is impeded at the genome wide scale. All together, these data reveal a novel mechanism for heterochromatin formation linking replication stress with gene repression.

Sous conditions de stress métabolique ou environnemental, l’activation instantanée de voies moléculaires puissantes permet aux cellules de prévenir la formation et l’accumulation d’agrégats protéiques toxiques. HSF1 (Heat Shock Factor 1) est le facteur de transcription majeur capable d’orchestrer cette réponse cellulaire au stress et cela via l’activation de protéines au rôle protecteur nommées chaperonnes. Cependant, il est aujourd’hui évident que les fonctions initialement attribuées au facteur HSF1 s’étendent bien au-delà de l’activation de la transcription de chaperonnes. En effet, il a été démontré que HSF1 joue un rôle essentiel dans l’activation et le remodelage de régions répétées appartenant à l’hétérochromatine péricentromérique sous stress thermique et plus récemment qu’HSF1 contribuerait significativement au processus de tumorigenèse dans différents types de cancers. Dans cette étude, nous avons identifié pour la première fois les régions subtélomériques comme étant une nouvelle cible génomique d’HSF1 sous conditions de stress thermique. Nous avons démontré, que la liaison directe et spécifique d’HSF1 avec plusieurs de ces régions sous stress thermique est à l’origine d’une surexpression de longs ARNs non codants issus des télomères, aussi connus sous le nom de TERRA. De façon intéressante nous avons trouvé que cette transcription était corrélée à un enrichissement de la marque épigénétique répressive H3K9me3 au niveau télomérique. De plus, nos données ont permis de démontrer que l’intégrité de la chromatine télomérique était significativement atteinte sous conditions de stress thermique. Nous observons à la fois, une dissociation partielle de la protéine TRF2 (Telomeric repeat-binding factor 2) et une accumulation de dommages à l’ADN détectés grâce au marqueur moléculaire H2AX-P, au niveau des télomères. Finalement, nos résultats ont également permis de souligner un rôle d’HSF1 dans le maintien de cette intégrité télomérique. L’ensemble de ce travail établit un premier lien entre la voie cellulaire puissante de réponse au stress, son acteur majeur HSF1 et les régions de l’hétérochromatine télomérique, dans des lignées de cellules humaines cancéreuses. Ces données fournissent des indications précieuses sur une voie de maintien de télomères sous stress et nous permettant de proposer un modèle dans lequel cette nouvelle fonction d’HSF1 aux télomères pourrait être étroitement liée à l’expression des ARNs non codants télomériques. Sur la base de nos données ainsi que sur les multiples publications démontrant l’implication d’HSF1 dans la tumorigenèse, la définition exacte du rôle d’HSF1 au niveau de l’intégrité des télomères dans un contexte pathologique comme le cancer apparait aujourd’hui comme un défi prometteur. / In response to metabolic or environmental stress, cells rapidly activate powerful defense mechanisms to prevent the formation and accumulation of toxic protein aggregates. The main orchestrator of this cellular response is HSF1 (Heat Shock Factor 1), a transcription factor involved in the up-regulation of protein-coding genes with protective roles. However, it is now becoming clear, that HSF1 function extends beyond what was previously predicted and that HSF1 can contribute to pericentromeric heterochromatin remodeling and activation as well as to efficiently support malignancy. In this study, we identify subtelomeric DNA as a new genomic target of HSF1 upon heat shock (HS). We show that HSF1 binding to subtelomeric regions plays an essential role in the upregulation of TERRA lncRNAs transcription and in the accumulation of repressive H3K9me3 histone mark at telomeres upon HS. Additionally, we demonstrate that HS significantly affects telomere capping and telomere integrity. We bring evidence of a partial TRF2 telomeric-binding factor dissociation and we reveal an accumulation of DNA damage at telomeres using the DNA damage marker H2A.X-P. In line with this, we bring solid evidences that under heat shock, HSF1 contributes to preserve telomere integrity by significantly limiting telomeric DNA damage accumulation. Altogether, our findings therefore reveal a new direct and essential function of HSF1 in transcription activation of TERRA and in telomere protection upon stress in human cancer cell lines. This work provides new insights into how telomeres are preserved under stressful heat shock conditions and allow us to propose a model where HSF1 may exert its protective function at telomeres via the expression of TERRA ncRNAs. Based on our results and given the important role of HSF1 in tumor development, defining the role of HSF1 with regard to telomere stability in tumor development already emerges as a promising challenge.