The future voltage regulator module (VRM) challenges of high bandwidth control with fast transient response, high current output, simple implementation, and efficient 48V solution are tackled in this dissertation. With the push for control bandwidth to meet design specifications for microprocessor VRM with larger and faster load transients, control can be saturated and lost for a significant period of time during transient. During this time, undesirable transient responses such as large undershoot and ringback occurs. Due to the loss of control, the existing tools to study the dynamic behavior of the system, such as small signal model, are insufficient to analyze the behavior of the system during this time. In order to have a better understanding of the system dynamic performance, the operation the VRM is analyzed in the state-plane for a clear visual understanding of the steady-state and transient behaviors. Using the state-plane, a simplified state-plane trajectory control is proposed for constant on-time (COT) control to achieve the best transient possible for applications with adaptive voltage positioning (AVP). When the COT control is lost during a load step-up transient, the state-plane trajectory control will extend on-time to provide the a near optimal transient response. By observing the COT control law in the state-plane, a simplified state-plane trajectory control with analog implementation is proposed to achieve the best transient possible with smooth transitions in and out of the steady-state COT control. The concept of the simplified state-plane trajectory control is then extended to multiphase COT. For multiphase operation, additional operating behavior, such as phase overlapping during transient and interleaving during steady-state, need to be taken into consideration to design the desired state-plane trajectory control. A simple state-plane trajectory control with improved Ton extension is proposed and verified using multiphase COT control. After tackling the state-plane trajectory control for current mode COT, the idea is then extended to V2 COT. V2 COT is a more advanced current mode control which requires a more advanced state-plane trajectory control to COT. By calculating the intersection of the extended on-stage trajectory during transient and the ideal off trajectory in the form of a current limiting wall, a near optimal transient response can be achieved. For V2 COT with state-plane trajectory control, implementations using inductor vs. capacitor current, effect of component tolerance, and effect of IC delay are studied. The proposed state-plane trajectory control is then extended to enhanced V2 COT. Aside from tackling existing VRM challenges, the future datacenter 48V VRM challenge of a high efficiency, high power density solution to meet the VRM specifications is studied. The sigma converter is proposed for the 48V VRM solution due to exhibition of high efficiency and high-power density from hardware evaluation. An accurate model for the sigma converter is derived using the new modeling approach of modularizing the small signal components. Using the proposed model, the sigma converter is shown to naturally have very low output impedance, making the sigma converter suitable for microprocessor applications. The sigma converter is designed and optimized to achieve AVP and very fast transient response using both voltage-mode and current-mode controls. / Doctor of Philosophy / Microprocessors, such as central processing unit (CPU) and graphics processing unit (GPU) are the basis of today's electronics. In the recent decades, the demand for more powerful and faster data processing lead to a significant increase in power consumption by these microprocessors. Even with the introduction of multi-core processors and adaptive voltage positioning (AVP) to reduce the average power provided by the power supplies, the microprocessor can still draw a large amount of instantaneous power in a short period of time. With the microprocessors demanding high amount of current at fast slew-rate, the challenges for the next generation of microprocessor power supply, or voltage regulator modules (VRM), are fast response speed to ensure proper operation of the microprocessors, and high efficiency VRM to minimize the overall system power consumption. The challenge of a VRM with fast response speed is tackled first. To meet the AVP and transient requirements of microprocessor, the VR need to utilize high-bandwidth control methods. Of the control methods used by the industry, high control bandwidth can be easily achieved using constant on-time (COT) control. With the ever-increasing output current level and transient slew-rate requirements, COT control can saturate and lose its steady-state control for a period of time during load step-up transient. During this time, the system will operate with a fixed frequency control until COT control is recovered. Although the method is widely used in the industry, the method is too slow to meet the transient requirements. Many state-of-art methods have been proposed to resolve the load step-up transient issue of COT. However, of the methods proposed, it is difficult to optimize the transient improvement while having a simple analog implementation to ensure a fast response for the wide operating range and aggressive transient conditions observed in microprocessor VRM application. In this dissertation, COT control is studied using the state-plane to provide a clear visual understanding of the transient behavior of the control. Using the state-plane, a state-plane trajectory control is proposed to achieve near optimal load step-up transient response. The concept is then extended to multiphase VRM, which is typically used for high current applications. The state-plane trajectory control concept is then further extended to V2 COT control for VRM without AVP, such as those used by GPU and smartphone CPU. For the proposed state-plane trajectory controls, hardware implementation, evaluation, and experimental results are provided. After tackling the challenge of a VRM with fast response speed, the challenge of an efficient VRM is then tackled. In recent years, a significant amount of research has been put into studying VRM for a power delivery architecture which uses a 48V bus instead of the 12V bus. By using the 48V bus, less redundancy in the power delivery path can greatly increase the overall system efficiency if the VRM stage retains its efficiency. However, the increase in input voltage for the VRM provides an additional challenge to maintain high efficiency for the VRM stage itself. To maintain good efficiency, it is difficult to increase converter switching frequency beyond 300kHz. This limitation on switching frequency will limit the ability to achieve high bandwidth design and fast transient requirements. A 48V VRM using a different topology, the sigma converter, has demonstrated high-efficiency and high-power density, but the converter behavior and control methodology for VRM application is unclear. In this dissertation, the modeling and control of the sigma converter are studied using the proposed small-signal model. By evaluating the proposed small-signal model, the sigma converter can naturally have very low output impedance, making it an ideal candidate for 48V VRM. Then, the design guideline of the sigma converter with current-mode control is provided. With the work discussed in this dissertation, further study of the sigma converter with COT and state-plane trajectory control can be conducted in the future.

Orientador: Nelson Luis Saldanha da Fonseca / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T20:11:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Michel_NeilaFernanda_M.pdf: 1961141 bytes, checksum: f4470a332c9b5f764b7bd3b912c27db1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O protoloco TCP Reno começou a operar em 01 de Janeiro de 1983. Desde sua concepção, houveram expressivos avanços nas tecnologias de transmissão de dados, como a introdução de enlaces ópticos e de satélites, 'que permitem altas taxas de transmissão. O TCP Reno continua sendo o protocolo padrão na Internet. Entretanto existem inúmeras dificuldades na sua operação, que causam baixo desempenho em redes com produto banda-atraso elevado, devido ao mecanismo de atualização do tamanho da janela de congestionamento. Para superar suas deficiências, vários protocolos variantes do TCP Reno têm sido propostos com o objetivo de melhorar a utilização de recursos em redes de alta velocidade, e por esta razão são denominados "Protocolos para Redes de Alta Velocidade" . Para que as proposições de variantes do TCP levem a protocolos que operem eficientemente em redes com alto valor do produto banda-atraso, é necessário que se avalie quais variações da dinâmica do crescimento da janela de transmissão são efetivas. Nesta dissertação avalia-se um conjunto de protocolos variantes do TCP para redes de alta velocidade através de simulações. Diversas propriedades importantes para protocolos do tipo TCP são investigadas / Abstract: The importance of the Reno TCP protocol started operating in January 01 st, 1983. Since this milestone, there were expressive advances on data transmission technologies, such as those of optical fibers and satellite channels which allow high transmission rates on long distances. Reno TCP remains the Internet standard protocol. However, its operation presents several dificulties in networks with high bandwidth-delay product, producing poor performance due its window congestion mechanism. In order to overcome its deficiencies, several variants have been proposed with the aim of enhancing its utilization in high speed networks. These variants are generally called "High Speed Networks Protocols". Transmission chàracteristics, properties and performance evaluation are essencial to the identification of problems and avoidance of poor performance. In this dissertation a set of TCP variants protocols for high speed networks is evaluated. Several important properties of these protocols are investigated / Mestrado / Redes de Computadores / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

With the ongoing surge in electrification within the automotive industry, the demand for high-power inverters is steadily on the rise. Furthermore, these inverters are now expected to handle increased power loads while maintaining enhanced efficiency. Fulfilling these demanding prerequisites, places significant importance on the current sensors that meticulously monitor each phase of the inverter. This thesis tackles the deep study of a current sensor that has been chosen by Scania to be introduced in the new generation of inverters. The chosen sensor is based on the Integrated Magnetic Concentrator (IMC)- Hall technology. Given its innovative nature within the company’s scope, there exists a keen interest in investigating its performance. The principal parameters that will be assessed during this thesis are accuracy, temperature dependencies, bandwidth and noise immunity. The evaluation of these properties will be done though the creation of a test rig capable of producing current pulses, spanning the range necessary for the sensor evaluation. A high-end current sensor based on the fluxgate technology will be used as a reference during the assessment. Across the course of the research, diverse experiments and modifications to the testing setup will be undertaken to accommodate the assessment of each individual parameter. The acquired data will be summarized and presented with simplified figures. The results of this study show that the accuracy of the sensor highly depends on a proper end of line calibration and a mechanical assembly, in other words, the sensor must be perfectly centered within the IMC. Moreover, the study identifies linear relationships between temperature and accuracy, while exponential correlations are found between the impact of an external magnetic field and its distance. / Med den pågående ökningen av elektrifiering inom fordonsindustrin ökar efterfrågan på högeffektsväxelriktare stadigt. Dessutom förväntas dessa växelriktare nu hantera ökad effektbelastning samtidigt som de bibehåller förbättrad effektivitet. Att uppfylla dessa krävande förutsättningar lägger stor vikt vid strömsensorerna som noggrant övervakar varje fas i omriktaren. Denna avhandling tar upp den djupgående studien av en strömsensor som har valts ut av Scania för att introduceras i den nya generationen växelriktare. Den valda sensorn är baserad på Integrated Magnetic Concentrator (IMC)- Hall-teknologi. Med tanke på dess innovativa karaktär inom företagets ram finns det ett stort intresse för att undersöka dess prestationer. De huvudsakliga parametrarna som kommer att bedömas under detta examensarbete är noggrannhet, temperaturberoende, bandbredd och brusimmunitet. Utvärderingen av dessa egenskaper kommer att göras genom skapandet av en testrigg som kan producera strömpulser som spänner över det intervall som krävs för sensorutvärderingen. En avancerad strömsensor baserad på fluxgate-tekniken kommer att användas som referens under bedömningen. Under forskningens gång kommer olika experiment och modifieringar av testuppsättningen att genomföras för att tillgodose bedömningen av varje enskild parameter. De insamlade uppgifterna kommer att sammanfattas och presenteras med förenklade siffror. Resultaten av denna studie visar att sensorns noggrannhet i hög grad beror på korrekt ”end of line” kalibrering samt mekanisk montering. Med andra ord måste sensorn vara perfekt centrerad inom IMC. Dessutom identifierar studien linjära samband mellan temperatur och noggrannhet, medan exponentiella korrelationer finns mellan påverkan av ett externt magnetfält och dess avstånd.

No / People, systems, and things in the cities generate large amount of data which is considered to be the most scalable asset of any smart city. Linux users are rapidly increased in last few years, and many large multinational organizations are deploying long distance high bandwidth (LDHB) cloud networks for centralizing the data from various smart cities on a central location. TCP is responsible for reliable communication of data in these cloud networks. For reliability communication among various smart cities, a number of TCP congestion control mechanisms have been developed in the past. TCP Compound, TCP Fusion, and TCP CUBIC are the default TCP congestion control mechanisms for Microsoft Windows, Sun Solaris, and Linux operating systems respectively. The response function of TCP CUBIC is higher than the response function of Standard TCP, which is a trademark congestion control mechanism. As a result, TCP CUBIC does not behave friendly with Standard TCP in LDHB cloud networks. The Congestion Window (cwnd) reduction and growth of TCP CUBIC is very aggressive, which causes high packet loss rate and unfair share of available link bandwidth among competing flows from various smart cities. The aim of this research is to design a new TCP congestion control mechanism for Linux operating system to achieve maximum performance in LDHB cloud networks being used by smart cities. In this paper, congestion control module for slow start (CCM-SS) is designed by increasing the lower boundary limit of cwnd size in slow start phase of communication. Congestion control module for loss event (CCM-LE) is designed by increasing the cwnd reduction rate at each packet loss event and finally Advance Response Function for TCP CUBIC (ARFC) is proposed to design a new congestion control mechanism for Linux operating system. NS-2 is used to compare the performance of TCP CUBIC* with TCP CUBIC in short distance high bandwidth (SDHB) and long distance high bandwidth (LDHB) cloud networks. Results show that TCP CUBIC* has outperformed in LDHB networks, at least by a factor of 18% as compared to TCP CUBIC.

No description available.

No description available.

O problema estudado relaciona-se ao planejamento de redes ópticas de acesso TWDM (Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing), tendo como meta prover meios para atender ao consumo crescente de banda e, ao mesmo tempo, associar o mesmo ao menor consumo de energia possível e disponibilizar serviços de qualidade aos usuários da rede. Neste contexto, após a apresentação de uma revisão bibliográfica, alguns trabalhos foram selecionados como referências base para o estudo. Neste, foram analisadas técnicas de gerenciamento do comprimento de onda numa possível migração tecnológica dos equipamentos de acesso à rede pelo lado do usuário, as unidades de rede óptica (ONUs), considerando ser possível aproveitar de forma eficiente a distribuição de ONUs em cada par de comprimentos de onda, e como resultado, desligar interfaces de gerenciamento para economia de energia. Em paralelo a este objetivo, foram agregados métodos de \"registro adaptativo\" para melhorar o desempenho das ONUs que estão migrando e/ou entrando na rede, evitando colisões entre seus sinais e aumentando as chances de registro no terminal de linha óptico (OLT). Além do mais, o trabalho aborda o cumprimento do contrato de serviços (SLA) por parte das operadoras de telecomunicações, bem como oferece meios de estruturar uma rede óptica passiva (PON) para oferecer serviços com garantia de métricas de qualidade (QoS). Diferentes cenários foram tratados ao variar a porcentagem de usuários ativos na rede, e percebeu-se que, quando a PON opera com baixo índice de atividade (média 10% de ONUs ativas), foi possível economizar mais de 80% de energia em interfaces de gerenciamento. Por outro lado, ao envolver cenários mais realistas em redes ópticas (média de 50% de ONUs ativas), o TWDM-PON economizou quase 50% de energia nestas interfaces ao ser configurado com baixo período de migração (5 minutos). Além disso, alcançou um SLA de aproximadamente 100%, um valor considerado acima do usual quando se trata de cumprimento de serviços. Como uma tecnologia emergente, o TWDM-PON destaca-se num cenário que deve ser planejado para ser compatível com tecnologias implantadas, e além de disso, superar o legado de redes PON na economia de energia e qualidade de serviços oferecidos. / The problem studied is related to the planning of optical access networks TWDM (Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing), aiming to provide means to meet the increasing bandwidth consumption and, at the same time, associating it to the lowest possible power consumption and providing quality services to the network users. In this context, following the presentation of a literature review, some studies were selected as a reference basis for the study. In this, some wavelength management techniques were analyzed aiming a possible technological migration of the network access equipment at the user side, the optical network units (ONU), whereas it is possible to use efficiently the ONUs distribution in each pair of wavelength. As a result, it becomes possible to switch off some management interfaces thus assuring a degree of power consumption save. In parallel, methods for providing an \"adaptive record\" of ONUs have been aggregated to improve the performance of those ONUs that are migrating and/or entering the network, avoiding collisions between their signals and increasing the chance of their registration in the optical line terminal (OLT). Furthermore, this work deals with the fulfillment of the service agreement (SLA) signed by telecommunications operators and proposes ways to design a passive optical network (PON) in order to offer services with quality metrics assurance (QoS). Different scenarios were treated to vary the percentage of active users on the network, and it was noticed that when the PON operates with low rate of activity (average 10% of active ONUs), it was possible to save over 80% energy in the management interfaces. Moreover, by involving more realistic scenarios in optical networks (50%, in average, of active ONUs), the TWDM-PON saved almost 50% of energy at the interfaces to be configured with low migration period (5 minutes). Additionally, it reached an SLA of approximately 100%, a value considered above the usual when it comes to compliance services. As an emerging technology, TWDM-PON stands out in a scenario that should be designed to be compatible with deployed technologies, and beyond that, to overcome the legacy of PON networks in energy saving and quality of services offered.

O problema estudado relaciona-se ao planejamento de redes ópticas de acesso TWDM (Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing), tendo como meta prover meios para atender ao consumo crescente de banda e, ao mesmo tempo, associar o mesmo ao menor consumo de energia possível e disponibilizar serviços de qualidade aos usuários da rede. Neste contexto, após a apresentação de uma revisão bibliográfica, alguns trabalhos foram selecionados como referências base para o estudo. Neste, foram analisadas técnicas de gerenciamento do comprimento de onda numa possível migração tecnológica dos equipamentos de acesso à rede pelo lado do usuário, as unidades de rede óptica (ONUs), considerando ser possível aproveitar de forma eficiente a distribuição de ONUs em cada par de comprimentos de onda, e como resultado, desligar interfaces de gerenciamento para economia de energia. Em paralelo a este objetivo, foram agregados métodos de \"registro adaptativo\" para melhorar o desempenho das ONUs que estão migrando e/ou entrando na rede, evitando colisões entre seus sinais e aumentando as chances de registro no terminal de linha óptico (OLT). Além do mais, o trabalho aborda o cumprimento do contrato de serviços (SLA) por parte das operadoras de telecomunicações, bem como oferece meios de estruturar uma rede óptica passiva (PON) para oferecer serviços com garantia de métricas de qualidade (QoS). Diferentes cenários foram tratados ao variar a porcentagem de usuários ativos na rede, e percebeu-se que, quando a PON opera com baixo índice de atividade (média 10% de ONUs ativas), foi possível economizar mais de 80% de energia em interfaces de gerenciamento. Por outro lado, ao envolver cenários mais realistas em redes ópticas (média de 50% de ONUs ativas), o TWDM-PON economizou quase 50% de energia nestas interfaces ao ser configurado com baixo período de migração (5 minutos). Além disso, alcançou um SLA de aproximadamente 100%, um valor considerado acima do usual quando se trata de cumprimento de serviços. Como uma tecnologia emergente, o TWDM-PON destaca-se num cenário que deve ser planejado para ser compatível com tecnologias implantadas, e além de disso, superar o legado de redes PON na economia de energia e qualidade de serviços oferecidos. / The problem studied is related to the planning of optical access networks TWDM (Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing), aiming to provide means to meet the increasing bandwidth consumption and, at the same time, associating it to the lowest possible power consumption and providing quality services to the network users. In this context, following the presentation of a literature review, some studies were selected as a reference basis for the study. In this, some wavelength management techniques were analyzed aiming a possible technological migration of the network access equipment at the user side, the optical network units (ONU), whereas it is possible to use efficiently the ONUs distribution in each pair of wavelength. As a result, it becomes possible to switch off some management interfaces thus assuring a degree of power consumption save. In parallel, methods for providing an \"adaptive record\" of ONUs have been aggregated to improve the performance of those ONUs that are migrating and/or entering the network, avoiding collisions between their signals and increasing the chance of their registration in the optical line terminal (OLT). Furthermore, this work deals with the fulfillment of the service agreement (SLA) signed by telecommunications operators and proposes ways to design a passive optical network (PON) in order to offer services with quality metrics assurance (QoS). Different scenarios were treated to vary the percentage of active users on the network, and it was noticed that when the PON operates with low rate of activity (average 10% of active ONUs), it was possible to save over 80% energy in the management interfaces. Moreover, by involving more realistic scenarios in optical networks (50%, in average, of active ONUs), the TWDM-PON saved almost 50% of energy at the interfaces to be configured with low migration period (5 minutes). Additionally, it reached an SLA of approximately 100%, a value considered above the usual when it comes to compliance services. As an emerging technology, TWDM-PON stands out in a scenario that should be designed to be compatible with deployed technologies, and beyond that, to overcome the legacy of PON networks in energy saving and quality of services offered.