Orientadores: Maria Luiza Moretti, Rogerio de Jeus Pedro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T04:29:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Delgado_AnaCeciliaNastrini_D.pdf: 4216034 bytes, checksum: 9c8e2de690455b1af06e61e9e3ce2bd6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a incidência de colonização oral por Candida spp. em pacientes com HIV em uso de terapia anti-retroviral, comparando os resultados dos grupos de pacientes colonizados e não colonizados, assim como estudar os aspectos microbiológicos das cepas isoladas. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo transversal de pacientes assistidos no HC/Unicamp, de agosto de 2003 a abril de 2004, com coleta única por paciente de swab da cavidade oral. CHROMagar Candida® e ID32C® foram utilizados no cultivo, isolamento e identificação de Candida spp. e Candida Check® na determinação dos sorotipos de C. albicans. C. dubliniensis foi identificada por seqüenciamento no aparelho ABI PRISM 3100® GENETIC ANALYZER. O perfil genômico foi estudado por PFGE, usando o sistema CHEF e a sensibilidade aos azólicos, 5-fluocitosina, anfotericina B e nistatina, baseada na microdiluição em caldo (CLSI). Por meio da revisão dos prontuários foi avaliado: gênero, idade, raça, ano de diagnóstico da infecção pelo HIV, tipo de exposição ao HIV, carga viral, contagem de linfócito TCD4+, infecções oportunistas, classificação clínica da infecção pelo HIV, terapia anti-retroviral e terapia antifúngica. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 140/324 pacientes colonizados e 184/324 não colonizados: gênero masculino (63% e 60%), exposição sexual (81,5% e 80,5%) e idade média de 38,9 anos. A presença de colonização/infecção foi significativamente maior em pacientes com carga viral detectável (p=0,002) e CD4+<200/mm3 (p=0,006). Foi evidenciada incidência de candidíase oral (31,2%), tuberculose (20,9%), herpes zoster (16,3%), pneumonia por Pneumocystis carinii (PCP) (15,7%) e toxoplasmose (11,7%), no total de pacientes estudados. Não foi observada diferença significativa de colonização por Candida entre os pacientes em uso de TARV com ou sem IP. O uso prévio de nistatina foi maior no grupo colonizado (p=0,014). Foram isoladas 115/154 C. albicans sorotipo A, 15/154 C. albicans sorotipo B e 24/154 Candida não albicans. Doze pacientes apresentaram colonização mista. O estudo genômico de C. albicans sorotipo A identificou 15 perfis diferentes, com predomínio do A1 (56,5%), que mostrou similaridade de 100% entre o perfil de C. albicans sorotipo B predominante B1 (86,6%). O perfil genômico de C. glabrata mostrou-se heterogêneo. C. albicans sorotipo A e B mostraram-se sensíveis a todos os antifúngicos avaliados. C. glabrata e C. krusei apresentaram S-DD para os azólicos. CONCLUSÃO: O trabalho contribuiu de forma significativa para traçar o perfil epidemiológico/clínico dos pacientes HIV em uso de TARV e verificou que o uso de IP não influenciou na presença ou ausência de colonização oral por Candida / Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Evaluating de incidence of oral colonization by Candida spp. in patients in use of antiretroviral therapy, comparing the results of the groups of patients colonized and non-colonized, as well as study the microbiological aspects of the isolated strains. PATIENTS AND METHODS: It was made a cross sectional study assisted at HC/UNICAMP, from August, 2003 to April, 2004, with unique collect of the oral cavity by patient using a swab. CHROMagar Candida® and ID32C® were used in growth, isolation and identification of Candida spp. and Candida Check® for determination of C. albicans sorotypes. C. dubliniensis was identified by sequencing in ABI PRISM 3100® GENETIC ANALYZER device. The genomic profile was studied by PFGE, using the system CHEF and azoles, 5-FC, amphotericin B and nistatine sensibility, based broth microdilution (CLSI). It was evaluated through the review of the prontuaries: genre, age, race, year of HIV infection diagnosis, type of exposition, viral load, TCD4+ linfocyte counting, opportunistic infections, antiretroviral therapy and antifungal therapy. RESULTS: It was identified 140/324 colonized patients and 184/324 non-colonized patients: male gender (63% and 60%), sexual exposition (81,5% and 80,5%) and average age of 39,8 years old. The presence of colonization was significantly greater in patients with detectable viral load (p=0,002) e CD4+<200/mm3 (p=0,006). The incidence of oral candidiasis (31,2%), tuberculosis (20,9%), herpes zoster (16,3%), Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) (15,7%) and toxoplasmosis (11,7%) was seen among the total of studied patients. It was not observed a significant difference regarding colonization by Candida among the patients in use of ARVT with or without usage of PI. The early usage of nistatine was bigger in the colonized group (p=0,014). It was isolated 115/154 C. albicans sorotype A, 15/154 C. albicans sorotype B and 24/154 non albicans Candida . Twelve patients presented mixed colonization. The genomic study of C. albicans sorotype A, identified 15 different profiles, with dominance of A1 (56,5%), which shown 100 % similarity between C. albicans sorotype B and predominant B1 (86,6%). The genomic profile of C. glabrata showed heterogeneous. C. albicans serotype A and B showed sensible to all evaluated antifugicals. C. glabrata e C. krusei showed S-DD to azoles. CONCLUSION: This work contributed significantly to trace an epidemiological/clinical profile of the HIV patients in usage of ARV therapy and the lack of influence of IP in the presence or absence of colonization of oral Candida / Doutorado / Ciencias Basicas / Doutor em Clínica Médica

Orientadores: Marcos Tadeu Nolasco da Silva, Adyléia Aparecida Dalbo Contrera Toro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T15:59:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wigman_LilianThais_M.pdf: 2892789 bytes, checksum: 920b6477ff4644fb2fcaeebf84d7fb3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: INTRODUÇÃO: A implantação da Terapia Anti-Retroviral de Alta Atividade (HAART), resultou em importantes mudanças no prognóstico da Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida (Aids) pediátrica. Apesar disso, as doenças respiratórias ainda constituem significativa causa de morbidade e mortalidade entre esses pacientes. A tosse pode ser produzida por quase todas as doenças respiratórias e é um dos sintomas mais comuns na pediatria. Diante disso, os pacientes imunocomprometidos constituem um grupo importante no planejamento da investigação desse sintoma, pois são suscetíveis a doenças de alto risco, tratáveis, se corretamente identificadas. OBJETIVOS: Determinar a prevalência da tosse crônica na população de crianças e adolescentes infectados pelo HIV em seguimento no Serviço de Imunodeficiência Secundária Pediátrica do HC - UNICAMP. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo observacional, prospectivo, analítico do tipo corte transversal com um componente longitudinal. O grupo de pacientes foi constituído por 118 crianças e adolescentes que apresentaram o diagnóstico de infecção pelo HIV e um grupo controle de 137 crianças em uma escola do município de Campinas. Foi avaliada a presença de tosse crônica e dentre aqueles que apresentavam o sintoma foi aplicado um questionário para sua melhor caracterização. Os pacientes infectados pelo HIV que apresentaram tosse crônica foram seguidos durante um ano. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de tosse crônica (duração maior que 4 semanas) foi de 5,93% no grupo infectado e 5,11% no grupo controle (p = 0,79). Dentre os pacientes com tosse crônica os diagnósticos mais comuns foram rinossinusite, bronquiectasias, rinite alérgica, asma, tuberculose e hipertrofia de adenóides. No grupo infectado pelo HIV, não houve diferenças clínicas, imunológicas ou virológicas entre os pacientes com e sem tosse crônica. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos que, em uma população infectada pelo HIV com acesso ao tratamento antirretroviral, a prevalência de tosse crônica foi semelhante à de um grupo-controle saudável o que reforça a importância de assegurar o acesso ao tratamento, permitindo que as crianças e adolescentes cheguem à idade adulta com a preservação de sua saúde e qualidade de vida / Abstract: BACKGROUND: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) resulted in significant changes in the prognosis of pediatric Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Aids). However, respiratory tract diseases still represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric Aids patients. Cough is a marker of almost all respiratory diseases, being one of the most common symptoms in pediatrics. Immunossupressed patients are an important group in planning the approach to this symptom, being susceptible to high risk conditions, which are treatable if correctly recognized. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of chronic (more than four weeks) cough in the cohort of HIV-infected children and adolescents being followed up at the Pediatric Immunodeficiency Clinics of the State University of Campinas Hospital. METHODS: Observational, analytical, prospective, cross-sectional study with a longitudinal arm. Patient group was comprised by 118 HIV-infected children and adolescents, and the control group was constituted by 137 healthy children and teenagers attending a public school. Subjects with chronic cough were evaluated by a standardized questionnaire for better characterization. HIV-infected patients with chronic cough underwent a longitudinal follow-up by a standardized protocol, encompassing a one-year period. RESULTS: The prevalence of chronic cough was 5,93% in the HIV-infected group and 5,11% in the control group (p = 0,79). Between HIV-infected patients with chronic cough, the most common diagnoses were rhinosinusitis, bronchiectasies, allergic rhinitis, asthma, tuberculosis and adenoid hyperthrophy. Within the HIV-infected group, no differences were identified in clinical, immunological or virological variables between patients with or without chronic cough. CONCLUSION: We conclude that, in an HIV-infected population with full access to HAART, the prevalence of chronic cough was similar to the one observed in a healthy control group. This finding reinforces the importance of ensuring the access to therapy, allowing current children and adolescents to reach adult life with a good preservation of their health and quality of life / Mestrado / Pediatria / Mestra em Ciências

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Background: The provision and success of Antiretroviral therapy (ART) depend on monitoring and evaluation of treatment programmes which should be assessed during regular patient follow-ups. The treatment of HIV infection can only be effective if patients are retained in care and programme monitoring is adequately undertaken to understand the effectiveness of the emerging treatment. The outcome of patients lost to follow-up (LTFU) has received relatively little attention and it is predicted that these patients may have stopped taking antiretroviral drugs, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. The provision of ART was introduced into South African public health facilities in 2003 and therefore, attention has shifted from the immediate need to get patients into care, to the long-term challenges of keeping patients in care and on treatment. The objective of the current study was to determine the trends at which HIV-positive patients become LTFU on the ART programme at Shiluvana Local Area’s six clinics in the Greater Tzaneen Sub-District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Methods: A retrospective cohort study approach was used and data was collected from the database of patients who were LTFU from 2012 – 2017 in the electronic data management system of the District Health Information System. Data was collected from 1161 patients. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 25, in which categorical data was presented using frequencies and percentages and comparisons between groups was done using Chi-square test for categorical data, and Student’s t-test for continuous data. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Univariate regression analysis was done to determine the contributory factors to LTFU for a period of more than 3 months. Results: The mean age of the study population was 36.5 years old ranging from 16 years to 87 years old and the age distribution of people who were LTFU for ART showed a significant association (p = 0.001). The study participants’ distribution by gender revealed that majority were females at 71.4%. The study findings also revealed there was a statistically significance difference in health status of the study population and majority of the LTFU were in the younger age group. The CD4 count of LTFU patients showed a statistically significance difference and majority of the LTFU in patients with a CD4 count of less than 200 were in younger age group also. The TB/HIV co-infection in the study population showed a statistically significance difference and majority of LTFU in the study did not have TB/HIV co-infection. The WHO clinical HIV staging in the study population did not show a statistically significance difference. Marital status, TB/HIV co-infection and WHO clinical staging were found to be a strong predictor of LTFU of more than 3 months. Conclusion: The study findings bring with them a number of recommendations such as there is a need to have a standardised tracking method of patients who migrate to other health facilities for their ART treatment. This will provide more accurate information regarding LTFU levels and reduce the misclassification of patients. The age group which is affected by LTFU in all variables was in the 20 – 34 years’ age group. This is of great concern, as this is the age group who are economically active and should contribute to the future economy of the country. It is therefore recommended that a greater focus should be placed in this age group, with policies and programmes that bring them into ART and retain them there. Lastly, educational campaigns, in a form of pamphlets and posters to emphasize adherence to ART and the importance of remaining on ART within designated health facilities. In conclusion, patients should be retained in care for as long as possible to prevent the prevalence of the ARV resistant virus that can impact negatively on the ART programme. Keywords: Antiretroviral treatment. Human immunodeficiency virus, Loss to follow-up, socio-demographic.

Thesis (Ph. D. (Statistics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Refer to document / NRF-TDG

Aim 1. Accelerated antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, including starting ART on the day of HIV diagnosis, has emerged to be one of the approaches to improve ART uptake by shortening or removing some preparatory steps before ART initiation. By doing so, accelerated ART initiation is thought to remove some structural barriers associated with ART initiation process. However, several concerns still need to be addressed, such as whether the expedited process would lead to adverse treatment outcomes after ART initiation. Searched strategy was developed using both MeSH and free text terms relevant to accelerated ART initiation (same-day, immediate, rapid). Exclusion criteria were studies that did not focus on HIV, did not involve HIV treatment, included individuals with HIV aged lower than 12, and contained non-human subjects. Additionally, we excluded articles that were case-reports, qualitative studies, systematic reviews, commentary, points of view, and conference presentations. Four electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, MEDLINE) were used to identify relevant studies published in English between January 2015 and December 2023. Outcomes were retention, viral suppression, pre-ART screening procedures, preferred baseline antiretroviral regimens, additional baseline medications, and adverse events after ART initiation. Two independent researchers were involved in the study selection process. Of 5,455 studies retrieved, 25 studies were included in the review (Cohen’s kappa: 0.88). Six studies reported findings from randomized controlled trials conducted in Lesotho (n=2), Haiti (n=1), South Africa (n=3), and Kenya (n=1), with one study conducted in both South Africa and Keya; 19 studies were observational cohort study from Ethiopia (n=4), West Africa (n=1), Italy (n=2), the United States (n=3), South Africa (n=3), Kenya (n=1), Rwanda (n=1), Sub-Saharan African region (n=1), the United Kingdom (n=1), Turkey (n=1), and China (n=1). The majority of the studies were conducted in urban areas (n=19). Of the 25 included studies, 19 had same-day ART initiation as the intervention or the exposure (three studies measured the time to ART initiation from the day of care engagement, and 16 studies measured it from the day of HIV diagnosis). There was heterogeneity in the pre-ART screening procedures, from relying on symptomatic screening and history assessment to using non-molecular rapid tests to help identify individuals with increased risk of clinical contraindications. Despite this, individuals with symptoms consistent with WHO stage 4 neurological diseases were not eligible for ART. Efavirenz-based ARV was the most regimen reported. The majority of PWH preferred to start ART within 7 days of HIV diagnosis or care engagement (range: 56.5%-86%). Our review suggested mixed results on retention in care and viral suppression after ART initiation, although many studies indicated potential benefits. Despite this, no study reported an association between clinical adverse events, including deaths, and accelerated ART initiation. Our review suggested that accelerated ART initiation can potentially increase ART uptake while not negatively impacting treatment outcomes in some settings. New tools in HIV treatment, such as safer drug regimens and injectable ART, may help improve PWH’s experience and reduce the burden associated with pill burden and frequent clinic visits. Aim 2. Accelerated antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation has been proposed to address some structural barriers associated with the ART initiation process and improve ART uptake. Despite this, there has yet to be a consensus on how this approach should be implemented, especially concerning the clinical readiness screening procedures. While emerging literature has reported the clinical safety of accelerated ART, limited data are reported from Thailand. Given the heterogeneity of clinical profiles of people with HIV (PWH) in different regions, past studies may not be generalizable to Thailand. Additionally, as different screening procedures affect the time to ART initiation, we need to learn how these procedures impact treatment outcomes. Data were obtained from PWH from 10 ART facilities in six provinces (Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, Chonburi, Ubon Ratchathani, Songkhla, and Bangkok) in Thailand between July 2017 and July 2019 and followed up until January 2021. All PWH registered in HIV care were included in the analysis, regardless of baseline clinical status. ART facilities were categorized into three models according to the hospital policy on pre-ART laboratory screening procedures: Model A did not consider any lab results at the initiation, Model B considered only CD4 count, and Model C considered other non-CD4 baseline laboratory results. Log-Poisson regression was used to assess the impact of hospital policies on adverse outcomes (deaths, ART discontinuation, loss to follow-up) at months three, six, 12, 18, and 24 after care engagement. Logistic regression was used to examine the impact of hospital policies on viral non-suppression (VNS, HIV-1 RNA>50 copies/mL) at months six, 12, and 18 after ART initiation. Multilevel mixed model was used to account for potential clustering within each hospital policy. Of 10,926 PWH in the dataset, 9,695 (88.7%) were included in this study. Among these, 68% (6,571/9,695), 13% (1,236/9,695), and 19% (1,888/9,695) were in Models A, B, and C, respectively. Both Models A and B had 2 ART facilities each, while Model C had 6 ART facilities. 54.2% (5,257/9,695) self-reported to be men who have sex with men, and the overall baseline median CD4 (IQR) was 168 (129-404) cells/mm3. Compared to Model A, the average risk ratio (95%CI) of adverse events at months three, six, 12, 18, and 24 for Model B was 1.14(1.08-1.20), 1.40(1.31-1.49), 1.19(1.10-1.27), 1.11(1.02-1.21), and 1.32(1.21-1.44), respectively, while it was 1.21(1.16-1.27), 1.76(1.67-1.85), 1.59(1.50-1.67), 1.81(1.71-1.90), and 1.98(1.88-2.10) for Model C, respectively. Of 9,695 PWH, 6,785 (70%) had a confirmed date of ART initiation; 37% (2,513/6,785), 34% (2,332/6,785), and 13% (851/6,785) PWH had information on viral load status at months six, 12, and 24 after ART initiation, respectively. Among these samples, compared to Model A, the average odds ratio (95%CI) of VNS for Model B at months six, 12, and 18 was 0.79(0.59-1.06), 1.06(0.71-1.55), and 1.47(0.49-3.58), respectively, while it was 1.01(0.77-1.32), 0.68(0.40-1.09), and 0.93(0.31-2.22) for Model C, respectively. ART facilities that considered CD4 or any other non-CD4 baseline laboratory results before starting ART had, on average, a higher likelihood of adverse outcomes after the initial care engagement visit and viral non-suppression after ART initiation than ART facilities that did not consider any baseline laboratory result. Aim 3. Clinical screening and psychosocial readiness assessments prior to antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation are imperative to ensure clinical safety and ART adherence among people with HIV (PWH). However, multiple preparation steps and long wait times associated with ART initiation can contribute to HIV care disengagement and low ART uptake. To address some of the barriers associated with lengthy assessment process, accelerated ART initiation, an approach to start ART on or near the day of HIV diagnosis, has been proposed. Despite this, concerns with the expedited preparation process remain, especially with the PWH’s readiness to have optimal HIV care adherence. This study examined the impact of time to ART initiation on adverse outcomes after care engagement and viral non-suppression (VNS) after ART initiation among PWH in Thailand. Data were obtained from PWH from 10 ART facilities in 6 provinces (Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, Chonburi, Ubon Ratchathani, Songkhla, and Bangkok) in Thailand between July 2017 and July 2019 and followed up until January 2021. PWH who tested negative for cryptococcal antigen test at baseline and had a confirmed date of ART initiation were included in the analysis and were categorized into three groups based on the time interval between care engagement (defined as the day that PWH first registered at an ART facility) and ART initiation: (1) same day (ART initiation upon the day of care engagement or same day), (2) 1-7 days, and (3) more than 7 days. Log-Poisson regression was used to assess the impact of time to ART initiation on adverse outcomes (deaths, ART discontinuation, and loss to follow-up) at months three, six, 12, 18, and 14 after care engagement. Logistic regression was used to examine the impact of time to ART initiation on VNS (HIV-1 RNA>50 copies/mL) after ART initiation at months six, 12, and 18 after ART initiation. Age, population, hospital policy on pre-ART screening procedures, and baseline CD4 were adjusted in the final models. Of 10,926 PWH in the dataset, 5,528 (50.6%) had complete information on the date of care engagement, negative results for the cryptococcal antigen test, and the date of ART initiation. Among these, 44.23% (2,445/5,528), 38.69% (2,139/5,528), and 17.08% (944/5,528) started ART on the day of, 1-7 days from, and more than 7 days from HIV care engagement visit, respectively. The median age (IQR) was 29 (24-36) and 61% (3,387/5,528) identified themselves as men who have sex with men. The baseline median CD4 (IQR) was 283 (162-412) cells/mm3. Compared to PWH who started ART on the day of HIV care engagement visit, the average risk ratio (RR) of adverse outcomes for those who started ART between 1-7 days at months three, six, 12, 18, and 24 was 0.73(0.60-0.89), 0.66(0.55-0.79), 0.74(0.63-0.86), 0.83(0.71-0.98), and 0.84(0.70-1.01), respectively, while it was 2.27(1.91-2.71), 2.16(1.85-2.52), 1.70(1.46-1.98), 1.93(1.65-2.25), and 2.83(2.44-3.30) for those who started ART more than 7 days, respectively. In the adjusted models, the associations from both groups became statistically non-significant, except for the more than 7 days at month 24 (adjusted RR:1.08; 95%CI:1.04-1.12). Of 5,528 PWH, 29% (1,616/55,28), 36% (1,967/5,528), and 14% (795/5,528) had information on viral load status at months six, 12, and 18 after ART initiation, respectively. Among these individuals, time to ART initiation was determined to have no impact on VNS in both crude and adjusted models. Accelerated ART initiation has the potential to improve ART uptake while maintaining optimal adherence to HIV care. However, HIV programs should recognize and respond to the diversity of needs among PWH to minimize adverse outcomes following ART initiation.

The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the determinant factors affecting adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV infected patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was used and data were collected by interviewing 290 study participants from two health facilities using structured questionnaire. The research finding revealed 80.0% of the study participants had optimal combined adherence to dose, schedule and dietary instructions in the past three days. And, the non adherence rate was 20.0%. In multivariate analysis only WHO clinical stage, change of ARV medication, knowledge about HIV disease and ART, and use of reminders were found to be independently associated with adherence to antiretroviral therapy. The most common reasons for missing HIV medications in the past one month were forgetfulness (35.1%), being busy with other things (17.5%), and running out of pills (10.5%). Adherence improving interventions should be emphasized to address multi-faceted problems. This study recommends setting of convenient appointment schedule, disclosure of one's HIV status, maintaining confidentiality of patient-related information, enhancing patient-provider relationship, use of reminders including SMS text messages, and engagement of PLHIV in adherence improving interventions through peer support, and providing regular health education to the PLHIV to improve adherence of patients to ART / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

AIM: This study aimed to explore the factors influencing antiretroviral therapy patients` data quality at Princess Marina Hospital Pharmacy in Botswana. METHODS: A phenomenological approach was adopted in this study. Specifically, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis qualitative design was used to explore the factors influencing antiretroviral therapy patients` data quality at Princess Marina Hospital Pharmacy in Botswana. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview format on 18 conveniently selected pharmacy staff. Data were analysed using Smith’s (2005) Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis framework. RESULT: Five thematic categories emerged from data analysis: data capturing: an extra task, knowledge and experience of IPMS, training and education, mentoring and supervision, and data quality: impact on patients’ care. The findings of this study have implications for practice, training and research. CONCLUSION: Pharmacy staff had limited knowledge of IPMS and its utilisation in data capturing. Such limitations have implications in the context of the quality of data captured / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

Purpose of the study - Identify predictors of mortality and develop a related care plan for patients who are on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Gondar, Ethiopia. Design - A quantitative, retrospective cohort study was conducted analysing medical records of HIV patients who presented to Gondar University Hospital (GUH), Gondar, and started ART between 1 January 2007 and 30 June 2010. Results - In defining the predictors of mortality, the findings in bivariate analysis revealed: female sex, CD4 cell count ≤ 50/μl, CD4 cell count 51-199/μl, a haemoglobin concentration ≤8g/dl, a history of oral candidiasis, tuberculosis and Cryptococcus meningitis were all statistically significant. A female sex, CD4 cell count ≤ 50/μl and CD4 cell count 51-199/μl maintain their significance level in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions - The study therefore recommends that clinicians and case managers be vigilant of these predictors of mortality while managing HIV patients who are on ART / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Introduction: Since the South African public sector antiretroviral roll-out programme started in 2004, the success of antiretroviral combination therapy (cART) has been experienced in terms of survival, prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and quality of life. However, as the programme matures, viral resistance to the constituent drugs will increase. Monitoring antiretroviral drug resistance (ARVDR) should therefore be a priority in the public health approach to HIV treatment. Methods: A cross-sectional investigation of genotypic antiretroviral drug resistance in: a) HIV-infected mothers who were exposed to a PMTCT regimen of short course azidothymidine (AZT) with single dose nevirapine (NVP) during labour. b) HIV-infected adults and children who were cART-naïve (transmitted or initial resistance). c) HIV-infected adults and children who were failing cART (drug-induced or acquired resistance). In case of adults, this includes patients on a first-line, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTI)-based regimen, or on a second-line, protease inhibitor (PI)-based regimen, and in case of children, this includes patients on a first-line PI-based regimen. Results: In mothers who received a PMTCT-regimen that combined AZT and NVP the prevalence of NNRTI resistance mutations was 17.1% (95% CI: 8.7-25.6%). The prevalence of transmitted ARVDR in adults was low, as was initial ARVDR in young children (mostly PMTCT-exposed), except for NNRTI resistance in children who had received NVP as part of PMTCT. Drug-induced resistance was found in adults failing first-line NNRTI-based cART, with 83% having resistance to ≥1 drug. In contrast, adult patients failing second-line PI-based cART had a low prevalence of PI resistance; the predominant reason for failure was poor drug exposure, as detected by measuring lopinavir concentrations in blood plasma and hair samples. In contrast, PI resistance in children was not rare, largely due to historic exposure to un-boosted PIs. This resulted in extensive resistance to PIs and reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI) in some children. Conclusions: A combined regimen of short course AZT with intrapartum NVP for PMTCT may, in addition to reducing the risk of neonatal infection, also reduce the risk of NVP resistance in the mothers compared to a regimen of NVP only. In South Africa, the prevalence of transmitted ARVDR remains low relative to industrialised countries, probably as comparatively little time has elapsed since the scale-up of cART. Adults failing first-line cART are likely to respond to second-line cART, without failure due to resistance. However some children with PI and RTI resistance cannot be adequately treated with drugs currently available through the roll-out programme. This emphasizes the urgent need for a rational and science-based approach to managing cART-experienced children, including access to additional drugs to form a third-line paediatric cART regimen. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Inleiding: Sedert die begin van die Suid Afrikaanse publieke sektor antiretrovirale uitrol program in 2004 is die sukses van antiretrovirale kombinasie-behandeling (k-ARB) ervaar in terme van oorlewing, voorkoming van moeder na kind oordrag (VMKO) en lewenskwaliteit. Nietemin, sal weerstandigheid teen die middels wat in die antiretrovirale program gebruik word toeneem soos wat die program gevestig raak. Die monitoring van antiretrovirale middel-weerstandigheid is derhalwe ‘n prioriteit in gemeenskap-gesondheid benadering tot MIV behandeling. Metodes: ‘n Deursnit ondersoek van genotipiese antiretrovirale middel-weerstandigheid in: a) MIV-geïnfekteerde moeders wat blootgestel is aan VMKO regimen bestaande uit ‘n kort kursus AZT met ‘n enkeldosis nevirapien (NVP) tydens kraam. b) MIV-geïnfekteerde volwassenes en kinders wat komibinasieterapie-naïef (oorgedraagde of inisiële weerstandigheid) is. c) MIV-geïnfekteerde volwassenes en kinders wat k-ARB faal (middel-geïnduseerde weerstandigheid). In geval van volwassenes, sluit dit pasiënte op ‘n eerste-linie, non-nucleosied tru-transkriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-regimen, en tweede-linie protease inhibitor (PI)-gebaseerde regimen, en in geval van kinders, sluit dit pasiënte in op ‘n eerste-linie PI-gebaseerde regimen. Resultate: In moeders wat ‘n gekombineerde AZT en NVP VMKO-regimen ontvang het, was die voorkoms van NNRTI weerstandigheid 17.1% (95%-vertrouensinterval: 8.7-25.6%). Die voorkoms van oorgedraagde ARVMW in MIV-geïnfekteerde volwassenes en kinders wat kombinasieterapie-naïef is, was laag, so ook ARVMW in jong kinders (meestal VMKO-blootgestel), behalwe vir non-nukleosied tru-transkriptase inhibitor (NNRT) weerstandigheid in kinders wat NVP ontvang het deur VMKO. Middel-geïnduseerde weerstandigheid was gevind in volwassenes wat die eerste-linie NNRTI-gebaseerde k-ARB gefaal het, met 83% wat weerstandigheid teen ≥1 middel het. Volwassenes wat ‘n tweede-linie protease inhibitor (PI) –gebaseerde k-ARB gefaal het , het ‘n lae voorkoms van PI weerstandigheid, met die oorwegenede oorsaak, swak middel-bloostelling, soos bepaal deur van lopinavir-konsentrasies in bloed plasma en hare. In teenstelling hiermee was PI weerstandigheid nie skaars in kinders nie, hoofsaaklik weens historiese blootstelling an ongeskraagde PI-behandeling. Dit het tot uitgebreide weerstandigheid tot PIs en tru-transkritptase inhibitors (RTI) in sommige kinders gelei. Gevolgtrekkings: ‘n Gekombineerde regimen van ‘n kort kursus AZT met NVP tydens kraam vir VKMO, mag bykomend tot die vermindering die risiko van pasgebore infeksie, ook die kans vir weerstandigheid teen NVP in die moeders verlaag in vergelyking met ‘n regimen van NVP-alleen. Die voorkoms van oorgedraagde ARVMW is tans laag in vergelyking met geïndustrialiseerde lande, waarskynlik aangesien daar nog betreklik min tyd verloop het sedert k-ART wyd beskikbaar gemaak is. Volwassenes wat eerstelyn kombinasie terapie faal sal waarskynlik goed reageer op tweede-linie terapie, sonder terapie faling weens middelweerstandigheid. Daarenteen kan sommige kinders met protease inhibitor en tru-transkriptase weerstandigheid nie voldoende behandel word met die huidig-beskikbare middels in die uitrol program nie. Dit beklemtoon die dringende noodsaaklikheid van ‘n rasionele en wetenskaplike benadering tot k-ART in kinders, met ‘n lang terapie geskiedenis, wat toegang tot bykomende medikasie behels om `n derde-linie regimen saam te stel.

AIM: This study aimed to explore the factors influencing antiretroviral therapy patients` data quality at Princess Marina Hospital Pharmacy in Botswana. METHODS: A phenomenological approach was adopted in this study. Specifically, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis qualitative design was used to explore the factors influencing antiretroviral therapy patients` data quality at Princess Marina Hospital Pharmacy in Botswana. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview format on 18 conveniently selected pharmacy staff. Data were analysed using Smith’s (2005) Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis framework. RESULT: Five thematic categories emerged from data analysis: data capturing: an extra task, knowledge and experience of IPMS, training and education, mentoring and supervision, and data quality: impact on patients’ care. The findings of this study have implications for practice, training and research. CONCLUSION: Pharmacy staff had limited knowledge of IPMS and its utilisation in data capturing. Such limitations have implications in the context of the quality of data captured / Health Studies / M. A. (Health Studies)