Les calices séchés d’Hibiscus sabdariffa L. sont traditionnellement utilisés en Afrique pour la production de boissons par macération dans l’eau. Cette matière première, riche en anthocyanes, est aussi connue dans l’industrie agro-alimentaire comme source de colorants naturels. Toutefois, la couleur des extraits obtenus évoluent rapidement au cours du temps ce qui nuit au développement de ces produits. Afin de mieux caractériser et de mieux comprendre l’instabilité de la couleur, ce travail propose une étude cinétique et mécanistique de la dégradation des anthocyanes durant la conservation d’un extrait d’H. sabdariffa. La caractérisation biochimique de l’extrait a notamment permis d’identifier les polyphénols majoritaires (delphinidine 3-O-sambubioside Del-3Sb, cyanidine 3-O-sambubioside Cya-3Sb, acides caféoylquiniques) et à mis en évidence la présence de métaux connus comme potentiels catalyseurs d’oxydation (Fe, Cu, Mn). Les cinétiques de dégradation des anthocyanes dans l’extrait ont été suivies par CLHP-DAD entre 4 et 37°C pendant 60 j. Elles peuvent être représentées par un modèle d’ordre 1. La Del-3Sb (Ea= 90 kJ.mol-1) est plus sensible à l’augmentation de la température que la Cya-3Sb (Ea= 80 kJ.mol-1). L’influence de différents facteurs sur la dégradation des anthocyanes a été étudiée dans des solutions modèles simplifiées. La constante de vitesse de dégradation de la Del-3Sb en solution modèle contenant du Fe (III), Cu (II) et Mn (II) à des concentrations similaires à celles de l’extrait, est proche de celle mesurée dans l’extrait. Celle de la Cya-3Sb est 40 % plus faible que dans l’extrait. L’augmentation de la concentration en Fe de 1 à 13 mg.L-1 multiplie environ 3 fois les vitesses de dégradation des anthocyanes. L’ajout d’acide chlorogénique à une solution modèle contenant du Fe augmente la vitesse de dégradation de la Cya-3Sb de 42 %. Un effet inverse est observé dans le cas de Del-3Sb (diminution de 47%). La teneur en oxygène dissous n’a pas d’influence sur les vitesses de dégradation. Deux mécanismes de dégradation des anthocyanes ont été mis en évidence : le mécanisme de scission, représentant une voie minoritaire (10% des anthocyanes dégradés) avec production de phloroglucinaldéhyde, d’acide gallique (issu de Del-3Sb) et protocatéchique (issu de Cya-3Sb) et un mécanisme de condensation avec formation de polymères bruns qui est favorisé par l’augmentation de la concentration en Fe et le mélange Fe, Cu et Mn. Les conclusions de l’ensemble du travail aboutissent à des perspectives sur l’étude de l’impact d’autres composés présents dans l’extrait (sucres, acides aminés) ainsi qui l’identification et la quantification des polymères bruns. / Dried calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. are traditionally used in Africa for beverage production by maceration in water. This raw material, rich in anthocyanins, is also known in the food industry as a source of natural dyes. However, the color of extracts obtained quickly changes over time which affects the development of these products. To better characterize and understand the instability of color, this work provides a mechanistic and kinetic study of the degradation of anthocyanins during the conservation of an extract from H. sabdariffa. Biochemical characterization of the extract allowed to identify predominant polyphenols (delphinidin 3-O-sambubioside Del-3Sb, cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside Cya-3Sb and caffeoylquinic acids) and highlighted the presence of metals known as potential oxidation catalysts (Fe, Cu, Mn). Kinetics of degradation of anthocyanins in the extract were followed by HPLC-DAD between 4 and 37 ° C for 60 days. It can be represented by a first order model. Del-3Sb (Ea = 90 kJ mol-1) is more sensitive to temperature increase than Cya-3Sb (Ea = 80 kJ.mol-1). Influence of different factors on the degradation of anthocyanins was studied in simplified model media. Rate constant of degradation (k) of Del-3Sb on model media containing Fe (III), Cu (II) and Mn (II) at similar concentrations to those of the extract was similar to that measured in the extract. For Cya-3Sb it was 40% lower than in the extract. Increasing Fe concentration of 1 to 13 mg.L 1 increased by about 3-fold the k of anthocyanins. Adding chlorogenic acid in a model media containing Fe increased k of Cya-3Sb 42%. Opposite effect was observed for Del-3Sb (47% decrease). Dissolved oxygen content has no influence on k of anthocyanins. Two mechanisms of degradation of anthocyanins have been identified: the scission mechanism, representing a minority pathway (10% of degraded anthocyanins) with production of phloroglucinaldehyde, gallic acid (from Del-3Sb) and protocatechuic (from Cya -3Sb). The other mechanism is condensation with formation of brown polymers, it is promoted by increasing of concentration of Fe was and mixture of Fe, Cu and Mn. Conclusions led to perspectives on study of impact of other compound in the extract (sugar, amino-acids) as well as identification and quantification of brown polymers.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / The antimicrobial and antifungal efficacy of indigenous plant extracts against Streptococcus mutans , Escherichia coli and Candida albicans .Aim: To determine the antimicrobial and antifungal efficacy of indigenous plant extracts, Tamarindus Indica (T. ndica), Hibiscus sabdariffa (H. sabdaraffi), Adansonia digitata (A.digitata) and Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) against Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans ), Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) objectives:The objectives of this study were to: 1.Measure the zones of growth inhibition by T. indicia , A. digitata , M.oleifera and H. sabdariffi extracts against, S.mutans , E.coli and C.albicans . 2.Compare the size of inhibition zones of different bacteria or fungus, S. mutans ,E.coli and C. albicans, around the same plant extract.3.Compare the size of inhibition zones for the same bacteria in different plant extracts T.indicia ,A.digitata H.sabdariffi and M.oleifera Methodology .The antimicrobial and antifungal effect of the ethanolic extracts of T. indica , H.sabdariffa, A.digitata and M.oleifera was performed using the disc diffusion method against S. mutans ,E.coli and C.albicans. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the plants was determined by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zones. esults and conclusion: The results showed that.T.indica and H.sabdariffa ethanolic extracts have an antibacterial effect against S.mutans and E.coli.However, H.sabdariffi showed a significantly higher antibacterial effect against E.coli and S.mutans, with a range of 14.50mm to 12.01mm and 16.41 mm to 14.39 mm compared to T.indica ,with a range of 11.41 mm to 7.04mm and 6.88mm to 10.40mm, respectively.Furthermore, the statistical multiple pairwise test (Conover Iman procedure/Two -tailed test) omputed that the effect of H.sabdariffi is significantly (critical value >7.229) greater for the G ram positive S.mutans than the G ram negative E.coli.On the other hand,T.indica showed a similar antibacterial effect against S.mutans and E.coli,respectively.In contrast, M. oleifera and A.digitata ethanolic plant extracts showed no antibacterial effect against E.coli and S.mutans. All the indigenous plants tested, T.indica ,H.sabdariffa, M. oleifera and A.digitata had no antifungal activity on C.albicans

Les composés phénoliques sont des métabolites secondaires chez les végétaux, qui possèdent un large éventail de propriétés biologiques et fonctionnelles, par exemple antioxydantes, antimicrobiennes. Comme ils sont très répandus dans le règne végétal, les sous-produits issus de la transformation végétale représentent une source intéressante et peu coûteuse des polyphénols qui pourraient être utilisés comme additifs naturels, inoffensifs et multifonctionnels, avec une valeur de marché ajoutée. Toutefois, leur polarité limite leur utilisation dans des systèmes émulsionnés complexes, tels que ceux rencontrés en formulations cosmétiques, alimentaires, ou pharmaceutiques. Sur cette base, la lipophilisation s’est avérée être une stratégie efficace pour améliorer le caractère hydrophobe de ces composés bioactifs et, par conséquent, leurs propriétés fonctionnelles.Le principal objectif de ce travail a été d'ajouter de la valeur à des sources végétales riches en polyphénols par l'extraction, caractérisation et enfin, par lipophilisation des principaux polyphénols issus de ces sources. Dans ce contexte, Hibiscus sabdariffa L. ou roselle, cultivée dans le monde entier et considérée comme une importante source d’anthocyanes, avec des propriétés colorantes uniques, ainsi que des propriétés antioxydantes et antimicrobiennes, a été utilisée pour l'extraction assistée par ultrasons, suivi d’une seule étape de fractionnement par chromatographie en phase liquide à basse pression, pour isoler ces principaux anthocyanes. Les composés ainsi obtenus ont été utilisés pour évaluer leur possibilité à être lipophilisés en utilisant différentes longueurs de chaînes alkyles. Egalement, les propriétés colorantes des anthocyanes issues d’hibiscus ont été calculées par la méthode de pH jumps. Ainsi, les constantes de pseudo équilibre (pK'a 2,9), d’acidité (pKa 3,7) et d’hydratation (pK'h 3,0) de la delphinidine-3-O-sambubioside, ont été estimées.La delphinidine-3-O-sambubioside et la cyanidine-3-O-sambubioside ont été les principaux anthocyanes obtenus à partir de l’extrait d'hibiscus. Ces composés ont été lipophilisés avec succès pour la première fois, par voie chimique. Les produits ont été caractérisés par des techniques de chromatographie et spectrométrie. L'acide protocatéchique (PA), qui peut être extrait de la fleur d'hibiscus, a été utilisé comme molécule modèle, et il a été lipophilisé par voie chimique avec une série homologue d'alcools. Afin d'évaluer l'impact de la lipophilisation sur leurs propriétés fonctionnelles, leur activités antioxydantes (DPPH, ORAC, CAT), et antifongique (méthode de microdilution) ont été évaluées avant et après lipophilisation. De manière générale, les molécules estérifiées avec des alcools de chaîne courte et moyenne (de C1 à C6) ont montré des activités améliorées par rapport au composé non estérifié.En conclusion, cette étude a montré que la lipophilisation, en utilisant une longueur de chaîne optimale, pourrait avoir un impact positif sur les propriétés antioxydantes et antifongiques des composés phénoliques. Ces travaux de thèse ont également démontré que cette stratégie peut être appliquée à différentes familles de composés phénoliques, tels que les anthocyanes et les acides phénoliques, pour l’obtention des molécules pouvant être potentiellement utilisées comme additifs dans des produits de formulation. / Phenolic compounds are a group of secondary plant metabolites with a broad range of inherent biological and functional properties e.g. antioxidants and antimicrobial agents, all bundled within the phenol functional group. Since they are one of the most widely distributed molecules in the vegetal kingdom, by-products issued from the vegetal processing represent an interesting and inexpensive source of polyphenols that could be used as natural, innocuous and multifunctional ingredients, with an added market value. However, the polarity of these phenolic compounds limits their use in complex emulsified systems, such as food, pharmaceutical or cosmetic formulations. Based on this, lipophilization has showed to be an efficient strategy to enhance the hydrophobicity of these bioactive compounds and, consequently, their functional properties. The aim of this work was to add value to polyphenol-rich plant sources by the extraction, characterization and finally, lipophilization of their predominant polyphenols. In this context, Hibiscus sabdariffa L. or roselle flower, an inexpensive, worldwide produced source of anthocyanins, with unique color, and, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, was used for ultrasound-assisted extraction and single-step fractionation by low-pressure liquid chromatography, to isolate its main anthocyanins. The obtained compounds were used to evaluate their suitability for lipophilization with different chain length alkyl donors. Moreover, the color properties of hibiscus anthocyanins were studied by the pH jumps method, which allowed the calculation of the pseudo equilibrium (pK'a 2.9), acidity (pKa 3.7) and hydration constants (pK'h 3.0).The obtained hibiscus anthocyanins (delphinidin-sambubioside and cyanidin-sambubioside) were successfully chemically lipophilized. The products were characterized by means of LC/ESI-MS. Moreover, protocatechuic acid (PA), which can be extracted from hibiscus flowers, was used as model molecule, and it was chemically lipophilized with a homologous series of alcohols. In order to evaluate the impact of the lipophilization on their functional properties, protocatechuates were assessed for their antioxidant (DPPH, ORAC, CAT), and antifungal (microdilution method) activity, before and after chemical lipophilization. In general, protocatechuates with short to medium alkyl chain lengths (from C1 to C6) showed improved activities compared to the parent compound. In conclusion, this study showed that, lipophilization using the optimal chain length could have a positive impact in the functional properties, e.g. antioxidant and antifungal activities, of phenolic compounds. Here was also demonstrated that this strategy can be applied to different families of phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins and phenolic acids, representing an alternative to synthesize molecules that might have potential use as additives in formulated products.

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. est une plante vivace herbacée localisée dans les zones tropicales et subtropicales des deux hémisphères. Au Sénégal, où elle a été introduite au 19ème siècle, H. sabdariffa, encore appelé bissap ou roselle, est cultivé sur l'ensemble du territoire et exploité principalement pour ses calices. Une boisson désaltérante est traditionnellement élaborée à partir des calices séchés par extraction à l'eau. La caractérisation physico-chimique et biochimique des calices nous a tout d'abord permis de mieux évaluer le potentiel de ce produit. Ainsi, les calices contiennent entre 767 et 1480 mg.100g -1 d'anthocyanes et entre 1347 et 3736 mg.100g-1 de polyphénols totaux. Ils présentent un pouvoir antioxydant voisin de 260 µmolTrolox.g-1. L'acide malique y est l'acide organique majoritaire avec une teneur pouvant atteindre 2,3 g.100g-1. De part ces caractéristiques, l'extrait aqueux de calices d'H. sabdariffa constitue une excellente source d'anthocyanes. Le travail s'est ensuite focalisé sur le procédé d'obtention de cet extrait. L'étude de l'extraction solide-liquide a été réalisée à partir de calices séchés et d'eau à des températures comprises entre 25 et 90 °C. Un rendement d'extraction en anthocyanes maximum de 88 % a été obtenu à 25 °C avec un ratio calice/eau de 1/25. La réduction de la taille des particules et l'augmentation de la température diminuent le temps d'extraction mais n'affectent pas le rendement d'extraction. Un modèle d'extraction solide-liquide incluant les cinétiques de dégradation thermique des anthocyanes a été proposé puis validé. La microfiltration tangentielle sur membrane céramique de diamètre moyen de pores 0,2 µm a permis de produire un extrait stérilisé à froid, stable pendant 90 j à 20 °C. Nous avons montré à ce niveau que la pression transmembranaire optimisée à un facteur de réduct ion volumique (FRV) égal à 1 n'est plus optimale lorsque le FRV augmente. Pour concentrer les anthocyanes présents dans l'extrait, l'ultrafiltration sur une membrane de seuil de coupure de 5 kDa peut être utilisée malgré une rétention incomplète (95-97 %). Par contre, la nanofiltration offre une rétention totale des anthocyanes. Le procédé, mis en uvre dans des conditions semi-industrielles, a permis d'augmenter la teneur en extrait sec soluble (ESS) de 40 à 250 g.kg-1 à 35 °C, à une pression transmembranaire comprise entre 20 et 30 bar avec un flux moyen de 15 kg.h-1.m-2. L'évaporation osmotique, testée sur un pilote équipé d'une membrane en polypropylène de 10 m2, a permis de concentrer l'extrait anthocyanique jusqu'à 620 g d'ESS.kg-1. Cet extrait concentré conserve toutes les qualités physico-chimiques, biochimiques, nutritionnelles et aromatiques de l'extrait initial. Le flux évaporatoire est directement corrélé à la teneur en extrait sec solub le du produit à concentrer. Enfin, divers couplages d'opérations unitaires ont été comparés pour obtenir un extrait concentré à partir de calices d'H. sabdariffa. Le procédé qui associe une extraction à froid, une pré-concentration par nanofiltration et une concentration par évaporation osmotique est la meilleure voie tant en terme de coûts d'investissement et de fonctionnement que de qualité de l'extrait. / Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is a herbaceous plant, cultivated largely in tropical and subtropical areas of both hemispheres. In Senegal, where it was introduced in the 19th century, H. sabdariffa L. also called bissap or roselle is grown throughout the territory and operated primarily for its calyx. A refreshing drink is traditionally made from dried calyx by water extraction. The physical-chemical and biochemical characterization of the calyx allowed us to assess better the potential of this product. Thus, the calyx contained between 767 and 1480 mg.100g-1 of anthocyanins and between 1347 and 3736 mg.100g-1 of total polyphenols. They have an antioxidant capacity closed to 260 μmolTrolox.g-1. Malic acid is the major organic acid with content up to 2.3 g.100g-1. Because of these characteristics, the aqueous extract of H. sabdariffa calyx is an excellent source of anthocyanins. The work was then focused on the process for obtaining this extract. The study of solid-liquid extraction was performed from dried calyx with water at temperature range from 25 and 90 ° C. A maximum extraction yield of anthocyanin of 88 % was obtained at 25 ° C with a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1/25. Reducing the particle size and increasing the temperature decreased the extraction time but do not affect the extraction efficiency. A model of solid-liquid extraction which included the thermal anthocyanins degradation kinetics has been proposed and validated. Crossflow microfiltration with tubular ceramic 0.2 pore size membrane has produced a cold sterilized extract, stable during 90 days at 20 °C. We have shown here that the transmembrane pressure optimized at a volume reduction ratio (VRR) equal to 1 is no longer optimum when the VRR is increasing. To concentrate the anthocyanins present in the extract, the ultrafiltration membrane with a cutoff of 5 kDa can be used despite incomplete retention (95-97%). By cons, nanofiltration offers a tot al retention of anthocyanins. The method, implemented in semi-industrial conditions, has increased the content of total soluble solids (TSS) from 40 to 250 g.kg-1 at 35 °C at a transmembrane pressure between 20 and 30 bar with an average flow of 15 kg.h-1.m-2. The osmotic evaporation, tested on a pilot equipped with a polypropylene membrane of 10 m2, has concentrated anthocyanin extract up to 620 g TSS. kg-1. This concentrated extract retains all the physical-chemical, biochemical, nutritional and aromatic quality of the original extract. The evaporation flux is directly correlated with the total soluble solids content of the product to concentrate. Finally, various couplings of unit operations were compared to obtain a concentrated extract from H. sabdariffa calyx. The process which combines a cold extraction, a pre-concentration by nanofiltration and concentration by osmotic evaporation is the best way both in terms of investment costs and operating and quality of the ext ract.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-10T13:41:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Jos? Brand?o de Menezes Junior.pdf: 1334630 bytes, checksum: 0e3130fc9cf04d6dac8ef9b924232b57 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-10T13:41:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Jos? Brand?o de Menezes Junior.pdf: 1334630 bytes, checksum: 0e3130fc9cf04d6dac8ef9b924232b57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Vegetable of African origin, the hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa. L) is fully adapted to the climatic conditions of the state of Maranh?o its leaves are the basis for many dishes Maranh?o. The vinegar has high nutritional value, low cost, easy to grow especially for lowincome families who produce and consume a product containing functional nutrients such as minerals and vitamins, like iron and vitamin C and thus acquiring great socioeconomic importance, however in its marketing there is a significant loss, which is linked primarily to biological factors that indicate numbers to producers marketing a fresh hibiscus anthocyanins, total phenolics, sugars, non-reducing sugars, fiber, minerals and calories , microbiological analyzes evaluated the products and they were hygienic and sanitary conditions. Sensory analysis showed an average of more than seven in a nine-point hedonic scale, which represents the impression "liked moderately", indicating that the flavor of the vegetable vinegar was well received by consumers. The percentage of panelists who demonstrated purchase intent for jelly and sweet vinegar cut was fairly representative, showing the ability to market products based on vinegar, increasing the shelf life and value of vegetables / Hortali?a de origem africana, a vinagreira (Hibiscus sabdariffa. L) est? plenamente adaptada as condi??es edafoclim?ticas do estado do Maranh?o suas folhas servem de base para v?rios pratos da culin?ria maranhense. A vinagreira possui alto valor nutritivo, baixo custo, f?cil cultivo principalmente para as fam?lias de baixa renda que produzem e consomem um produto que contem nutrientes funcionais como minerais e vitaminas, a exemplo do ferro e vitamina C e assim, adquirindo grande import?ncia socioecon?mica, entretanto, na sua comercializa??o existe uma perda significativa, a qual esta ligada principalmente a fator biol?gico que indicam n?meros preocupantes para os produtores que comercializam a vinagreira in natura antocianinas, compostos fen?licos totais,a??cares redutores,a??cares n?o redutores,fibras,minerais e valor cal?rico,as an?lises microbiol?gicas avaliaram os produtos e estes apresentaram condi??es higi?nicos sanit?rias satisfat?rias.A analise sensorial apresentou m?dias superiores a sete em uma escala hed?nica de nove pontos,que representa a impress?o ?gostei moderadamente? indicando que o sabor caracter?stico da hortali?a vinagreira foi bem recebido pelos consumidores. O percentual de provadores que demonstrou inten??o de compra para geleia e doce de corte de vinagreira foi bastante representativo, evidenciando a possibilidade de introduzir no mercado produtos a base de vinagreira, aumentando a vida de prateleira e o valor agregado da hortali?a

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-08-23T18:01:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Ana L?gia Panain de Souza Rezende.pdf: 2352671 bytes, checksum: 2325a74ffef5675199939b7af3f37d60 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-23T18:01:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Ana L?gia Panain de Souza Rezende.pdf: 2352671 bytes, checksum: 2325a74ffef5675199939b7af3f37d60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-26 / CAPES / Vegetables are a source of nutrients essential to human health and have low caloric value. Among these, non-conventional vegetables also have other advantages such as hardiness and the lowest price, but lacks information on these species which prevents an increase in its production and consumption. Thus, the objective of this study was to cultivate the species Hibiscus sabdariffa, better known as vinagreira, characterize some of its constituents and estimate its shelf life potential when stored in polypropylene packaging with different perforations and stored at 5 ? 1 ?C. The vinagreira remained for approximately 120 days in field conditions in the Horticultural Sector UFRRJ. The branches were collected and transported to the Embrapa Food, which were washed, selected, arranged in bunches of about 150g and subjected to treatment consisting of the conical packaging polypropylene, perforated (P), not perforated (NP), micro perforated (MP) and control (C) in which the packs were stored without use of packaging. They were carried physical, physicochemical and chemical every two days storage. The design was completely randomized in split plots, and treatments in the plots and the days of storage in the subplot. The results were analyzed using SPSS. It was the homogeneity and normality of the data, followed by analysis of variance and significance according to Tukey test and/or regression analysis. For control, the analyzes were performed only until the fourth day of storage due to reduction of apparent quality such as wilting and color changes of the leaves, while those packaged in decreased the apparent quality, with symptoms of senescence the eighth day of storage. The leaves have a high levels of titratable acidity and carotenoids, being the predominant malic acid and the major carotenoid, the ?-carotene. It was concluded that vinagreira is well adapted Climate conditions Serop?dica-RJ, showing the source of compounds with antioxidant activity. With regard to cold storage, the use of plastic polypropylene packaging provided greater potential life for vegetables, because in these conditions the bunches could be sold for up to seven days after harvest without loss of quality, while the control bunches potential shelf life was less four days. / As hortali?as s?o fonte de nutrientes essenciais ? sa?de humana e possuem baixo valor cal?rico. Dentre estas, as hortali?as n?o-convencionais apresentam ainda outras vantagens como a rusticidade e o menor pre?o, por?m faltam informa??es sobre estas esp?cies o que impossibilita um aumento da sua produ??o e consumo. Desse modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi cultivar a esp?cie Hibiscus sabdariffa, mais conhecida como vinagreira, caracterizar alguns dos seus constituintes e estimar a sua vida ?til potencial, quando acondicionada em embalagens de polipropileno com diferentes perfura??es e armazenadas a 5 ? 1 ?C. A vinagreira permaneceu por aproximadamente 120 dias em condi??es de campo no Setor de Horticultura da UFRRJ. Os ramos foram colhidos e transportados para a Embrapa Agroind?stria de Alimentos, onde foram lavados, selecionados, arranjados em ma?os de aproximadamente 150 g e submetidos aos tratamentos, constitu?dos pelas embalagens c?nicas de polipropileno, perfurada (P), n?o perfurada (NP), micro perfurada (MP) e o controle (C) em que foram armazenados sem o uso de embalagens. Foram realizadas an?lises f?sicas, f?sico-qu?micas e qu?micas a cada dois dias do armazenamento. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, tendo os tratamentos nas parcelas e os dias de armazenamento na subparcela. Os resultados foram submetidos a an?lises estat?sticas pelo programa SPSS. Verificou-se a homogeneidade e normalidade dos dados, com posterior an?lise de vari?ncia e de acordo com a signific?ncia procedeu-se o teste Tukey e/ou an?lise de regress?o. Para o controle, as an?lises foram realizadas somente at? o quarto dia do armazenamento, devido ? redu??o da qualidade aparente, como murchamento e altera??es de cor das folhas, enquanto para os ma?os acondicionados nas embalagens houve redu??o da qualidade aparente e sintomas de senesc?ncia ao oitavo dia do armazenamento. As folhas apresentaram elevado teor de acidez total titul?vel e de carotenoides, sendo o ?cido predominante o m?lico e o carotenoide majorit?rio, o ?-caroteno. Concluiu-se que a vinagreira se adapta bem as condi??es clim?ticas de Serop?dica-RJ, mostrando-se fonte de compostos com atividade antioxidante. Em rela??o ao armazenamento refrigerado, a utiliza??o de embalagens pl?sticas de polipropileno proporcionou maior vida ?til potencial para a hortali?a, pois nestas condi??es os ma?os poderiam ser comercializados por at? sete dias ap?s a colheita, sem preju?zo da qualidade, enquanto os ma?os do controle a vida ?til potencial foi inferior a quatro dias.

O hibisco (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) além de possuir propriedades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas, é utilizado como planta medicinal e alimento funcional nos países tropicais. Através de Testes de Diluição em Sistema de Tubos Múltiplos determinou-se a Intensidade de Atividade de Inibição Bacteriana (IINIB/Bacteriostasia) e a Intensidade de Atividade de Inativação Bacteriana (IINAB/Bactericidia) de extrato alcoólico de dois acessos de hibisco, a saber: Palmares do Sul/RS e Porto Alegre/RS sobre inóculos padronizados de Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229), Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 11076) e Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). Paralelamente, o teor de polifenóis totais e de antocianinas nos cálices e nos frutos com sementes do hibisco foi determinado. A atividade antimicrobiana do extrato alcoólico de cálices, em ambos os acessos, apresentou diferença positiva significativa quando relacionada ao extrato alcoólico dos frutos com sementes. Salmonella Enteritidis foi a bactéria mais sensível ao extrato alcoólico de cálices do hibisco enquanto a mais resistente foi Staphylococcus aureus, independente da variável acesso, considerando somente a estrutura vegetal. Em relação ao extrato alcoólico dos frutos com sementes, Escherichia coli demonstrou a maior sensibilidade e Staphylococcus aureus a maior resistência. Os valores de polifenóis totais e de antocianinas do extrato alcoólico de cálices apresentaram diferença significativa entre si e foram superiores ao extrato alcoólico dos frutos com sementes. Possivelmente existe uma relação direta entre a concentração de antocianina e a atividade antibacteriana em diferentes estruturas vegetais do hibisco. / The hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and it is utilized as functional food and medicinal plant in tropical countries. Through of Dilution Testing in Multiple Tubes System, it were determined the intensity of bacterial inhibition activity (IINIB/ Bacteriostasy) and the intensity of bacterial inactivation activity (IINAB/ Bactericidie) of alcoholic extracts of two accesses of hibiscus, known as: Palmares do Sul/RS and Porto Alegre/RS on standardized inoculum of Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229), Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 11076) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). At the same time, the total content of polyphenols and anthocyanins in the calyxes and fruits with seeds hibiscus was determined. The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extract of the calyxes in both accesses showed a significant positive difference when related to the alcoholic extract of the fruits with seeds. Salmonella enteritidis was the most sensitive bacteria to the alcoholic extract of calyxes of the hibiscus while the most resistant was Staphylococcus aureus, independent of the variable access, considering only the plant structure. In relation to the alcoholic extract of the fruits with seeds, Escherichia coli showed the highest sensitivity and Staphylococcus aureus the highest resistence. Total polyphenols and anthocyanins of alcoholic extract of calyxes‟s values showed a significant difference and they were superior to alcohol extract of fruits with seeds. Possibly there is a direct relationship between the concentration of anthocyanin and antibacterial activity in different structures of the hibiscus plant.

O hibisco (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) além de possuir propriedades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas, é utilizado como planta medicinal e alimento funcional nos países tropicais. Através de Testes de Diluição em Sistema de Tubos Múltiplos determinou-se a Intensidade de Atividade de Inibição Bacteriana (IINIB/Bacteriostasia) e a Intensidade de Atividade de Inativação Bacteriana (IINAB/Bactericidia) de extrato alcoólico de dois acessos de hibisco, a saber: Palmares do Sul/RS e Porto Alegre/RS sobre inóculos padronizados de Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229), Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 11076) e Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). Paralelamente, o teor de polifenóis totais e de antocianinas nos cálices e nos frutos com sementes do hibisco foi determinado. A atividade antimicrobiana do extrato alcoólico de cálices, em ambos os acessos, apresentou diferença positiva significativa quando relacionada ao extrato alcoólico dos frutos com sementes. Salmonella Enteritidis foi a bactéria mais sensível ao extrato alcoólico de cálices do hibisco enquanto a mais resistente foi Staphylococcus aureus, independente da variável acesso, considerando somente a estrutura vegetal. Em relação ao extrato alcoólico dos frutos com sementes, Escherichia coli demonstrou a maior sensibilidade e Staphylococcus aureus a maior resistência. Os valores de polifenóis totais e de antocianinas do extrato alcoólico de cálices apresentaram diferença significativa entre si e foram superiores ao extrato alcoólico dos frutos com sementes. Possivelmente existe uma relação direta entre a concentração de antocianina e a atividade antibacteriana em diferentes estruturas vegetais do hibisco. / The hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and it is utilized as functional food and medicinal plant in tropical countries. Through of Dilution Testing in Multiple Tubes System, it were determined the intensity of bacterial inhibition activity (IINIB/ Bacteriostasy) and the intensity of bacterial inactivation activity (IINAB/ Bactericidie) of alcoholic extracts of two accesses of hibiscus, known as: Palmares do Sul/RS and Porto Alegre/RS on standardized inoculum of Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229), Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 11076) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). At the same time, the total content of polyphenols and anthocyanins in the calyxes and fruits with seeds hibiscus was determined. The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extract of the calyxes in both accesses showed a significant positive difference when related to the alcoholic extract of the fruits with seeds. Salmonella enteritidis was the most sensitive bacteria to the alcoholic extract of calyxes of the hibiscus while the most resistant was Staphylococcus aureus, independent of the variable access, considering only the plant structure. In relation to the alcoholic extract of the fruits with seeds, Escherichia coli showed the highest sensitivity and Staphylococcus aureus the highest resistence. Total polyphenols and anthocyanins of alcoholic extract of calyxes‟s values showed a significant difference and they were superior to alcohol extract of fruits with seeds. Possibly there is a direct relationship between the concentration of anthocyanin and antibacterial activity in different structures of the hibiscus plant.

Thesis (MTech (Biomedical Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. / Cancer is the leading cause of death in both developed and developing countries. In particular, breast cancer is regarded as the most common neoplastic disease in females and accounts for the high mortality rates in women. Increased mortality rates could be attributed to ineffective current cancer treatment modalities that have been implicated to cause multidrug resistance, high toxicity and induction of several side effects. In addition, oxidative stress appears to play a role in the development of breast cancer. Therefore, current cancer research aims to search for plant based anticancer compounds with less side effects and toxicity towards the human body. An example of such a plant is Hibiscus sabdariffa also known as roselle and is reported to have bioactive compounds that exhibit anticancer and antioxidant effects. However, the effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa on breast cancer in relation to oxidative stress and apoptosis have not been investigated. In this research study, the aim was to evaluate the cytotoxic and antioxidant effects of water and methanolic extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) on cancerous MCF7 and non-cancerous MCF12A breast cell lines with special reference to oxidative stress and apoptosis. This was done based on the fact that HS has been documented for its traditional use against cancer and other ailments.

O hibisco (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) além de possuir propriedades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas, é utilizado como planta medicinal e alimento funcional nos países tropicais. Através de Testes de Diluição em Sistema de Tubos Múltiplos determinou-se a Intensidade de Atividade de Inibição Bacteriana (IINIB/Bacteriostasia) e a Intensidade de Atividade de Inativação Bacteriana (IINAB/Bactericidia) de extrato alcoólico de dois acessos de hibisco, a saber: Palmares do Sul/RS e Porto Alegre/RS sobre inóculos padronizados de Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229), Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 11076) e Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). Paralelamente, o teor de polifenóis totais e de antocianinas nos cálices e nos frutos com sementes do hibisco foi determinado. A atividade antimicrobiana do extrato alcoólico de cálices, em ambos os acessos, apresentou diferença positiva significativa quando relacionada ao extrato alcoólico dos frutos com sementes. Salmonella Enteritidis foi a bactéria mais sensível ao extrato alcoólico de cálices do hibisco enquanto a mais resistente foi Staphylococcus aureus, independente da variável acesso, considerando somente a estrutura vegetal. Em relação ao extrato alcoólico dos frutos com sementes, Escherichia coli demonstrou a maior sensibilidade e Staphylococcus aureus a maior resistência. Os valores de polifenóis totais e de antocianinas do extrato alcoólico de cálices apresentaram diferença significativa entre si e foram superiores ao extrato alcoólico dos frutos com sementes. Possivelmente existe uma relação direta entre a concentração de antocianina e a atividade antibacteriana em diferentes estruturas vegetais do hibisco. / The hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and it is utilized as functional food and medicinal plant in tropical countries. Through of Dilution Testing in Multiple Tubes System, it were determined the intensity of bacterial inhibition activity (IINIB/ Bacteriostasy) and the intensity of bacterial inactivation activity (IINAB/ Bactericidie) of alcoholic extracts of two accesses of hibiscus, known as: Palmares do Sul/RS and Porto Alegre/RS on standardized inoculum of Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229), Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 11076) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). At the same time, the total content of polyphenols and anthocyanins in the calyxes and fruits with seeds hibiscus was determined. The antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extract of the calyxes in both accesses showed a significant positive difference when related to the alcoholic extract of the fruits with seeds. Salmonella enteritidis was the most sensitive bacteria to the alcoholic extract of calyxes of the hibiscus while the most resistant was Staphylococcus aureus, independent of the variable access, considering only the plant structure. In relation to the alcoholic extract of the fruits with seeds, Escherichia coli showed the highest sensitivity and Staphylococcus aureus the highest resistence. Total polyphenols and anthocyanins of alcoholic extract of calyxes‟s values showed a significant difference and they were superior to alcohol extract of fruits with seeds. Possibly there is a direct relationship between the concentration of anthocyanin and antibacterial activity in different structures of the hibiscus plant.