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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
231

Development of a high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous analysis of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim and its application to biological fluids and dissolution rate studies on solid oral dosage forms

Gochin, Rosa January 1980 (has links)
Co-trimoxazole, a combination of a 5-to-l ratio of Sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) and Trimethoprim (TMP) , is a highly effective, broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. Since its introduction in 1968, it has been extensively used in infections of the respiratory and urinary tracts. Co-trimoxazole was developed by the systematic investigation of a series of compounds whose mechanism of action was already known. As early as 1950 synergy between sulphonamides and 2,4-diaminopyrimidines was reported. This was to be expected as both groups of drugs exert their antibacterial activity by interfering with the same biochemical pathway in bacteria. TMP was chosen from among many 2,4-diaminopyrimidines tested because of its good antibacterial activity and low toxicity. SMZ was chosen from the sulphonamides available for combination with TMP because of similarity of their biological half-lives. The widespread use of the combination coupled with the fact that monitoring of the levels of all drugs in the body is becoming increasingly important has stimulated research into rapid and efficient methods for the analysis of TMP and SMZ in biological fluids. Another consequence of the immense popularity of the combination is the appearance on the market of several generic preparations of Co-trimoxazole. It is now generally recognized that drug products from different manufacturers which are chemically equivalent may not be therapeutically equivalent. This is due to the fact that the absorption rate and/or bioavailability (extent of absorption) of a poorly soluble drug may be markedly affected by its release rate from the product and by its subsequent dissolution rate in gastrointestinal fluids. Hence bioequivalence of these various products should be established
232

A framework for scoring and tagging NetFlow data

Sweeney, Michael John January 2019 (has links)
With the increase in link speeds and the growth of the Internet, the volume of NetFlow data generated has increased significantly over time and processing these volumes has become a challenge, more specifically a Big Data challenge. With the advent of technologies and architectures designed to handle Big Data volumes, researchers have investigated their application to the processing of NetFlow data. This work builds on prior work wherein a scoring methodology was proposed for identifying anomalies in NetFlow by proposing and implementing a system that allows for automatic, real-time scoring through the adoption of Big Data stream processing architectures. The first part of the research looks at the means of event detection using the scoring approach and implementing as a number of individual, standalone components, each responsible for detecting and scoring a single type of flow trait. The second part is the implementation of these scoring components in a framework, named Themis1, capable of handling high volumes of data with low latency processing times. This was tackled using tools, technologies and architectural elements from the world of Big Data stream processing. The performance of the framework on the stream processing architecture was shown to demonstrate good flow throughput at low processing latencies on a single low end host. The successful demonstration of the framework on a single host opens the way to leverage the scaling capabilities afforded by the architectures and technologies used. This gives weight to the possibility of using this framework for real time threat detection using NetFlow data from larger networked environments.
233

Dissolution control of highly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients via cocrystallisation

Nyamayaro, Kudzanai January 2017 (has links)
Thesis (MTech (Chemistry))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / Crystal engineering involves the manipulation of intermolecular interactions to design functionalised crystalline materials and has proved to be an effective tool for the modification of physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In the first section of this study, the aim was to systematically influence the rate of dissolution of a highly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredient using crystal engineering principles. Salicylic acid (SA) was employed as a model API to form multicomponent crystals with a series of selected cinchona alkaloids, namely quinine (QUIN), quinidine (QUID), cinchonine (CINC), cinchonidine (CIND), N-benzylquininium chloride (NBQUIN), N-benzylcinchonidinium chloride (NBCIND) and N-benzylcinchoninium chloride (NBCINC). The resulting novel crystalline forms were found to be salts, and were characterised using single crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The dissolution profiles of the salicylate salts, measured from an aqueous media using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy, show a significant decrease in the rate of dissolution of SA. Subsequently, Hirshfeld surface analysis was used as a tool for quantitative and qualitative comparison of the crystal structures. This study indicates that the rate of dissolution can be successfully influenced by methodically adding extra hydrophobic groups onto the coformer. In the second section, we applied the information obtained from the SA studies to acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin, ASA). We sought to improve its thermal stability and dissolution via the formation of new solid forms with the aforementioned cinchona alkaloids. We successfully synthesized a novel drug-drug salt of an analgesic, non-steroidal antiinflammatory and antipyretic drug (ASA), and an antimalarial and analgesic drug (QUIN). The salt was formed both by using solution methods and liquid assisted grinding - a green chemistry technique. The salt exhibited physicochemical properties different from the parent drugs, and a reduced rate of dissolution. / National Research Foundation(NRF)
234

Development of UHPC concrete using mostly locally available raw materials

Nilsson, Lennart January 2018 (has links)
The concrete technology has during the last century changed dramatically where the concept of high strength concrete has gone from 30MPa to well over 100MPa. UHPC has many areas of application and is used more and more frequently in all manner of structures. It is also a suitable concrete in areas and environments that are demanding and harsh for the concrete due to its overall excellent durability properties which suggest lifespans of reinforced structure elements that far exceeds what is economically available to design for today with a low cost of maintenance. The aim of this research was to produce Ultra High-Performance Concrete using mostly locally available materials. Tests were made on the binary materials where the particle packing was optimized through the Punkte method. A series of smaller mortar mixes was made where the effect of different proportions of i.e. silica fume, flyash, superplasticizer had on the concrete mix. The fresh and hardened properties of the mix as mini cone flow, slump flow, density, compressive strength and flexural strength was evaluated to obtain a mix which exhibited the properties sought for, high strength and good workability. The results showed that it is difficult to find an optimum mixture since the design of a recipe always has compromises and rarely all criteria’s can be met fully. The concrete produced had a W to C ratio between 0,21, 20wt% of silica fume, 4,5wt% of superplasticizer and max filler size of 1mm. Some mixes of the concrete were also produced with flyash replacement and with steel fibers. This resulted in concretes exhibiting compressive strength over 140MPa, flexural strength of 18MPa without fiber reinforcement and with self-consolidating properties. The replacement of cement with 30wt% of flyash resulted in better workability and long term(1year) compressive strength almost equaled the concrete without flyash replacement.
235

Projeto de pilares de concreto de alto desempenho / Design of high performance concrete columns

Eduardo Aurélio Barros Aguiar 25 April 2000 (has links)
O presente trabalho fornece uma visão geral sobre a aplicação, o dimensionamento e o detalhamento de pilares confeccionados com concreto de alto desempenho (CAD), cujo principal atributo analisado é a resistência do concreto à compressão. A ênfase do estudo é dada à aplicação do CAD em pilares de edifícios. São apresentadas as principais diferenças entre pilares de CAD e pilares confeccionados com concretos de baixa resistência (fck < 40 MPa), sendo abordados, com base em códigos vigentes e em resultados experimentais, os diagramas tensão-deformação mais indicados, as formas de consideração das não-linearidades física e geométrica, as excentricidades a serem consideradas no dimensionamento, as causas e a forma de prevenção do fenômeno da perda do cobrimento (característico de pilares de CAD), a importância e a forma de consideração do confinamento e algumas disposições construtivas necessárias para o bom desempenho do pilar. Procurou-se, sempre que possível, apresentar os aspectos que não necessitam de alterações, ou seja, que podem ser considerados da mesma forma para concretos de baixa e de alta resistência. Finaliza-se com a apresentação de alguns exemplos de dimensionamento de pilares de CAD, abordando os tópicos analisados ao longo do texto. / The present work provides an overview of use and design of columns made with high performance concrete (HPC), whose main analyzed attribute is the compression strength of the concrete. The emphasis of the study is given to the application of HPC in columns of buildings. The main differences are presented among columns of HPC and columns made with low strength concrete (fck < 40 MPa), being approached, on base in effective codes and in experimental results, the more suitable stress-strain diagrams, the forms of consideration of the physical and geometrical non-linearities, the eccentricities to be considered in the design, the causes and the form of prevention of the phenomenon of the spalling of the concrete cover (characteristic of HPC columns), the importance and the form of consideration of the confinement and some necessary constructive dispositions for the good performance of the column. It was sought, whenever possible, to present the aspects that don\'t need alterations, that is to say, that can be considered in the same way for low and high strength concretes. It concludes with the presentation of some examples of design of HPC columns, approaching the topics analyzed along the text.
236

Pilares de concreto de alto desempenho: fundamentos e experimentação / High performance concrete columns: principles and experimentation

Flávio Barboza de Lima 30 October 1997 (has links)
O uso de concreto de alto desempenho constitui tendência irreversível, devido às vantagens que apresenta em relação aos concretos de resistência usual, principalmente na execução de pilares de edifícios, pois as áreas das seções transversais podem ser reduzidas. Este trabalho trata da obtenção e do estudo teórico e experimental de pilares de concreto de alto desempenho, analisando o comportamento de modelos, solicitados à compressão centrada e flexão normal composta. Foram analisados pilares de seções transversais quadradas de 20cm x 20cm e retangulares de 15cm x 30cm e 12cm x 30cm, dimensões que representam pilares usuais em estruturas de edifícios. Na compressão centrada ficou caracterizado que o estado limite último foi atingido por ruptura da seção mais solicitada e comprovado que a ruptura ocorreu quando o núcleo, definido pelo perímetro considerado pelos eixos dos estribos, se rompeu. Nos ensaios de flexão normal composta os resultados mostraram que as hipóteses de distribuição de tensões, utilizadas para os concretos de resistências usuais, não devem ser consideradas para concreto de alta resistência. As forças normais experimentais e as teóricas, calculadas por um modelo proposto pelo Autor, ficaram iguais enquanto que, para os momentos fletores, os valores experimentais ficaram muito acima dos teóricos. / The use of high performance concrete is an irreversible tendency in structural design due to the advantages it presents, compared to the concrete of usual strength, these advantages can be seen mainly in the execution of buildings columns as the cross sections can be reduced. This thesis is about the theoretical and experimental study to obtain high performance concrete columns. The behaviour of models subjected to axial load and bending plus axial load was analysed. Columns with the square (20cm x 20cm) and rectangular (15cm x 30cm and 12cm x 30cm) cross sections were studied, because they are the usual buildings columns dimensions. As far as axial load is concerned, the ultimate state limit was reached when the mostly demanded section broke. It was proven that the rupture occurred when the core, defined by the perimeter considered by the axial stirrups, broke. The results of bending plus axial load tests have shown that the distribution of stress hypotheses used for concrete of usual strength must not be considered for high strength concrete. The experimental axial forces and the internal ones calculated by a given model were the same, whereas the experimental values for the internal moments were much higher.
237

Aplicação de conceitos reológicos na tecnologia dos concretos de alto desempenho / The application of rheological concepts on the high performance concretes technology

Alessandra Lorenzetti de Castro 29 January 2007 (has links)
Do ponto de vista reológico, o concreto fresco flui como um líquido. Sendo assim, o seu comportamento no estado fresco deve ser estudado a partir dos conceitos da reologia, ciência voltada para o estudo das deformações e escoamento de um fluido sob a influência de tensões. As estruturas bem planejadas, dependendo do processo adotado para sua confecção, são executadas em tempo muito pequeno após a mistura dos materiais que irão constituir os concretos. Assim, a trabalhabilidade do concreto é um parâmetro importante a ser estudado, tanto por facilitar o lançamento do material quanto pelas decisões relacionadas com a forma desse lançamento. Tradicionalmente, a trabalhabilidade do concreto está associada à sua consistência, expressa em termos de abatimento obtido no ensaio de tronco de cone, que, apesar de ser um método de ensaio bastante utilizado, não a quantifica totalmente. Isto porque o concreto se comporta como um fluido binghamiano, sendo, então, caracterizado por dois parâmetros reológicos: a tensão de escoamento e a viscosidade plástica. Assim, o presente trabalho determina alguns parâmetros de medida, a partir de conceitos reológicos, para a verificação do comportamento de alguns tipos de concreto de alto desempenho no estado fresco, com adição de sílica ativa. Para isso, foram usados tanto os métodos de ensaios tradicionais - ensaio de abatimento de tronco de cone e consistômetro de Ve-Be - quanto equipamentos mais modernos - reômetro. Uma modificação do ensaio de abatimento tradicional também foi usada como uma tentativa de simplificar a determinação dos parâmetros reológicos que caracterizam o comportamento dos concretos frescos. A capacidade dos concretos escoarem sob influência do seu peso próprio foi avaliada através do ensaio da caixa L. A identificação da natureza reológica dos concretos foi feita com o auxílio de um reômetro. A trabalhabilidade dos concretos foi avaliada a partir dos métodos de ensaio que medem os dois parâmetros reológicos e sua perda ao longo do tempo foi associada à evolução dos parâmetros medidos. Apesar de terem sido classificadas como misturas fluidas, nenhum concreto apresentou escoamento suficiente que o caracterizasse como um material auto-adensável, porém apresentou bom escoamento sob a energia de um vibrador. A natureza reológica dos concretos foi identificada como sendo realmente semelhante a um fluido binghamiano. A trabalhabilidade, bem como sua perda ao longo do tempo, foram associadas à evolução dos parâmetros reológicos: observou-se um aumento da tensão de escoamento (ou torque de escoamento), enquanto a viscosidade plástica (ou viscosidade de torque) permaneceu praticamente constante durante os 60 minutos em que o comportamento foi acompanhado. Conclui-se que para a trabalhabilidade dos CAD, há inúmeros outros fatores importantes a serem considerados no prosseguimento da pesquisa, os quais deverão levar em conta parâmetros associados à produção, ao transporte e ao lançamento do material. / From the rheological point of view, the fresh concrete flows as a liquid. In such case, its fresh behavior should be studied from the concepts of rheology, the science which concerns the study of deformation and flow of a fluid under stress influence. The well designed structures, depending on the process considered in their production, are performed in a very short time after the mixture of the materials that will constitute the concretes. Thus, the concrete workability is an important parameter to be studied, even for facilitating the material placement and for the decisions related with the method of this process. Traditionally, the concrete workability is associated to its consistency, expressed in terms of the slump value measured by the slump test that, in spite of being a quite used test, does not quantify it totally. It happens because the concrete behaves as a Bingham fluid, being described by two rheological parameters: the yield stress and the plastic viscosity. Thus, the present research determines some measure parameters from rheological concepts to verify the behavior of some types of fresh high performance concrete (with silica fume addition). For this, both traditional test methods - slump test and Vebe consistometer - and more recent equipments - rheometer - were used. A modification of the traditional slump test was also used as an attempt to simplify the determination of the rheological parameters that describe the fresh concretes behaviors. The capacity of the concretes flow under the influence of their own weight was evaluated by the L-box test. The identification of the concretes rheological behavior was made with a rheometer. The concretes workability was evaluated from test methods that measure the two rheological parameters and its loss over time was associated to the evolution of the measured parameters. In spite of being classified as fluid mixtures, none of the concretes presented enough flow to describe it as a self-compacting material; however they presented a good flow under vibration energy. The concrete rheological behavior was identified as being similar to a Bingham fluid. The workability, as its loss over time, was associated to the evolution of the rheological parameters: an increase of the yield stress (or flow resistance) was observed, while the plastic viscosity (or torque viscosity) stayed practically constant during the 60 minutes in which the behavior was followed. It is concluded that for the high performance concretes workability, there are other several important factors to be considered in the research pursuit, which should consider the parameters associated to the material\'s production, transport and placement.
238

Estudo da conjugação e radiomarcação do anticorpo monoclonal rituximas para aplicação em terapia radionuclídica / Study of conjugation and radiolabelling of monoclonal antibody eityximab for use in radionuclide therapy

MASSICANO, ADRIANA V.F. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:33:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Linfomas são cânceres provenientes da transformação de um linfócito no sistema linfático, sendo que, o mais comum é o Linfoma Não-Hodgkin (LNH). Avanços na imunologia e na biologia molecular têm auxiliado na detecção desses tumores e aberto caminhos para novas estratégias de tratamento, como a Radioimunoterapia. O rituximab é um anticorpo monoclonal quimérico anti-CD20 já utilizado como imunoterápico no tratamento de LNH refratários ou recidivos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a conjugação deste anticorpo ao quelante bifuncional DOTA-NHS-éster e radiomarcar este imunoconjugado com o radioisótopo 177Lu, com o objetivo de desenvolver um radioimunoterápico para tratamento de LNH. Estudos de imunoconjugação com diferentes razões molares rituximab:DOTA foram estudadas (1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:250, 1:500 e 1:1000) afim de avaliar qual condição conferia maior pureza radioquímica. A estabilidade dos imuconjugados foi analisada por cromatografia de alta eficiência por até 240 dias em diferentes condições de armazenamento. A estabilidade do imuconjugado radiomarcado foi avaliada após incubação a 2-8 °C e em soro humano a 37 °C e a ligação às proteínas séricas foi determinada. Estudos de biodistribuição foram realizados em camundongos Swiss sadios a fim de caracterizar biologicamente o imunoconjugado radiomarcado. Com o objetivo de analisar se os processos de conjugação e de radiomarcação não danificaram a capacidade de reconhecimento do antígeno (imunorreatividade) deste anticorpo, realizou-se estudos preliminares de ligação às células de LNH (Raji). Os imuconjugados de razão molar baixa (1:5, 1:10 e 1:20) mostraram-se estáveis quando armazenados por até 240 dias em diferentes condições. A análise em cromatografia em camada delgada e CLAE, revelou que o Acm conjugado na razão molar 1:50 foi radiomarcado com alta pureza radioquímica (superior a 95%) quando purificado em coluna PD-10. Este mesmo radioimunoconjugado apresentou razoável estabilidade a 2-8° C. A análise da estabilidade em soro humano não indicou grande metabolismo pelas enzimas do soro. O radioimuconjugado apresentou alta ligação às proteínas séricas indicando clareamento sanguíneo lento, o qual foi confirmado pelos estudos in vivo. O radioimunoconjugado apresentou alta captação no fígado o que é característico de anticorpos monoclonais. Os estudos preliminares de competição indicaram que o processo de obtenção do radioimunoconjugado não prejudicou sua ligação às células Raji sendo esta ligação específica. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
239

Padronizacao de um metodo de HPLC em fase reversa para determinacao de prolactina em extratos bacteriano e em sua forma purificada: sua aplicacao em estudo colaborativo internacional promovido pela O.M.S

VIANNA, ELIZABETH K.G. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:47:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:07:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 08712.pdf: 2365459 bytes, checksum: 3be7f0aa24629302df9709de6db64f86 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
240

Projeto estrutural de vigas de concreto de alto desempenho / Structural design of high performance concrete beams

João Paulo de Andrade Júnior 10 February 1999 (has links)
Este trabalho fornece uma visão geral sobre a aplicação, o dimensionamento e o detalhamento de elementos fletidos de concreto de alto desempenho (CAD), armados ou protendidos, com particular atenção para estes últimos. Procurou-se, sempre que possível, realçar as situações nas quais os atuais procedimentos normalizados permanecem válidos, ou não, para o cálculo das vigas de CAD. Na introdução, apresenta-se a viabilidade econômica da aplicação do concreto de alto desempenho nas vigas. No capítulo referente à retração e à fluência, abordam-se procedimentos válidos para o CAD, os quais apresentam melhor correlação com os resultados experimentais que a obtida através do ACI 209 (1982) ou do CEB-FIP (1990). No que se refere à flexão, apresenta-se um diagrama tensão-deformação retangular, e comparam-se os seus resultados para concretos usuais e de alto desempenho, com os obtidos pelo diagrama parábola-retângulo, em termos de consumo de armadura. No capítulo referente ao cisalhamento, apresentam-se recomendações para a utilização do Método Padrão e do Modelo de Treliças de Diagonais de Inclinação Variável para o cálculo da armadura transversal em vigas de CAD. Para o cálculo dos deslocamentos causados por ações de curta duração, confirma-se a validade da metodologia de Branson para as vigas de CAD. Os deslocamentos adicionais causados por ações de longa duração também são considerados, incluindo-se metodologias para as vigas de concreto armado e para as pré-moldadas protendidas. Exemplos de dimensionamento são feitos para todos os itens apresentados, considerando-se uma viga pré-moldada de 30 m de comprimento, seção \"T\", com pós-tensão e fck = 70 MPa. / This work provides an overview of use and design of the high performance concrete (HPC) flexural members, reinforced or prestressed, with particular attention for the last ones. Cases in which procedures of the modern codes for calculation of HPC beams remain valid were enhanced. In the introduction, the economic viability of high performance concrete beams is presented. In the chapter about shrinkage and creep, valid procedures for HPC are presented. These procedures have better correlation with the actual results than those relative to ACI 209 (1982) or CEB-FIP (1990). A rectangular stress block is presented, and its results for usual and high performance concrete are compared with those from the parabolic-rectangular stress block, in terms of consume of steel. In the chapter about shear, recommendations for use of Standard Method and Variable Angle Truss Model for HPC beams are presented. For the calculation of short term deflections, the validity of Branson\'s Method for high performance concrete beams is confirmed. Sustained load deflections are also considered, and including procedures for reinforced beams and for precast prestressed ones. For all the considered topics, examples are presented for a 30 m span precast post-tensioned beam, \"T\" cross section and fck = 70 MPa.

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