O Brasil possui uma rica diversidade em espécies de plantas nativas cujo potencial bioativo, embora ainda pouco investigado, as coloca como alvos de pesquisa na área de produtos naturais. Dentre as espécies nativas estão o açaí-do-Pará (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) e o inajá (Maximiliana maripa Aubl. Drude), frutos processados visando, principalmente, a obtenção de polpa e óleo. Contudo, a extração mecânica do óleo por prensagem gera grande quantidade de um material residual denominado \"torta\", geralmente descartado no meio ambiente como resíduo ou destinado à alimentação animal. Considerando-se a busca por ingredientes ativos naturais em substituição aos sintéticos para aplicação industrial, e a necessidade de exploração científica de resíduos agroindustriais, este trabalho teve como objetivo otimizar a extração de compostos antioxidantes de tortas de açaí e inajá, e avaliar a composição fenólica dos extratos otimizados pela técnica de espectrometria de massas de alta resolução (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS), bem como suas atividades biológicas antioxidante, citotóxica e anti-inflamatória (in vitro) e antimicrobiana. Para tanto, a melhor condição de extração dos compostos antioxidantes foi determinada empregando-se um planejamento experimental com delineamento do tipo DCCR juntamente com a metodologia de superfície de resposta. A atividade antioxidante (variável resposta) foi determinada pelos métodos de sequestro do radical ABTS, FRAP e redução do reagente Folin-Ciocalteau, sob diferentes temperaturas de extração e concentrações de etanol (variáveis exploratórias). Encontrada a condição de extração ideal (70°C e 50% de etanol, v/v) foi realizada a caracterização fenólica por espectrometria de massas de alta resolução, que possibilitou a identificação de 20 compostos bioativos no extrato de torta de açaí e de 6 no de inajá, dentre os quais estão apigeninas, catequinas e derivados do ácido caféico. As atividades biológicas avaliadas foram: antioxidante, determinada pelos métodos de sequestro dos radicais livres sintéticos ABTS e DPPH, FRAP, redução do reagente Folin-Ciocalteau, além da desativação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (radical peroxila, ânion superóxido e ácido hipocloroso); anti-inflamatória, pela inibição da ativação do fator de transcrição NF-κB; e antimicrobiana, pela determinação da CIM e CBM. Os resultados indicaram que ambos os extratos apresentaram elevada atividade antioxidante, todavia, o extrato de torta de açaí destacou-se em comparação ao da torta de inajá. O extrato da torta de açaí não promoveu redução da viabilidade celular para a cultura de macrófagos RAW 264.7 nas concentrações de 1, 10 e 100 μg/mL, enquanto que no extrato de torta de inajá não foi verificada redução da viabilidade nas concentrações de 1, 10, 100 e 1000 μg/mL (p>0,05). Os extratos ainda apresentaram atividade anti-inflamatória, sendo os extratos das tortas de inajá e de açaí capazes de inibir a ativação de NF- κB em 40 e 100%, repectivamente. O extrato de torta de inajá não apresentou atividade antimicrobiana, ao passo que o de torta de açaí inibiu o crescimento de bactérias patogênicas em concentrações de 1250 e 2500 μg/mL. Este trabalho mostra o potencial bioativo desses resíduos, corroborando com potenciais aplicações tecnológicas de seus extratos em escala industrial. / Brazil has a rich diversity of native plant species which bioactive potential, although still unexploited, places them as research targets in the natural products area. Among these native species are açaí-do-Pará (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) and inajá (Maximiliana maripa Aubl. Drude), fruits processed mainly aiming the extraction of pulp and oil. However, the oil mechanical extraction by pressing results in great amounts of a residual material termed \"cake\", generally discarded in the environment or destined to animal feeding. Considering the search for natural active ingredients to substitute the synthetic ones for industrial application, and the need of scientific investigation of agroidustrial residues, this paper aimed to optimaze the extraction of antioxidant compounds from açaí and inajá cakes, and to evaluate the phenolic composition of the extracts by high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS), as well as their antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory (in vitro), and antimicrobial, activities. For this purpose, the best condition for extraction of the antioxidante compounds was determined by using an experimental design with a RCCD design together the response surface methodology. The antioxidant activity (dependent variable) was determined by the methods ABTS radical scavenging, FRAP assay and Folin-Ciocalteau reagent reduction, under different temperatures (°C) of extraction and ethanol concentrations (%, v/v) (independent variables). Established the best extraction condition (70°C and etanol 50%, v/v), the phenolic profile of the cakes extracts was characterized by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS, which made possible the identification of 20 bioactive compounds in açaí cake extract and 6 in inajá cake extract, among which are apigenins, catechins and caffeic acid derivatives. The following biological activities were analyzed: antioxidant, by ABTS and DPPH synthetic radicals scavenging assay, FRAP, Folin-Ciocalteau reagent reduction, and oxygen reactive species deactivation (peroxil, superoxide and hipochlorous acid radicals); anti-inflammatory, by the inhibition of the transcription factor NF-κB activation; and antimicrobial, by determining MIC and MBC. The results indicated that both extracts show high antioxidante activity, however, the açaí cake extract stood out compared to inajá cake extract. The açaí cake extract didn\'t decrease cell viability for RAW 264.7 macrophages culture in the concentrations 1, 10 and 100 μg/mL, while the inajá cake extract didn\'t decrease the cell viability in the concentrations 1, 10, 100 and 1000 μg/mL (p>0,05). The extracts still exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, being the inajá and açaí cakes extracts capable to inhibit NF-κB activation in 40% and 100%, respectively. The inajá cake extract didn\'t show antimicrobial activity, while açaí cake extract inhibited the growing of pathogenic bacteria in concentrations of 1250 and 2500 μg/mL. This work confirms the bioactive potential of the residues, supporting possible technological applications of the extracts on an industrial scale.

En raison de leur diffusion sauvage sur le e-commerce, leur soi-disant sécurité d’usage et l’alternative légale aux stupéfiants habituels qu’ils constituent, les nouvelles substances psychoactives (NPS) sont un phénomène mondial émergeant. Au-delà de différents défis dans nos sociétés (législation, prévention,... ), la capacité d'identifier les NPS dans des échantillons biologiques présente de nombreux challenges analytiques : ces nouvelles substances ne sont pas référencées dans les bibliothèques habituelles de spectrométrie de masse commerciales, leur métabolisme est inconnu (avec parfois des métabolites actifs), les doses actives sont parfois très faibles et par conséquent, les concentrations dans le sang ou l'urine sont également faibles. Dans ce contexte, notre laboratoire effectue régulièrement des analyses toxicologiques dans un contexte clinique, et pour les forces de l’ordre, dans des échantillons biologiques à l'aide de deux principaux types d’analyseurs : la chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse tandem (CL-SM/SM) pour le criblage ciblé et la chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse haute résolution (CL-SMHR) pour le criblage non ciblé. Cette dernière technique est basée sur la masse exacte (mais également, le profil isotopique et le temps de rétention) des composés de l’échantillon à partir de laquelle la formule chimique est déterminée et recherchée dans une base de données spectrales en utilisant un logiciel dédié. L’objectif de ma thèse est de caractériser des NPS et leurs métabolites (afin d’alimenter cette base de données) en utilisant une stratégie combinant des approches in vitro, in silico et in vivo. Il s’agit, en particulier, d’augmenter la sensibilité de détection de la prise de NPS en se focalisant sur les métabolites qui sont le plus souvent les produits majeurs d’élimination des NPS.A cet effet, une méthode in vitro destinée à produire les métabolites des NPS et utilisant des microsomes hépatiques humains a été mise en oeuvre. Les métabolites obtenus, comparés aux prédictions in silico, ont été enregistrés dans la base de données. Cette approche a été confrontée à l’analyses de comprimés et d’autres produits non biologiques contenant des NPS, mais également, à des données in vivo d’exposition aux NPS : cas d’intoxications, études expérimentales et études épidémiologiques prospectives et rétrospectives dans des populations ciblées, ou non…Au total, ce travail basé sur cette stratégie in vitro, in silico, in vivo m’a permis d’enrichir notre base de données de spectres de masse haute résolution (SMHR) pour le criblage non ciblé et également notre base de données de criblage ciblé (SM/SM). Notre méthode en haute résolution, qui s’est enrichie au cours de ces 3 années de thèse de 83 nouveaux NPS et 281 métabolites, constitue aujourd’hui un outil analytique efficient pour la détection d’une exposition aux NPS. / Owing to wild e-commerce diffusion, alleging safety and legal alternative to usual drugs of abuse arguments, the new psychoactive substances (NPS) are emerging phenomenon in the world. In our societies, through various consecutive challenges (legislation, prevention, …), the ability to identify NPS in biological samples exhibits numerous analytical pitfalls: new substances which are not referenced in the usual commercial mass spectrometric libraries, unknown metabolism (with sometimes active metabolites), sometimes very low active dosages and consecutively low concentrations in blood or urine. In this context, clinical and forensic toxicological analyses in biological samples are routinely performed in our laboratory using two main analytical devices: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for targeted screening and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for non-targeted screening. This last technique is based on the accurate mass (together with isotopic pattern and retention time) of sample components, from which the chemical formula is calculated and searched against a database of mass spectra using dedicated software. The aim of my thesis is to characterize NPS and metabolites (in order to increase the spectral database) using a strategy combining in vitro, in silico, and in vivo approaches. Therefore, the main goal is to increase the detection sensitivity of the NPS use by focusing on the metabolites that are most often the major products of NPS elimination. For this purpose, an in vitro method designed to produce NPS metabolites using human liver microsomes incubations was applied. Obtained metabolites, after confrontation with metabolites in silico predicted, were saved in database. This approach was subsequently confronted with analysis of tablets or other non-biological product containing NPS, but also, with in vivo observed data from NPS exposure: intoxication cases, experimental studies and prospective and retrospective epidemiological studies in targeted population or not … All in all, this work based on this in vitro, in silico and in vivo strategy allowed me to enhance our high resolution spectra database (HRMS) for non-targeted screening and also our spectra database for targeted screening (MS/MS). Today, our HRMS device, with a database that was increased with 83 new NPS and 281 metabolites for the duration of my thesis, is an efficient analytical tool for NPS use detection.

Le vieillissement de la peau est l'un des signes extérieurs du passage du temps. Avec l’âge, la peau devient plus sèche et se ride suite à la dégradation des macromolécules de la matrice extracellulaire par des enzymes cutanées telles que l’élastase, l’hyaluronidase et la collagénase. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de développer des tests enzymatiques miniaturisés en électrophorèse capillaire pour cribler des extraits de plantes et identifier de nouveaux bioactifs pour la cosmétique et le bienêtre de la peau. Ces essais ont été développés soit en dehors du capillaire (qui sert uniquement de milieu de séparation) ou dans le capillaire (qui sert alors de nanoréacteur enzymatique), puis optimisés pour permettre la détermination des constantes cinétiques (Km, Vmax et IC₅₀). La diffusion transversale des réactifs (TDLFP) a été appliquée pour mélanger les créneaux de réactifs injectés dans le capillaire. Des détecteurs tels que la fluorescence induite par laser ou la spectrométrie de masse à haute résolution ont été couplés à l’électrophorèse capillaire afin d’atteindre de fortes sensibilités de détection et la possibilité d’identifier les produits de la réaction enzymatique. Ces essais miniaturisés ont été appliqués à des algues extraites par électroporation ou à des plantes régionales extraites par des technologies vertes afin d’évaluer leur activité biologique vis-à-vis des enzymes de la peau. Les essais développés sont fiables, robustes et économes en réactifs. Enfin, l’utilisation d’une nouvelle technique d’analyse, la thermophorèse à micro-échelle, s’est montrée très utile et pleine d’espoir pour l’étude des interactions enzyme-effecteur. / Skin aging is one of the exterior/external signs of the passage of time. With age, the skin becomes drier and gets wrinkled due to the degradation of macromolecules of the extracellular matrix by skin enzymes such as elastase, hyaluronidase and collagenase. The aim of this thesis is to develop miniaturized enzymatic assays by capillary electrophoresis to screen plant extracts and identify new bioactives for cosmetics and skin wellbeing. These assays were developed either outside the capillary (which serves only as a separation tool) or in the capillary (which then serves as an enzymatic nanoreactor) then optimized to allow the determination of kinetic constants (Km, Vmax and IC₅₀). Tranvserse diffusion of laminar flow profiles (TDLFP) was applied to mix the reactants injected into the capillary. Detectors such as laser-induced fluorescence or high-resolution mass spectrometry have been coupled to capillary electrophoresis to achieve high sensitivities of detection and the possibility of identifying the products of the enzymatic reaction. These miniaturized assays were applied to algae extracted by electroporation or to regional plants extracted by green technologies in order to evaluate their biological activity towards skin enzymes. The assays developed are reliable, robust and economic in reactants consumption. Finally, the use of a new analytical technique, microscale thermophoresis, was shown to be very useful and hopeful for the study of enzyme-effector interactions.

L'aérosol atmosphérique a des effets sur le changement climatique global et un impact sanitaire non-négligeables. Dans l'aérosol atmosphérique terrestre, les composés organiques représentent une fraction importante. Du fait de l'extrême complexité de cette fraction organique et des processus dynamiques qui l'animent, une fraction non négligeable de celle-ci n'est pas clairement identifiée à ce jour malgré des techniques d'analyses toujours plus nombreuses. Dans cette thèse, nous avons voulu explorer la richesse d'information fournie par une technique innovante : la spectrométrie de masse à haute résolution (HRMS). La haute résolution du LTQ-Orbitrap fournit une extrême précision sur la masse des molécules analysées et permet d'en identifier les formules brutes. Tout d'abord, nous avons utilisé cette nouvelle méthode de caractérisation afin d'élucider en laboratoire des mécanismes de production de l'aérosol se déroulant en phase aqueuse. Associée à une caractérisation par RMN, la HRMS nous permet d'identifier des voies de fabrication de composés de faible poids moléculaires (acides carboxyliques, aldéhydes, cétone) ainsi que des composés à haut poids moléculaire : les oligomères formés se transforment en HULIS au cours de leur vieillissement. Le fait que la méthacroléine (MACR) et la méthyl-vinyl-cétone (MVK), les deux principaux produits d'oxydation de l'isoprène, forment des AOS en phase aqueuse avait été précédemment montré. Ce travail montre que les précurseurs des AOS sont différents selon l'isomère et que les séries d'oligomères formées atteignent 1400 Da.. L'étude HRMS des produits permet de proposer un mécanisme radicalaire d'oligomérisation de la MVK. L'analyse HRMS des produits de la MACR montre qu'en plus du mécanisme valable pour la MVK, la réactivité de la MACR engendre co-polymérisation et production d'Hulis. Une signature HRMS des Hulis a été mise en évidence. Ensuite, nous avons utilisé les méthodes de traitement de données HRMS pour tenter de les appliquer à l'identification d'aérosol ambiant. Les composés organiques représentent la fraction majeure des particules de l'aérosol atmosphérique ; une grande partie reste mal identifiée. Une compréhension détaillée des sources et des procédés de transformations est nécessaire. L'investigation de la composition chimique des particules de matière fine et ultrafine peut être apporter par HRMS. L'ESI-Orbitrap apporte une description moléculaire qui détermine les propriétés chimiques et physiques de l'aérosol organique. Les particules ont été échantillonnées selon leur taille respective. Les prélèvements ont été fait à Grenoble en été et en hiver. Une comparaison saisonnière permet d'identifier des signatures chimiques différentes. Enfin, une intercomparaison est établie avec des échantillons d'une troisième campagne prélevées en proximité routière: MOCOPO. / Atmospheric aerosol has an important impact on the radiative balance of Earth. Organics compounds represent the major fraction of atmospheric aerosol particles; a large part is still not well characterized. A detailed understanding of the sources, transformations processes and fates of organics aerosols is needed. This work investigates the ability of the ESI-Orbitrap to characterize organics molecules of aerosol. Firstly, experimental and analytical methods were developed to unveil mechanistic ambiguities that were previously shown. Methacrolein (MACR) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) (the two main gas phase atmospheric oxidation products of isoprene) were known to form oligomers and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) upon aqueous phase OHoxidation and subsequent water evaporation. For the two precursors, ESI-MS analysis of the reacting solutions brought clear evidence for the formation of oligomer systems having a mass range of up to 1400 Da.. Taking advantage of the regularities observed in the oligomer systems, the ESI-HRMS data were used to propose stoichiometries for more than 75% of the observed signal. Moreover, we show here that MACR oligomers aging give rise to HULIS production. In addition, global estimates of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation flux show that current descriptions miss a large fraction of the sources. This gaping underestimation has been linked to a poor understanding of aerosol functionalization in the atmosphere and lead to the formation of a new conceptual framework for the description of the aerosol, based on volatility versus polarity plots. This new framework is almost exclusively based on High Resolution Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer(HR-Tof-AMS) data, as this instrument gives access to average H:C, N:C and O:C ratios for the bulk aerosol. The AMS estimates for O:C and H:C ratios are thus based on heavy fragmentation of organics followed by stoichiometry attribution on those fragments. Given the resolution of the HR-ToF-AMS, such an attribution is not feasible above a certain mass, making fragmentation a necessary aspect of the measurement. Conversely, Orbitrap-HRMS provide a resolution of 100,000 at m/z 400, with a mass range 50 – 2000 amu, enabling stoichiometry retrieval up to higher masses than the AMS. Coupled to a “soft” electrospray ionization method, Orbitrap-HRMS gives O:C and H:C ratios on entire molecules in the analysed mixture. We used samples from three contrasted field campaigns: the two first at an urban kerbside site in summer and in winter, the third one in the roadway vicinity (Grenoble, France). Accelerated Solvent Extraction provides a clear overview of the chemical composition of organic extracts from aerosol particles collected at different season at an urban site. The elemental composition was obtained within 2-5 ppm, on the range 150-300 m/z. However, this study shows that both ionization polarity were needed to get a complete picture of the chemical composition of the samples. We showed that Esi-Orbitrap-HRMS allows to compute a statistical distribution of the elementary ratios that is different from a simple average value. Keywords: HRMS, SOA.

De nos jours, l’évaluation de la qualité d’un milieu naturel repose traditionnellement sur des analyses ciblant des molécules déjà connues pour être biologiquement actives. Cependant ces molécules ne reflètent que partiellement les effets biologiques observés et la complexité des matrices environnementales. Par ailleurs, les contaminants dans l’environnement subissent des phénomènes de dégradation (hydrolyse, biodégradation, photodégradation). Ces processus peuvent conduire à la génération de produits de transformation qui sont encore trop peu pris en compte dans l’évaluation du risque, alors qu’ils sont susceptibles d’occasionner des effets toxiques plus importants que les molécules mères. L’impact écotoxicologique de ces mélanges nécessite préalablement l’obtention d’une vision globale quant à la présence et au devenir de ces molécules.Dans ce contexte, ces travaux appliquent une méthodologie pluridisciplinaire afin d’identifier des molécules préoccupantes et pertinentes à surveiller. Pour cela, ce travail s’appuie sur des analyses ciblées ultra-traces, des outils bioanalytiques, et des analyses non ciblées, qui ont été appliqués sur des échantillons environnementaux ou issus d’études en laboratoire mimant l’évolution des matrices environnementales. Au final, cette étude a permis : (1) d’identifier des molécules préoccupantes en estuaire de Seine sur la base de leur occurrence et de leur persistance, (2) d’identifier de nouveaux produits de transformation et (3) d’identifier les molécules responsables d’activités biologiques dans des matrices très complexes. / To date, environmental risk assessment is based on a restricted number of molecules assessed by targeted chemical analyses. However, this approach give a partial picture of co-occurrence of known and unknown compounds. Moreover, in the aquatic environment, chemicals are not completely mineralized and are subject to abiotic and biotic processes. Transformation products (TPs) can be more toxic and more persistent than the parent compound. However, TPs are not typically included in classical monitoring and risk assessment. Because of complexity and variability of these matrices and the restricted number of molecules focused in targeted chemical analyses, selection of relevant molecules for environmental monitoring is often laborious.In this context, an integrative approach was used in order to identify chemicals of concern for a classical monitoring. This work has been realized on environmental complex samples and on laboratory-generated samples. A combination of targeted, non-targeted analyses and in vitro bioassays was performed and allowed to: (1) identify polar chemical of concern in the Seine estuary on the basis of occurrence and persistence, (2) identify new transformation products and (3) identify compounds responsible of biological activity observed in complexes matrices.

<p>  </p> <p>Atmospheric aerosols formed through primary emissions, secondary gas-particle formations, and multi-phase chemical processes are composed of solid, semi-solid, or liquid-like particles suspended in the air that have direct implications towards the global radiative balance and human health as air pollutants.  Direct emissions of primary organic aerosols (POA; e.g. soot, BrC) and multi-phase formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from the oxidation of biogenic monoterpene isomers represent two important sources/classes of particulate matter in the atmosphere. Multi-phase chemical processes driving the atmospheric and environmental aging through the photochemistry of iron(III), FeIII in organic aerosol particles and aqueous media drives the multiphase chemistry leading to systematic aging of their chemical composition and modifications to resulting light-absorption properties. The molecular composition, organic structures, physical properties, and sources of emissions are complex requiring development of powerful multi-modal analytical metrology, such as high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) hyphenated with liquid chromatography (LC), photodiode array optical detection, drift tube ion mobility (IM) spectrometry, and desorption and ambient ionization of multi-components mixtures in atmospheric particles using temperature programmed desorption Direct analysis in real time (TPD-DART). Disseminating the molecular-specific composition, chemical and physical properties of complex mixtures in atmospheric organic particles and mixed inorganic/organic systems will help improve our understanding of their formation mechanisms, transformative chemical ageing processes, as well as improved detection of individual components in complex mixtures. </p> <p>     </p> <p>Chapter 1 and 2 of dissertation introduces complexity of atmospheric organic, carbonaceous aerosols, and complex environmental mixtures and discusses analytical metrology, experiments, and data analysis procedures used for detailed molecular-level characterization of mixtures. Chapter 3 the development of a robust analytical method for untargeted screening and determination of the physical and chemical properties (e.g. vapor pressures, enthalpies of sublimation, and saturation mass concentrations) of single components out of complex SOA particles using temperature programmed desorption Direct analysis in real time ionization – high resolution mass spectrometry (TPD-DART-HRMS).  Chapter 4 introduces the use of ion mobility - mass spectrometry (IM-MS) separation and multidimensional characterization of structural isomers in complex SOA mixtures. The chapter discusses the advanced usage of IM-MS to investigate the molecular and structural properties of isomers of alpha-pinene and limonene derived SOA, use of advanced data analysis procedures to resolved complex conformational and structural isomers, and investigate single-molecule structural changes from atmospheric-like ageing in SOA particles using IM-MS.  Chapter 5 discusses the chemical characterization and analysis of individual brown carbon (BrC) chromophores out of mixture of colorless organic carbon constituents and insoluble soot particles generated from controlled flame combustion of ethane fuel, a surrogate system representing gasoline combustion of motor vehicles. The chapter focuses on the quantitative method development and use of state-of-the-art liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array followed by dopant assisted atmospheric pressure photoionization and HRMS (LC-PDA-HRMS) analysis, followed by conversion to quantitative optical information for comparisons with retrieved literature reports. Chapter 6 examines the complex multiphase photochemical cycling of Fe(III)-citrate, a relevant proxy for [FeIII-carboxylate]2+ complexes in atmospheric water using complementary analytical metrology of optical spectroscopy, LC-PDA-HRMS, oil immersion flow microscopy. Multi-modal datasets from these complementary techniques provide a unique experimental description of various stages of FeIII-citrate photochemistry, elucidate individual components of this reacting system, determine mechanistic insights, and quantify environmental parameters affecting the photochemistry. </p>

Die Systematische Toxikologische Analyse (STA) stellt auf Grund der großen Vielfalt und der ständigen Zunahme an toxikologisch relevanten Substanzen eine der größten Herausforderungen in der chemischen Analyse dar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde daher die Eignung der Flüssigchromatographie in Kombination mit der Hybrid-Quadrupol-Flugzeitmassenspektrometrie (LC-QTOF-MS) für diesen Zweck untersucht. Dazu wurden eine Datenbank mit über 7360 und eine CID-Spektrenbibliothek mit mehr als 2720 toxikologisch relevanten Substanzen erstellt und geeignete Probenvorbereitungsmethoden entwickelt. Die Erprobung der Methoden erfolgte an dotierten Blut- und Haarproben. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass die Analyse im Auto-MS/MS-Modus (Messzyklen von MS- und MS/MS-Spektren) eine Identifizierung basischer Substanzen mittels CID-Spektren zwischen 0,5 und 2 ng/ml im Blut ermöglichte. Die Nachweisgrenzen der für 24 Wirkstoffe validierten Methode in Haaren lagen bei 3 bis 15 pg/mg. Die Eignung der LC-QTOF-MS zur STA von Haarproben wurde an 30 Drogentodesfällen und 60 Todesfällen mit bekannter chronischer Medikamenteneinnahme zu Lebzeiten sowie an 77 Blutproben nachgewiesen. Für die Suche nach Metaboliten wurde ein Metaboliten-Tool entwickelt. In der praktischen Anwendung auf Datenfiles von Blut- und Haarproben erwies sich das Tool als wertvolles Hilfsmittel zur Identifizierung unbekannter Peaks und zur Bestätigung von Suchergebnissen in der Datenbank. Zur automatischen Konzentrationsabschätzung identifizierter Substanzen wurde ein Tool „Estimate Concentration“ geschaffen. Die Überprüfung des Verfahrens an realen Blut- und Haarproben durch Vergleich mit HPLC-DAD- und GC-MS-Ergebnissen wies eine gute Übereinstimmung der Konzentrationen auf. Insgesamt zeigten die Untersuchungen, dass die LC-QTOF-MS zurzeit die am besten geeignete Methode für die STA darstellt. Auch bei einem erst später aufkommenden Verdacht kann eine gezielte Suche in dem bereits gemessenen Datenfile durchgeführt werden. / Due to the large variety and the steady increase of toxicologically relevant substances, systematic toxicological analysis (STA) is one of the most difficult tasks in analytical chemistry and, therefore, a steady topic of research and methodical improvement. For this reason, the suitability of liquid chromatography in combination with hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) for STA was investigated. For this purpose, a database of more than 7360 and a CID spectra library of more than 2720 toxicologically relevant substances and suitable methods for sample preparation were developed. The application was evaluated at spiked blood and hair samples. It was found that the analysis in Auto-MS/MS mode (alternating measurement cycles of MS and MS/MS spectra) allowed substance identification in blood using CID spectra between 0.5 and 2 ng/ml for basic substances. The detection limits of the validated method in hair ranged from 3 to 15 pg/mg for 24 drugs. The suitability of LC-QTOF-MS for STA was tested for hair samples from 30 drug-related death cases and from 60 death cases with known chronic medication as well as for 77 blood samples. For the search of metabolites, a metabolite tool was developed. In the practical application to data files from blood and hair samples, the tool proved to be very helpful for identification of unknown peaks and for confirmation of results obtained only from the database without CID spectra. A tool "Estimate Concentration" was created for automatic estimation of concentrations of identified substances. The application to real blood and hair samples and the comparison of the concentrations with results from HPLC-DAD and GC-MS showed good agreement. Overall, these investigations showed that LC-QTOF-MS is currently the most favorable method for STA. Because of the comprehensive registration of all substances in a sample, the data files can be checked for the presence of certain poisons even later without new measurements.