O amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.) é um grão muito apreciado em todo o mundo, sendo cultivado em vários países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. A planta é uma oleaginosa com alto valor nutricional e rica em compostos bioativos, cultivada largamente em zonas de clima semiárido, onde prevalece a seca, que pode afetar a produção e a composição dos grãos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química, atividade antioxidante, compostos fenólicos, tocoferóis e ácidos graxos de genótipos de amendoim contrastantes quanto à adaptação a ambientes com limitação hídrica, bem como definir quais atributos são capazes de caracterizar esses genótipos. Os genótipos utilizados foram oriundos do programa de melhoramento genético de amendoim da Embrapa Algodão (Campina Grande - PB), os quais são adaptados ao estresse hídrico. Foram analisados grãos com e sem película, uma vez que seu consumo pode ocorrer de ambas as formas. Para os grãos sem a película a caracterização da fração oleosa foi realizada por meio da identificação e quantificação dos ácidos graxos e tocoferóis, enquanto que a avaliação química da fração fenólica foi feita por espectrometria de massas de alta resolução (LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS). A atividade antioxidante foi determinada por meio da desativação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (superóxido, ácido hipocloroso e peroxila) e do método on-line (HPLC-ABTS). Os resultados da caracterização da fração oleosa e fenólica dos grãos despeliculados foram ainda avaliados por análise multivariada para se definir quais atributos eram capazes de caracterizar os diferentes genótipos de amendoim. Para os grãos com a película foi realizada a caracterização química dos polifenóis por LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS, e a avaliação da atividade antioxidante pelo sequestro dos radicais livres DPPH e ABTS, além da análise multivariada dos resultados. De maneira geral, os genótipos tolerantes à seca foram os que apresentaram maior capacidade antioxidante. Os genótipos de amendoim avaliados apresentaram de 36 a 58% de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados em sua constituição, e relação oleico/linoleico mais elavada para os genótipos rasteiros. Foram também encontradas quantidades significativas de tocoferóis nos materiais analisados. O ácido p-cumárico, ácido cafeíco e a rutina foram identificados e quantificados por cromatografia líquida de alta resolução. Foram identificados, por meio da técnica de espectrometria de massas de alta resolução, 26 compostos fenólicos nos genótipos de amendoim despeliculados. Os grãos com película apresentaram perfil fenólico mais complexo, sendo identificados 58 compostos pertencentes a cinco classes distintas. Os isômeros do ácido coutárico foram os principais polifenóis, seguidos pela isorhamnetina-3-O-rutinosideo e os isômeros de ácido cumárico. De acordo com os resultados obtidos e a literatura, foram identificados 9 compostos nunca relatados em amendoim. As variáveis analisadas neste estudo mostraram ser possível o agrupamento dos genótipos de amendoim contrastantes quanto à adaptação aos ambientes com restrição hídrica. / Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are a widely appreciated grains throughout the world and it has been grown both in developed and developing countries. The plant is an oleaginous with high nutritional value and rich in bioactive compounds that has been cultivated in semi-arid zones - where drought prevails and it affects grain yield and composition. Thus, the aim of this work was in evaluating the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, tocopherols and fatty acids of contrasting peanut genotypes in relation to the adaptation to water limitation environments, as well as defining which attributes are able to characterize these genotypes. The adapted peanuts to water stress used here came from the breeding program of Embrapa Algodão (Campina Grande - PB). Grains with and without skin were analyzed, since their consumption can occur in both forms. In relation to the grains without the skin, the characterization of the oily fraction was made through the identification and quantification of the fatty acids and tocoferols, whereas the chemical evaluation of the phenolic fraction was performed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS). The antioxidant activity was determined by reactive oxygen species deactivation (superoxide, hypochlorous acid and peroxyl) and on-line method (HPLC-ABTS). The results obtained through characterization of the oily and phenolic fraction of the grains without skin were further evaluated by multivariate analysis to determine which attributes were able to characterize the different peanut genotypes. In relation to the grains with skin, it was made the chemical characterization of the polyphenols by LC-ESI-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity by the sequestration of the radicals DPPH and ABTS; besides, it was made the multivariate analysis of the results. In general, the samples tolerant to drought were the ones that presented greater antioxidant capacity than the others. The evaluated peanut genotypes presented 36 to 58% of monounsaturated fatty acids in relation to the total lipids in its constitution and showed oleic/linoleic ratio classified in normal and mid-oleic, which is a higher ratio for non-drought tolerant genotypes. Significant amounts of tocopherols were also found in the analyzed materials. p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid and rutin were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Twenty-six phenolic compounds were also identified in peanuts without skin using the high-resolution mass spectrometry technique. The peanuts with skin showed a more complex phenolic characteristc by being identified 58 compounds belonging to five different classes. The isomers of coutaric acid were the major polyphenols, followed by isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside and the isomers of coumaric acid. According to the results obtained and the literature, it is been identified 9 new compounds which were never found in peanuts. The variables analyzed in this study showed that it is possible to group contrasting genotypes peanuts as to drought tolerance.

As propriedades das ligações do complexo com metal de transição Cu(II)-L-alanil-L-valina e do composto orgânico Taurina foram determinadas por difração de raios-X a alta resolução. A análise da densidade de carga foi feita com o modelo multipolar de Hansen-Coppens para o estudo topológico da densidade de carga e determinação de populações dos orbitais d do metal. Radiação síncrotron (0.394 Å) e temperatura de hélio vaporizado foram utilizados na coleta de dados de difração de raios-X do complexo metálico. Para o orbital dx2-y2, a população reduzida é descrita pelas zonas de fuga de carga com eixo de simetria 4 nos mapas de deformação estática da densidade e do Laplaciano. Os valores da densidade de carga e das curvaturas nos pontos críticos localizados nas ligações Cu-N e Cu-O, indicam o caráter não iônico dessas ligações. Foi desenvolvido um algoritmo para obter as orientações preferenciais dos orbitais d de metais de transição da primeira linha coordenados em sítios assimétricos. As cargas atômicas foram determinadas por integração da densidade no esquema de partição de átomos topológicos (basins). O estudo de densidade de carga da Taurina foi realizado com dados coletados no difratômetro KappaCCD, usando radiação K\'alfa\' -Mo à temperatura de N2 vaporizado e dados de nêutrons obtidas na literatura. Propriedades topológicas de \'rô\' (\'VET.r\') foram calculadas do modelo. Os valores dos monopólos são comparados com cargas calculadas pela integração de \'rô\' (\'VET.r\') dentro de basins e determinadas por cálculos ab initio. / The bonding properties of the transition metal complex Cu(I1)-L-alanyl-L-valine and the Taurine compound have been determined by high resolution x-ray diffraction. The charge density analysis is performed using the Hansen-Coppens multipole model for both, the topological study of the electron density p(f) and the orbital population\'s analysis of the transition metal. Short wavelength synchrotron radiation (0.394 \'angstrom\') and vaporized helium temperature were used in the x-ray diffraction data collection of the metal complex. For the dx2-y2 orbital, the half population obtained is shown by the 4-fold depletion region in the static deformation and negative Laplacian maps. Values of the charge density and its curvature in the critica1 points located at the Cu-N and Cu-O bonds show the non-ionic character of these interactions. We have derived an algorithm to perform preferencial orientation search for the first row transition metal d-orbitals in non-symmetric sites. Atomic charge integration was carried out applying topological atoms partitioning (basins). The charge density of Taurine has been studied with data collected with a KappaCCD diffractometer using K\'alfa\'-Mo radiation at vaporized N2 temperature and neutron diffraction data obtained from the literature. Topological properties of \'rô\' (\'VET.r\') were calculated from the fitted model. Atomic charges given by the monopole parameters have been compared with those obtained by integration of the atomic basins and theoretical molecular calculations.

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein neuartiges 3D Fluoreszenz Mikroskop, OMX gennant, entworfen und gebaut. Ein umfassender Design-Neuansatz erlaubt es den neuen Anforderungen der aktuellen Biologie bezüglich erhöhter Auflösung in Zeit und Raum Rechnung zu tragen. Mit Ausnahme vom Auflegen des Objektträgers sind alle Aspekte des Mikroskops Computer-gesteuert. Einen Großteil der Software floß in ein neues, eigenständiges Open-Source Projekt ein. Es erlaubt die Verarbeitung sehr großer, mehrdimensionaler Bilddaten, und die Entwicklung neuartiger Algorithmen in einer flexiblen Oberfläche. OMX hat zwei Betriebsarten: Im ersten Modus können bis zu 100 Bilder pro Sekunde mit optischer Auflösung in mehreren Farbkanälen aufgenommen werden. Dies entspricht etwa 10 3D Bildern pro Sekunde. Im zweiten Modus können mit der Structured Illumination Mikroskopie fixierte Präparate mit eine Auflösung unterhalb des Abbe-Limits untersucht werden. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit, stelle ich erste Forschungsergebnisse von OMX vor. Drosophila X-chromosomen markiert mit GFP-MSL3 wurden in situ im sub-Sekunden Bereich beobachtet. Mit Hilfe neuentwickelter Algorithmen konnte ich die Chromosomendynamik analysieren. Das Falten und Entfalten von Bereichen eines Chromosoms wurde als Funktion der Zeit darstellen. Chromosomenstrukturen wurden mit Hilfe der SIM an fixierten primären embryonalen Kulturen untersucht. Unterstrukturen von 100-200nm sind erkennenbar. Viele Bilder zeigen eine DNA-reiche Hülle die einen DNA-armen Chromosomenkern umgibt. Ausserdem habe ich polytäne Chromosomen mit SIM aufgenommen. Bandstrukturen zeigen sich mit deutlich erhöhter Detailklarheit, und Längsfasern sind sichtbar, die ansonsten nur vom Elektronenmikroskop her bekannt sind. Als weiteres Beispiel der verbesserten Auflösungsfähigkeit habe ich Kernporen untersucht. In mit DAPI gefärbten Mauszellen zeigen diese sich als dunkle Punkte mit einer Größe von etwa 120nm. / A novel fluorescence 3D wide-field light microscope called OMX, was designed and implemented. The novel design addresses improved speed and resolution requirements of current biology research. After designing and building the microscope body I designed and implemented the needed computer software for the eight computers required to operate OMX. Over the course of the project I also designed and implemented a new Open-Source software platform for algorithm development and image analysis. It focuses on very large multi-dimensional image data handling and visualization in general. OMX can operate in two modes: In the first mode a live specimen can be observed at optical resolution (approx. 250nm) at speeds up to 100 sections per second simultaneously in multiple wavelength channels. This equals about 10 3D images per second. The second mode is for observing fixed preparations at resolutions below the Abbe diffraction limit using Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM). This produces 3D volumetric image data with lateral resolution near 100nm and axial resolution of about 200nm. In the second part of this thesis I show first results achieved using the OMX microscope. Chromosome dynamics was analyzed using various newly developed image analysis algorithms. Sub-second motion was observed for in situ Drosophila X-chromosomes tagged with GFP-MSL3. Parts of the chromosome can be traced within the nucleus and time-series data shows its folding and unfolding as a function of time. Chromosome structure was imaged using SIM on formaldehyde fixed primary embryonic cultures stained with DAPI. Features of the sub-structure with sizes around 100-200nm were apparent. Many chromosomes show an outer layer along the chromatin axis appearing persistently denser in DNA than the central core. Polytene chromosomes were imaged using SIM. Band patterns are visible in much more detail than in conventional deconvolution microscopy and longitudinal fibers known only from electron microscopy were visible.

L'apparition des détecteurs à comptage de photons X à base de CdTe avec des capacités de discrimination de l'énergie des photons ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour l'imagerie radiographique. Les applications médicales et en contrôle de bagages X sont caractérisées par un flux de photons X très élevé, et exigent par conséquent une mise en forme très rapide du photo-courant mesuré pour limiter les empilements. Cependant, si cette mise en forme est plus courte que le temps de transit des électrons dans le semi-conducteur, la charge mesurée devient inférieure à la charge déposée : c’est le déficit balistique. Par ailleurs, la variation dans le temps du profil du champ électrique dans le volume du détecteur entraîne une augmentation du temps de transit des électrons. En conséquence, la charge mesurée diminue dans le temps, faussant la mesure de l’énergie des photons X. L’objectif de ce travail est de caractériser cette instabilité et de développer une méthode de correction de son effet sur les spectres en énergie. Nous avons proposé un algorithme de correction basé sur l'utilisation de deux Lignes à Retard (LAR). Une LAR rapide (50ns ?) permet de mesurer les spectres X à très fort flux sans compromis sur le taux de comptage. Une LAR lente (200ns ?) est utilisée pour mesurer intégralement la charge déposée sans déficit balistique. Un facteur de correction est évalué et utilisé pour stabiliser la mesure de l’énergie des X avec la LAR rapide. Une étape importante de cet algorithme consiste à trier les impulsions traitées pour rejeter celles qui peuvent dégrader la mesure de ce facteur de correction, notamment les empilements. La méthode proposée a été implémentée dans un FPGA pour fonctionner en temps réel et a été testée avec un détecteur CdTe de 3mm d'épaisseur avec 4×4 pixels au pas de 800 microns, capable de mesurer des spectres X dans la gamme d'énergie 20-160 keV avec 256 canaux d'énergie. La méthode développée a été initialement testée à faible taux de comptage avec des sources gamma Co-57 et Am-241, puis à fort taux de comptage jusqu'à ~2 Mc/s avec un tube à rayons X. Cet algorithme innovant a montré sa capacité de fournir une réponse stable du détecteur dans le temps sans affecter la résolution d'énergie (7 % à 122 keV) et le temps mort (~70 ns). / The emergence of CdTe Photon Counting Detectors (PCD) with energy discrimination capabilities, opens up new perspectives in X-ray imaging. Medical and security applications are characterized by very high X-ray fluxes and consequently require a very fast shaper in order to limit dead time losses due to pile-up. However, if the shaper is faster than the collection of the charges in the semiconductor, there is a loss of charge called ballistic deficit. Moreover, variations of the electric field profile in the detector over time cause a change in the collection time of the charges. As a result, the conversion gain of the detector will be affected by these variations. The instability of the response is visible over time as a channel shift of the spectra, resulting in a false information of the photon energy. The aim of this work is to characterize this instability in order to understand the mechanisms behind them and to develop a method to correct its effect. We proposed a correction algorithm based on the use of two Single Delay Line (SDL) shaping amplifiers. A fast SDL is used to measure the X-ray spectra at high count rates with limited count rate losses. A slow SDL is used to measure the full collected charge in order estimate a correction factor for the compensation of the ballistic deficit fluctuations of the fast SDL. An important step is to sort the processed pulses in order to reject pile-up and other undesirable effects that may degrade the measurement of the correction factor. The proposed method was implemented in an FPGA in order to correct the ballistic deficit in real-time and to give a stable response of the detector at very high fluxes. The method was tested with a 4x4 pixels detector (CdTe) of 3 mm thickness and 800 micron pitch, which is able to measure transmitted X-ray spectra in the energy range of 20-160 kV on 256 energy bins. The developed method was initially tested at low count rate with a Co-57 and an Am-241 gamma-ray sources, then at high count rates up to ~2 Mc/s with an X-ray source. With the characterization and the validation of this innovative algorithm we prove its ability in providing a stable response of the detector over time without affecting the energy resolution (~7% at 122 keV) and the dead time (~70 ns).

Neste trabalho estudamos duas classes diferentes de materiais condutores através de várias técnicas: o polímero condutor eletrônico Poliparafenileno (PPP) dopado com FeCl3, e os compostos condutores iônicos orgânico-inorgânico complexados com LiClO4, chamados ormolitas. Um estudo comparativo de PPP dopado com FeCl3, por RMN de Alta Resolução em Sólidos de 13C , Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica, Susceptibilidade Magnética e Condutividade Elétrica foi realizado em função da concentração de Fe e da temperatura. Observou-se uma forte influência do íon paramagnético Fe3+ na largura de linha e nos tempos de relaxação spin-rede medidos por RMN de alta resolução através do 13C. OS resultados obtidos pelos diferentes métodos estão correlacionados e podem ser explicados pelo modelo polaron-bipolaron. Duas famílias de ormolitas, foram preparadas pelo processo sol-gel. Um estudo comparativo destes compostos por RMN de alta resolução multinuclear, Calorimetria Diferencial (DSC) e Condutividade Elétrica foi feito em função da concentração de lítio, do comprimento da cadeia polimérica, da razão polímero-sílica e da temperatura. Através das medidas de largura de linha dos espectros de RMN em função da temperatura, para os núcleos de 7Li e 13C, podemos observar uma forte correlação entre RMN, DSC e Condutividade Elétrica. Estes resultados confirmam que a condutividade iônica do lítio é governada pela mobilidade dos segmentos da cadeia polimérica, sendo esta responsável pela modulação das barreiras eletrostáticas nos sítios do íon Li+ / In this work we investigated two different classes of conducting materials using several techniques: the electronic conducting polymer FeC13-doped Polyparaphenylene (PPP) and the ionic conducting LiC1O4-complexed organic-inorganic nanocomposites called ormolytes. A comparative study of the FeC13, doped polyparaphenylene (PPP) by the 13C High-Resolution Solid-State NMR, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (ESR), Magnetic Susceptibility, and electrical conductivity was made as a function of the iron concentration and the temperature. It is observed that a clear correlation among the results obtained from different methods takes place as a function of iron doping and temperature. which can be explained by polaron-bipolaron model and the presence of the paramagnetic ion Fe3+. Two families of hybrid organic-inorganic composites exhibiting ionic conduction properties, so called ORMOLYTES, have been prepared by the sol-gel process. A comparative study of these composites by the multinuclear High-Resolution Solid-State NMR, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and electrical conductivity was made as a function of the lithium concentration, polymer chain length, polymer to silica ratio and the temperature. It was observe a strong correlation between NMR, DSC and electrical conductivity and this result corroborate the fact that the Li+ ionic conductivity is governed by the polymer chain mobility

Auf dem Luftbildsektor vollziehen sich seit einigen Jahren grundsätzliche Veränderungen. Digitale flugzeuggetragene Kamerasysteme und hochauflösende Satellitensysteme bieten neue Potentiale der Datenakquise und -auswertung. Diese digitalen Datensätze werden in absehbarer Zeit das herkömmliche Luftbild ersetzen und Kartographie, Photogrammetrie und Fernerkundung erheblich verändern. Die neue Generation von digitalen Kameras wird zwei zentrale Bereiche der Kartographie einschneidend beeinflussen: Die Orthokartenherstellung und die Kartenaktualisierung. Der Bedarf aktueller Geobasisdaten macht Orthobilder besonders für Geoinformationssysteme interessant. Bisher standen als Basisdaten für Orthobildkarten großer Auflösung (> 1:10 000) lediglich Luftbilder zur Verfügung. Es wird gezeigt, daß die digitalen Daten der neuen Kamerageneration zur Erstellung von Orthobildkarten operationell einsetzbar sind. Durch die automatisierte Prozessierung werden sie den Anforderungen an schnelle aktuelle Kartenprodukte gerecht, mit ihrer hochgenauen Navigation bieten die digitalen Systeme die automatisierte Erstellung geometrisch sehr genauer Datensätze, die mit herkömmlichen Mitteln nur sehr aufwendig erreicht werden könnten. Ein Vergleich mit Luftbildern zeigt und bewertet die Unterschiede beider Aufnahmesysteme. Untersucht wurden Datensätze der digitalen Kamera HRSC-A des DLR Adlershof. Mit der HRSC-A (High Resolution Stereo Camera - Airborne) und der speziell für die Prozessierung dieser Daten entwickelten Software steht den Geoinformationsnutzern erstmals ein operationelles System zur Verfügung, das vollständig digital und vollautomatisch hochauflösende Orthobilddaten produziert. Die Pixelauflösung liegt zwischen 10 und 40 cm (Flughöhe von 2500 bis 10 000 m). Als vorteilhaft für die Analyse erweist sich die gleichzeitige Verfügbarkeit von hochauflösenden panchromatischen und multispektralen Datensätzen, die Verfügbarkeit eines hochauflösenden Geländemodells (x,y: 50 cm bzw. 1m, z: 10 cm) und die hohe Genauigkeit der Datensätze. Die Arbeit diskutiert die Problematik einer automatisierten Auswertung hochauflösender Daten. Diese Datensätze stellen neue Anforderungen an Auswertungsverfahren. Der Detailreichtum erschwert die Interpretation, gröbere räumliche Auflösungen glätten die Komplexität innerhalb heterogener Landnutzungen (besonders in urbanen Gebieten) und erleichtern so eine automatische Interpretation. Es wird gezeigt, daß "klassische" Auswertungsmethoden wie pixelbasierte Klassifizierungen (überwacht oder unüberwacht) zur Auswertung der hochauflösenden Daten nur bedingt geeignet sind. Im Rahmen der Arbeit werden zwei neue Ansätze entwickelt und untersucht, die nicht mehr pixelweise, sondern flächenhaft und objektorientiert arbeiten. Ein per-parcel-Ansatz zeigt gute Ergebnisse bei der Auswertung. Das Verfahren ermittelt zunächst mittels einer unüberwachten Klassifizierung Szenekomponenten in definierten Untereinheiten (parcel), die den Inhalt des Datensatzes repräsentieren. Die klassifizierten Pixel innerhalb der definierten parcel-Einheiten werden anschließend extrahiert und ihr Verhältnis zueinander weiter ausgewertet. Ergebnis ist zunächst die prozentuelle Verteilung der Szenekomponenten in den Einheiten, anschließend werden Zusammenhänge zwischen den vorhandenen Komponenten und der Landoberfläche definiert. Untersucht wurde ferner ein objektorientierter Ansatz, der die Interpretation von Einzelobjekten erlaubt. Hierbei wird das Bild in homogene Objekte segmentiert, die die Grundlage für die weitere Analyse bilden. Der diskutierte Ansatz besteht aus zwei Strategien: Mittels multiskalarer Segmentierung wird der Bilddatensatz zunächst in Einheiten strukturiert, verschiedene Maßstabsebenen sind gleichzeitig verfügbar. Grundidee ist die Schaffung eines hierarchischen Netzes von Bildobjekten. Diese gefundenen Einheiten werden anschließend spektral mittels Nearest Neighbour oder wissensbasiert mittels Fuzzy Logic Operatoren klassifiziert. Der Ansatz zeigt überzeugende Ergebnisse bei einer automatisierten Hauserkennung und der Aktualisierung bestehender Vektordatensätze. Die Einteilung der Bilddaten in Segmente, also zunächst eine Abstrahierung der Information vom Einzelpixel zu größeren semantischen Einheiten und die weitere Bearbeitung dieser Segmente erwies sich als sinnvoll. Es wurde ferner gezeigt, daß für die Analyse in städtischen Räumen die Einbeziehung von Oberflächeninformation unbedingt erforderlich ist. Durch die spektrale Ähnlichkeit von Bildelementen bietet die Einbeziehung des Oberflächenmodells die Möglichkeit, mittels einer zusätzlich bekannten Information über die Höhe der Objekte, diese Klassen zu trennen. / Remote sensing goes through times of fundamental changes. New digital airborne camera systems offer new potentials for data aquisition and interpretation. These data sets will replace aerial photography in the near future and change photogrammetry, cartography and remote sensing. The new camera generation will influence two central domains of cartography: Orthomap production and map updating. As a base for in-time updating orthomaps became more and more important. Up to now large scale mapping (scales > 1:10,000) is done nearly exclusively with aerial photographs. It can be shown that the digital data sets of the new camera generation can be used operationally for the production of orthomaps. A fully automated processing line provides the ortho images very shortly after aquisition, due to the used high precision navigation system the accuracy of the data is very high, even very big scales can be realized. A comparison of digital cameras and aerial photos discusses and rates the properties of the different aquisition systems and data sets. For interpretation data sets of the digital camera HRSC-A were used. The High Resolution Stereo Camera - Airborne (HRSC-A) digital photogrammetric camera and its processing software provides the geoinformation industry for the first time with an entirely digital and fully automatic process to produce highly accurate digital image data. The pixel size ranges between 10 and 40 cm (flight altitude 2500 - 10,000 m). The airborne camera combines high resolution, photogrammetric accuracy and all-digital acquisition and provides both multispectral and elevation information. The pushbroom instrument provides digital ortho-images and digital surface models with an accuracy of 10-20 cm. The use of this wide range of image information showed to be very helpful for data analysis. This investigation focuses on the problems of automated interpretation of high-resolution data. These data sets make high demands on automated interpretation procedures. The richness of details depicted in the data sets complicates the interpretation, coarser spatial resolutions smooth out spatial complexity within heterogeneous land cover types, such as urban, and make an automated interpretation easier. This report shows that conventional interpretation techniques like pixelbased classification (supervised or unsupervised) do not lead to satisfactory results. Two new object-oriented and region-oriented approaches for the interpretation of high resolution data sets were developped and discussed. The parcel-based approach showed good results in interpretation of the data. The proposed methodology begins with an unsupervised per-pixel classification to identify spectral clusters which represent the range of scene components present in the pre-defined land parcels. The per-parcel analysis extracts the pixels classified as scene components within the land parcel under examination and calculates the total numbers and fractions for each scene component present. To identify land cover types not represented by scene components at the land parcel level, it is necessary to process the scene component information and infer relationships between the scene components present and land cover type. A set of rules was devised to identify a range of land cover types from the mixtures of scene components found within each land parcel. Secondly an object-oriented and multi-scale image analysis approach was used for the interpretation of single objects. The procedure contains two basic domains. The strategy is to build up a hierarchical network of image objects which allows to represent the image information content at different resolutions (scales) simultaneously. In a second step the image objects were classified by means of fuzzy logic, either on features of objects and/or on relations between networked objects operating on the semantic network. The procedure showed very good results in detecting houses and updating vector data sets. Segmenting the data in semantic units and performing further analysis on these units showed to be very helpful for interpretation. It could be shown that for analysis of urban areas the use of a Digital Surface Model is necessary. Due to the spectral similarities of image elements the elevation information offers an important additional tool for analysis.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:42:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JulianoColman.pdf: 1680235 bytes, checksum: d15b9619fed5b29eb3330f0815273593 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-30 / This work broaches the question of the accident of working, specific the repetitive strain injury (RSI), your social implicate and the difficult of proof as much as extension and characterize of lesion by expert. In the RSI is difficulty detachment to confirm your existence.Appraise the spent that Social Foresight suffer of accident of working. So, we notice the accident protection in the law n.° 8.213/91 and the assured protection in the Republic Constitution. It is observed the Law beginnings, especially of dignity human person. It is specification the RSI, about concept, diagnostic and objective characterize conjoint with the social repercussion in the protection perspective of legislation. Also, question of the responsibility of employer result of the accident of working. How objective search present the responsibility of employer; work legislation about of the accident of working; and the safety law of working; the effects about accident in the working contract; medical concept about RSI; and the high resolution infrared imaging how form objective to demonstrate RSI. How principal results: that the responsibility of employer result of the accident of working produce of manifestation of RSI constitute in the objective responsibility and that the high resolution infrared imaging is an objective form of demonstrate the RSI. / O presente trabalho aborda questões sobre acidentes de trabalho, especificamente as Lesões por Esforço Repetitivo (LER), suas implicações sociais e a dificuldade da prova quanto à extensão e caracterização de tais lesões pelo perito. Destaca-se o ônus que a Previdência Social sofre em virtude dos acidentes de trabalho. Desta forma, extrai-se a proteção acidentaria da Lei n.° 8.213/91 e a proteção assegurada pela Constituição da República. São observados os princípios de direito, especialmente o da dignidade da pessoa humana. Especificamente abordam-se as LER, relativamente ao conceito, diagnósticos e caracterização objetiva conjuntamente com suas repercussões sociais na perspectiva protecionista da legislação. Também, questões relacionadas às responsabilidades do empregador decorrentes dos acidentes de trabalho. Como objetivos busca apresentar as responsabilidades inerentes ao empregador; a legislação trabalhista relativa aos acidentes de trabalho e as normas de segurança do trabalho; os efeitos que o acidente produz no contrato de trabalho; conceitos médicos pertinentes as LER; e a imagem infravermelha de alta resolução como um meio de demonstrar objetivamente as LER. Como resultados principais apresenta: que a responsabilidade decorrente dos acidentes de trabalho produzida pela manifestação das LER constitui-se em responsabilidade objetiva e que a imagem infravermelha de alta resolução é um meio de demonstrar objetivamente as LER. Conseqüentemente conclui-se que o conceito dor de maneira genérica pode ser demonstrado objetivamente e que a imagem infravermelha de alta resolução poderá ser utilizada como um meio de convencimento do juízo através da manifestação do perito ou assistente técnico.

Climate global models have contributed to the understanding of climate changes impacts on several Earth system processes. It is known that impacts on the ocean large scale circulation are considerably relevant. However, these models are not suitable to represent regional scale processes. Therefore, to evaluate the climate change impacts on small scale processes downscaling is necessary. This study was divided in two parts. The first part consists of evaluation and understanding of the behavior of the Southern Ocean circulation from a large scale perspective. For this, we used the ocean component (Parallel Ocean Program version 2 - POP2) of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Earth System Model version 1 (NCAR-CESM1.0). The second part aimed to evaluate the Antarctic Coastal Current (ACoC) in the Weddell Sea through high-resolution regional simulations with the Regional Ocean model System (ROMS) which were forced with results from NCAR Community Climate System Model version 3.0 (NCAR-CCSM3), an earlier version of NCAR-CESM1, experiments of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report 4 (AR4). The first simulation was forced with 20th century historical scenario (ROMS-20C3M) and comprises the 1980 to 1999 period, whereas the second run considers the 21st century scenario A2 (ROMS-SRESA2) which comprises the 2021 to 2047 period. Results from CESM1-POP2 represents satisfactorily the large scale mean patterns and is in agreement with available data. The results show the limitation of these models to reproduce important features of the coastal region, which makes downscaling necessary to understanding smaller scale processes. The ACoC and its transport (≈ 22 Sv) were satisfactorily represented by regional simulations. From the 20th to 21st century projections, weakening of the ACoC transport was observed and shown to be mainly related with changes in the termohaline forcing. / A utilização de modelos climáticos globais tem contribuído para o entendimento dos efeitos da mudança no clima em diversos processos do sistema terrestre. Os impactos na circulação oceânica de larga escala são conhecidamente relevantes. Porém, esses modelos não são adequados para a representação de processos na escala regional. Dessa forma, para avaliar os impactos da mudança do clima nos processos de menor escala a regionalização numérica é necessária. Este trabalho foi dividido em duas partes. A primeira consiste na avaliação e entendimento do comportamento da circulação no Oceano Austral do ponto de vista da larga escala. Para isso a componente oceânica (Parallel Ocean Program version 2 - POP2) do National Center for Atmospheric Research - Community Earth System Model version 1 (NCAR-CESM1.0) foi utilizada. A segunda parte teve como objetivo avaliar as mudanças na Corrente Costeira Antártica (CCoA) no Mar de Weddell através de simulações regionais de alta resolução com o Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS) forçados com dois experimentos do NCAR - Community Climate System Model version 3.0 (NCAR-CCSM3) para os cenários do Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report 4 (AR4). A primeira simulação foi forçada com o cenário histórico do século XX (ROMS-20C3M) e compreende o período de 1980 a 1999, já a segunda considera o cenário pessimista A2 (ROMS-SRESA2) para o século XXI e compreende o período de 2021 a 2047. Os resultados obtidos do CESM1-POP2 mostraram que o modelo representa de forma satisfatória os padrões de larga escala e concordam com os dados disponíveis. Os resultados também evidenciam a limitação de modelos como esse em reproduzir características importantes da região costeira, o que torna necessário a reginoalização para o entendimento dos processos de menor escala. Os resultados das simulações regionais reproduziram de forma consistente a CCoA e o seu transporte (≈ 22 Sv). Do cenário do século XX para o do século XXI houve um enfraquecimento do transporte da CCoA, que mostrou estar relacionado principalmente à mudanças na forçante termohalina.

O genoma humano varia entre os indivíduos não somente na forma de sequência, mas também estruturalmente. Originalmente, organismos diploides possuem duas cópias de cada região autossômica, uma por cromossomo. Entretanto, com o avanço das técnicas moleculares de identificação do DNA, foram descritas sequências que se repetem em diferentes regiões do genoma em número maior ou menor do que as duas cópias esperadas. Essas variantes são denominadas copy number variants (CNVs) e definidas como segmentos genômicos, geralmente maiores do que 1 kilobase (kb), que variam em número de cópias em comparação com o genoma de referência. As CNVs podem contribuir para a variabilidade do risco entre os indivíduos na etiologia de doenças complexas. Nesse contexto, o Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES) é uma doença autoimune com forte componente genético, caracterizada por inflamação crônica e produção de autoanticorpos. Estudos de associação genômica em larga escala (GWAS) identificaram vários loci associados ao LES que contribuem para a susceptibilidade à patogênese. Entretanto, as pesquisas atuais com CNVs e LES focalizam apenas a análise individual de algumas variantes. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi conduzir o primeiro estudo de CNVs em larga escala em pacientes com LES. A detecção de CNVs foi feita por ensaio de Hibridação Genômica em arrays, utilizando a plataforma Affymetrix GeneChip® CytoScan HD em amostra de 23 pacientes com LES. Foram identificadas 406 CNVs distribuídas em todos os cromossomos, exceto no Y. A média foi de 18 CNVs por paciente. As deleções foram mais frequentes do que as duplicações, 311 e 95, respectivamente. O perfil de CNVs revelou 269 CNVs envolvendo genes, 152 CNVs únicas e 59 regiões de CNVs (CNVRs). Nove CNVs identificadas não haviam sido descritas em bancos de dados de variantes estruturais. Adicionalmente, encontramos CNVs em cinco genes previamente associados com LES: CFHR4, CFHR5, STAT4, MECP2 e HLA-DPB2. CNVs nestes genes foram reportadas em pacientes com LES pela primeira vez. O conhecimento das CNVs associadas com LES e autoimunidade podem contribuir para o entendimento da etiologia da doença. Em conclusão, o presente estudo foi o primeiro delineamento em larga escala de CNVs do genoma completo em pacientes com LES. / The human genome varies between individuals not only at the sequence level but also structurally. Originally, diploid organisms have two copies of each autosomal region, one per chromosome. Advances in molecular-based techniques for DNA identification enabled the description of many repeated sequences with higher or lower copy number than that two copies expected. Those sequences are termed copy number variants (CNVs) and are defined as genomic segments, usually greater than 1 kilobase (kb) in size, ranging in copy number when compared to reference genome. CNVs can contribute to risk variability among individuals in complex diseases etiology. In this context, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with strong genetic component and is characterized by chronic inflammation and autoantibodies production. To date, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several loci associated with SLE that contribute to pathogenesis susceptibility. However, current CNVs studies associated with SLE focus only in few variants analysis. The aim of the present study was to conduct the first genome-wide CNVs study in SLE patients. CNVs detection was performed by high-resolution array Genomic Hybridization Assay, using the Affymetrix GeneChip® CytoScan HD platform, in 23 SLE patients samples. We identified 406 CNVs distributed in all chromosomes, except Y. The average was 18 CNVs per patient. Deletions were more frequent than duplications, 311 and 95, respectively. CNV profile showed 269 CNVs overlapped by genes, 152 unique CNVs and 59 CNV regions (CNVRs). Nine CNVs were never described in structural variants databases. We found CNVs in five genes previously associated with SLE: CFHR4, CFHR5, STAT4, MECP2 and HLA-DPB2. CNVs in these genes were reported in SLE patients for the first time. Knowledge of CNVs associated with SLE risk and autoimmunity could also improve our understanding of disease etiology. In conclusion, the present study was the first effort to search for CNVs in whole genome of SLE patients.

La spectroscopie est un outil puissant et non-destructif permettant, d’après les spectres, de remonter à des grandeurs physiques importantes telles que la concentration, la température, la pression, … du gaz en question.Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit sont consacrés à l’analyse des spectres infrarouges et Raman à très haute résolution de l’éthylène pour des applications atmosphériques et planétologiques.Cette thèse a été effectuée au sein du Groupe de Spectrométrie Moléculaire et Atmosphérique (GSMA) de l’Université de Reims Champagne- Ardenne. En collaboration avec l’équipe (SMPCA) au sein du laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne (ICB) à Dijon, l’équipe (CQP) au sien du service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique à Bruxelles, l’Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC) à Madrid et les membres de la ligne AILES du centre de rayonnement synchrotron SOLEIL à Saint-Aubin.Cette thèse est structurée en 4 chapitres. Le premier chapitre est consacré sur les généralités de la molécule étudiée. Le second chapitre présente l’aspect théorique de la spectroscopie. Le troisième chapitre portant sur l’explication du modèle théorique qui nous avons utilisé pour effectuer l’analyse et le traitement des spectres. Dans le quatrième chapitre, nous présentons les résultats de l’analyse du spectre de la molécule de l’éthylène en différentes régions spectral.Ces résultats alimenteront des bases de données internationales telles que HITRAN (L. Rothmann) et GEISA (M. Rotger et le CNES) mais aussi peuvent servir de données modèle pour la start-up AEROVIA initiée par G. Durry, directeur de notre laboratoire. Avec ces données, nous alimenterons également la base de données européenne VAMDC. / The spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique capable of providing Important Information physical quantities such as concentration, temperature, pressure, ... and other questions about gas.The work presented in this manuscript is devoted to analysis of high resolution infrared and Raman spectroscopy of the ethylene for atmospheric, astrophysical and planetological applications.The work described in this thesis was performed within the "Groupe de Spectrométrie Moléculaire et Atmosphérique" (GSMA) in the university of Reims Champagne-Ardenne in Reims. In national collaboration with the team (SMPCA) In collaboration in the laboratory "Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne" (ICB) in Dijon, the team (CQP) in the service de "chimie quantique et photophysique" in Brussels. l’Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (CSIC) in Madrid and the members of the line AILES of the Synchrotron SOLEIL in Saint-Aubin.The thesis is structured into 4 main chapters. The first chapter deals with the generality of molecule studied. The second chapter represents the theoretical aspects of the spectroscopy. The third chapter dealing with the explanation of the theoretical model that we used for the analysis and processing of spectra. In the fourth chapter, we present the results of the analysis of the spectrum of the molecule of ethylene in different spectral regions.These results will feed the international databases such as HITRAN (L. Rothmann) and GEISA (Mr. Rotger and CNES), and it can also serve as a data for modeling the start-up AEROVIA initiated by G. Durry, the director of the laboratory. with these data, we can also feed the European database VAMDC.