This research is about modelling and simulation of how the hydrogen diffuses in high strength steels. The hydrogen diffusion in the material was examined by using finite element software with the help of material properties and some existing data. For modelling and simulating the diffusion analysis in finite element software, a cylindrical type dog-bone shaped specimen was chosen. To determine the diffusion at the centre of specimen, a cross-sectional area of the material was selected to proceed for the analysis. Abaqus software was considered as finite element software to progress the hydrogen diffusion and tensile testing of the specimen. Diffusion analysis was studied under the analogy of heat transfer and also, diffusion analysis with the addition of mechanical load was studied under the analogy of coupled temperature displacement in the Abaqus software. This process has executed for two types of high strength steels 316L and 304L stainless steels. The crack is also considered for analysis to check how it affects the specimen. Further, The 316L and 304L stainless steel results were compared to review that which steel is better to withstand the hydrogen diffusion rate and mechanical load on the material.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第24578号 / 工博第5084号 / 新制||工||1974(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 西山 峰広, 教授 聲高 裕治, 准教授 倉田 真宏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

High-strength steel (HSS) conforming to ASTM A1035 is becoming increasingly used in various structural applications, including in high-rise buildings and bridges. Due to their chemistry and manufacturing process, ASTM A1035 steel bars result in a combination of high tensile strength to yield ratio and varying levels of corrosion resistance. One potential application of ASTM A1035 bars is in the blast-resistant design of concrete structures, where their use can allow for reduced steel congestion, and increased blast resistance. Despite their high initial cost, stainless steel (SS) reinforcing bars are also seeing increased use in concrete construction. Solid stainless steel bars are referenced in ASTM A955, which is applicable to various stainless steel alloys. In addition to their inherent corrosion resistance, most stainless steel bars possess greater tensile strength, and importantly, exceptional ductility, when compared to ordinary steel reinforcement. This unique combination of strength and ductility makes SS bars well-suited for blast design applications. The overarching aim of this thesis is to gain better understanding of the blast behavior of RC flexural members designed with high-strength (HSS) and stainless steel (SS) reinforcement. This objective is achieved through a combined experimental and numerical research program. As part of the experimental research, a large set of beams, subdivided into three series, are tested under either quasi-static bending or simulated blast loads using the University of Ottawa shock-tube. Series 1 (HSC-HSS) and Series 2 (HSC-SS) aim at examining the effects of blast detailing (as recommended in modern blast codes,) on the quasi-static, blast and post-blast behaviour of high-strength concrete (HSC) beams reinforced with either ASTM A1035 high-strength bars (8 beams) or ASTM A955 stainless steel bars (16 beams). In addition to the influence of detailing, the effects of steel grade/type, steel ratio and steel fibers are also studied. Series 3 further studies the benefits of combining higher grade or higher ductility reinforcement, with more advanced ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). This series includes 20 UHPC beams built with either ordinary, HSS or SS reinforcing bars (UHPC-NSS, UHPC-HSS and UHPC-SS). In addition to the effect of steel grade/type, concrete type, steel ratio and steel detailing are also studied. The results from Series 1 and 2 demonstrate the benefits of implementing high-strength and stainless steel reinforcement in HSC beams subjected to blast loads, where their use leads to increased blast capacity, reduced support rotations, and higher damage tolerance. The results further demonstrate the benefits of “blast detailing” on the ductility and resilience of such beams, under both static and blast loads. The results also show that the use of steel fibers can be used to relax blast detailing in the beams with high-strength or stainless steel by increasing the required tie spacing from d/4 to d/2. The results from Series 3 confirm that the use of UHPC in beams enhances flexural response (in terms of strength and stiffness), which in turn results in superior blast resistance. Conversely, the high bond capacity of UHPC makes such beams more vulnerable to bar fracture. Increasing the steel ratio is found to effectively increase the failure displacement and ductility of the UHPC beams. The use of high-strength steel is found to increase load capacity and blast resistance, while the use of stainless steel results in remarkable ductility, which further enhances beam response under blast loading. As part of the numerical research program, the static and blast responses of the test beams are simulated using either 2D or 3D finite element (FE) modelling, using software VecTor2 and LS-DYNA. The numerical results show that the 2D FE modelling using software VecTor2 can provide reliable predictions of the static and blast responses of the HSS or SS reinforced HSC beams built with varying detailing, in terms of load-deflection response, cracking patterns, failure mode, displacement time histories and dynamic reactions. Likewise, the 3D FE modelling using software LS-DYNA with appropriate modelling of UHPC (using the Winfrith Concrete or CSCM models) can well predict the blast responses of UHPC beams with ordinary, high-strength and stainless steel, in terms of displacement/load-time histories, damage and failure modes.

Third-generation advanced high-strength steels (3G AHSS) are being developed to assist in vehicle light weighting so that fuel efficiency may be improved without sacrificing passenger safety. 3G-AHSS have received significant interest from the automotive industry as a critical candidate for their unique combination of high strength and ductility. However, due to selective oxidation of the principal alloying elements such as Mn, Si, Al, and Cr at the steel surface during the annealing stage prior to immersion in the galvanizing Zn(Al, Fe) bath, the process of continuous hot-dip galvanizing of these steel is challenging. This thesis determined the influence of annealing process parameters such as oxygen partial pressure and annealing time, on the selective oxidation and reactive wetting of an Fe-0.15C-5.56Mn-1.17Si-1Al (wt%) prototype 3G AHSS during intercritical annealing as well as continuous galvanizing. Simulated annealing and galvanizing were conducted on the prototype Fe-0.15C-5.56Mn-0117Si-1Al (wt%) 3G steel; Intercritical annealing heat treatments were carried out at 690˚C in a N2-5 vol pct H2 process atmosphere under dew points of 223 K (–50 °C), 243 (–30 °C) and 268 K (–5 °C). MnO was the major oxide formed at the outmost layer of the external oxides on all annealed samples. The experimental parameters, on the other hand, had a substantial impact on the morphology, distribution, thickness, and surface oxide coverage. The greatest Mn surface concentration as well as maximum surface oxide coverage and thickness was obtained by annealing the panels under the 223 K (–50 °C) and 243 (–30 °C) dp process atmospheres. The oxides formed under these process atmospheres largely comprised coarse, compact, and continuous film nodules. In contrast, MnO nodules formed under the 268 K (–5 °C) dewpoint process, exhibited wider spacing between finer and thinner nodules, which was consistent with the internal oxidation mode, while under 223 K (–50 °C) dp process atmosphere, generally external oxidation took place. Poor reactive wetting was obtained for the panels annealed under the 223 K (–50 °C) dp process atmosphere for both the 60 s and 120 s holding times as well as the 243 K (–30 °C) dp process atmosphere for 120 s. This was attributed to the formation of a thick, compact oxide layer on the steel surface, which acted as a barrier between the substrate and Zn bath, preventing Fe dissolution from the substrate surface for the formation of the desired Fe2Al5Znx interfacial layer. However, a well-developed interfacial Fe-Al intermetallic layer was formed under the 268 K (–5 °C) and 243 (–30 °C) dp process atmospheres for intercritical annealing times of 60 s, which is indicative of a good reactive wetting since the thinner and nodule-like oxides on the steel surface after annealing encourage the reactive wetting. External oxides morphology plays a dominant role in facilitating the contact between Zn-alloy bath and the substrate via different mechanisms such as aluminothermic reduction which occurred for the sample annealed under the 268 K (–5 °C) dp process atmosphere. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

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The use of high strength steel has the potential to reduce the amount of steel used in bridge structures and thereby facilitate a more sustainable construction. The amount of steel and what steel grade that can be used in bridge structures and other cyclic loaded structures are often limited by a material degradation process called fatigue. The fatigue resistance of steel bridges are to a large extent depending on the design of structural details and connections. The design engineer is limited by a few pre-existing structural details and connections – with rather poor fatigue resistance – to choose from when designing steel bridges, and is therefore often forced to increase the overall dimensions of the structure in order to cope with the design requirements of fatigue. This licentiate thesis aims at increasing the fatigue resistance of fatigue prone structural details and connections by implementing new and innovative structural solutions to the already pre-existing details given in the design standards. A typical fatigue prone detail is the vertical stiffener at an intermediate cross-beam, which will be in focus. By improving the fatigue resistance, less steel material will be required for the construction of new steel bridges and composite bridges of steel and concrete. It is shown in this thesis and the appended papers that the use of high strength steel for bridge structures can considerably reduce the amount of steel used, the steel cost and the harmful emissions. However, this is only true if the fatigue strength of critical details can be substantially improved. Furthermore, a few new and innovative structural details and modifications to already existing details are proposed in this thesis and in the appended papers, that have the potential to increase the fatigue resistance of steel bridges and composite bridges of steel and concrete. However, further analyses are required in order to make these structural details viable for construction. / Genom användandet av höghållfast stål så kan en mindre mängd material användas som i sin tur leder till ett mer hållbart byggande. Mängden stål och vilken stålkvalité som kan användas vid byggandet av stålbroar och andra cykliskt belastade konstruktioner avgörs ofta av nedbrytningsprocessen utmattning. Utmatningskapaciteten hos stålbroar är till stor del beroende av brons anslutningsdetaljer. Brokonstruktören har vid designstadiet ett begränsat antal beprövade anslutningsdetaljer att välja bland – vilka ofta har relativt låg utmattningskapacitet – och konstruktören är därmed ofta tvungen att öka konstruktionens dimensioner för att klara av kraven gällande utmattning. Den har licentiatuppsatsen har till syfte att förbättra utmattningskapaciteten för utmattningsbenägna anslutningsdetaljer i stål genom att införa nya och innovativa anslutningsdetaljer, bland de redan existerande detaljerna som finns i de olika standarderna. En utmattningskritisk detalj som kommer att ligga i fokus är anslutningen mellan livavstyvningen och tvärförbanden hos en I-balk. Genom att förbättra utmattningskapaciteten så kan en mindre mängd stålmaterial användas vid byggandet av stålbroar och samverkansbroar i betong och stål. I denna uppsatsen kunde det påvisas att höghallfast stål for broar kan betydligt sänka mängden stålmaterial, stålkostnaden och koldioxidutsläppen. Dock så gäller detta enbart om utmattningskapaciteten for kritiska anslutningsdetaljer kan ökas avsevärt. Dessutom, som en del av den har uppsatsen så har ett par nya och innovativa anslutningsdetaljer föreslagits som har potential att forbättra utmattningskapaciteten. Dock, så krävs ytterligare studier for att dessa förslag skall kunna användas i byggnation av nya stålbroar. / <p>QC 20190925</p>

Concentrically braced frames (CBFs) have been widely used in seismic areas as efficient structural systems to provide both lateral stiffness and strength. They dissipate earthquake energy through the inelastic deformation of the braces in both tension and compression. While these frames are efficient in providing lateral stiffness and strength, their inelastic mechanism is not ductile when compared to other systems such as moment resisting frames (MRFs). This student proposes a new approach to enhance the ductile behavior of CBFs by locally heat treating gusset plate connections or braces. In this method, the steel is heated locally to austenitizing temperature and then cooled with the appropriate rate to achieve the desired material properties. In gusset plate connections, to permit the rotation imposed from brace buckling, the conventional approach is to use linear fold lines, which can result in overly large plates. A more compact design uses elliptical fold lines, but both designs can lead to damage to welds with surrounding components. To enhance the performance of the gusset plate connection, a yield path is defined with a locally weakened zone within a high strength steel gusset plate. The weakened zone, created through heat treatment concentrated the inelastic deformation, resulting in an efficiently sized connection in which the failure mechanism is tightly controlled. A design methodology for the heat treated gusset plate is proposed, and finite element analysis is used to analyze the behavior of the heat treated gusset plates. In conventional braces, repeated buckling leads to deterioration and low-cycle fatigue which limits the ductility capacity of the CBF, compared to MRFs. As a novel approach, heat treatment is used to increase the local yield strength in the brace. Through this method, the buckling is permitted to occur, but an enhancement in the buckling behavior is intended. Various heat treated configurations are investigated, and finite element analysis is used to compare the behavior of heat treated braces. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)