No description available.

Purpose: To highlight the histopathological characteristics of the skin in congenital clubfoot and correlate the clinical findings in clubfoot with the changes in the dermal layers. Materials and methods: One hundred skin specimens, from 77 infants (6 to 12 months), were studied between 2004 and 2008. Using the Pirani scoring system, the clinical severity was recorded. The mobility of the skin and the correctability of the medial ray were assessed clinically. A skin specimen (1cm x 1mm) was taken from the medial side of the foot at surgery following failed plaster treatment. The layers were studied under light microscopy. The thickness of the dermis and the histopathological features of clubfoot skin were compared with 10 normal skin specimens. Results: The dermis of clubfoot skin showed significant fibrosis with thick bundles of collagen fibres (P = .001) on Haematoxylin and Eosin staining (H&E). The dermal thickness ranged between 1.0mm and 5.2mm in clubfoot skin, compared with controls (0.64-1.28mm). Fibrosis extended into the subcutis in a septolobular fashion in 95% of the cases. Significant atrophy of eccrine glands was seen in 98% (P = .001). Hair follicles were absent in 78%. The elastic fibres of clubfoot skin, stained with Elastic van Gieson staining (EVG), showed hypertrophy in varying degrees in all skin specimens. They were fragmented, with loss of their parallel arrangement. There was no significant inflammatory reaction in the dermis. The Pirani score was significantly increased (mean 7.8). Discussion: Fibrosis and thickening of the dermis were the most significant histopathological features of the clubfoot skin. The elastic fibres were also abnormal. There was atrophy of the skin appendages due to the fibrosis. There was a strong correlation between the Pirani score and the severity of the deformity(P 0.016). The cases with poor outcome had a higher score than those with a satisfactory outcome.Lack of a significant inflammatory reaction suggests that neither the serial manipulations of the foot, nor the repeated plaster cast changes, were responsible for the dermal fibrosis, which is probably present from birth and contributes to the deformity. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

In 2012, more than 1.6 million new cases of breast cancer were diagnosed and about half a million women died of breast cancer. The incidence has increased in the developing world. The mortality, however, has decreased. This is thought to partly be the result of advances in diagnosis and treatment. Studying tissue samples from biopsies through a microscope is an important part of diagnosing breast cancer. Recent techniques include camera-equipped microscopes and whole slide scanning systems that allow for digital high-throughput scanning of tissue samples. The introduction of digital pathology has simplified parts of the analysis, but manual interpretation of tissue slides is still labor intensive and costly, and involves the risk for human errors and inconsistency. Digital image analysis has been proposed as an alternative approach that can assist the pathologist in making an accurate diagnosis by providing additional automatic, fast and reproducible analyses. This thesis addresses the automation of conventional analyses of tissue, stained for biomarkers specific for the diagnosis of breast cancer, with the purpose of complementing the role of the pathologist. In order to quantify biomarker expression, extraction and classification of sub-cellular structures are needed. This thesis presents a method that allows for robust and fast segmentation of cell nuclei meeting the need for methods that are accurate despite large biological variations and variations in staining. The method is inspired by sparse coding and is based on dictionaries of local image patches. It is implemented in a tool for quantifying biomarker expression of various sub-cellular structures in whole slide images. Also presented are two methods for classifying the sub-cellular localization of staining patterns, in an attempt to automate the validation of antibody specificity, an important task within the process of antibody generation.  In addition, this thesis explores methods for evaluation of multimodal data. Algorithms for registering consecutive tissue sections stained for different biomarkers are evaluated, both in terms of registration accuracy and deformation of local structures. A novel region-growing segmentation method for multimodal data is also presented. In conclusion, this thesis presents computerized image analysis methods and tools of potential value for digital pathology applications.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (MMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: The LODOX Statscan is a whole-body digital X-ray scanning device which was adapted for medical usage. The LODOX has an established role in the field of Forensic Pathology where it shows high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of skeletal pathology and foreign bodies. The role of the scanner in the detection of soft tissue pathology in the lungs of adults has not been reported and this study aims to review the radio-pathological correlation and the applicability of LODOX as a viable screening tool in the detection of lung pathology in post mortem cases. Methods: We prospectively reviewed cases which were referred for medico-legal autopsy between November 2012 and March 2013 to the Tygerberg Forensic Pathology Service mortuary, Cape Town, South Africa. All cases meeting the prescribed inclusion criteria underwent LODOX scanning as well as macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of the lungs as permitted by the Inquests Act 58 of 1959. The macroscopic and microscopic variables were considered the “gold standard” when compared with the results of the LODOX. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were assessed. Results: One hundred and fifty nine cases (159) were included in the study. The most common radiographic patterns reported were the presence of ground glass opacities and consolidation. Overall, low to moderate sensitivity of these LODOX patterns in the prediction of pneumonic microscopic pathology (oedema, acute and chronic inflammation and features of diffuse alveolar damage) was noted. These values were lower than that reported for pneumonia using conventional X-rays. Additionally, these LODOX patterns have a high probability of representing oedema or autolytic/decomposition change. Pneumothorax was the most common pleural pathology detected on LODOX, but autopsy correlation could not be performed. Poor to no correlation was noted with the variables of cavity, malignant tumour, and bronchiectasis, but the prevalence of these conditions in our cohort was low. In general, LODOX predictions were better at excluding pathology which was not present rather than confirming pathology which was present. Conclusions: The LODOX offers excellent evidentiary value in the demonstration of a pneumothorax but currently has limited value as a “stand alone” test in the field of Forensic Pathology. However the continued use of the LODOX as an adjunct examination, as well as prospective study of its applicability, is advised. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Die LODOX Statscan is ‘n heel-liggaam digitale X-straal skandeer apparaat wat aangepas is vir mediese gebruik. Die LODOX het ‘n gevestigde rol in Geregtelike Patologie, waar dit ‘n hoë sensitiwiteit en spesifisiteit het in die opsporing van skeletale patologie en vreemde voorwerpe. Die rol van die skandeerder in die opspoor van sagte weefsel patologie in die longe van volwassenes is nog nie gerapporteer nie, en hierdie studie ondersoek die radio-patologiese korrelasie en toepaslikheid van LODOX as ‘n doeltreffende siftingsmeganisme om long patologie op te spoor in post-mortale gevalle. Metode: Gevalle wat verwys is na die Tygerberg Geregtelike Patologie Diens lykshuis in Kaapstad, Suid-Afrika vir medies-geregtelike outopsies tussen November 2012 en Maart 2013, is prospektief geëvalueer. Alle gevalle wat die voorgeskrewe insluitingskriteria nagekom het, het LODOX skandering asook makroskopiese en mikroskopiese ondersoek van die longe ondergaan, soos toegelaat deur die Wet op Geregtelike Doodsondersoeke Nr 58 van 1959. Die makroskopiese en mikroskopiese veranderlikes is beskou as die “goud standaard” in vergelyking met die resultate van die LODOX. Die sensitiwiteit, spesifisiteit, positiewe en negatiewe voorspellingswaardes is beoordeel. Resultate: Eenhonderd-nege-en-vyftig gevalle (159) is ingesluit in die studie. Die algemeenste radiografiese pattroon wat gerapporteer is, was die teenwoordigheid van gemaalde glas opasiteit en konsolidasie. In geheel is lae to matige sensitiwiteit van hierdie LODOX beelde waargeneem in die voorspelling van pneumoniese mikroskopiese patologie (edeem, akute en chroniese ontsteking, en eienskappe van diffuse alveolêre skade). Hierdie waardes was laer as die wat gerapporteer is vir pneumonie met konvensionele X-strale. Verder het hierdie LODOX beelde ‘n hoë waarskynlikheid om edeem en/of outolise/ontbinding uit te beeld. Pneumotoraks was die algemeenste pleurale patologie wat waargeneem is met die LODOX, maar outopsie korrelasie kon nie gedoen word nie. Swak tot geen korrelasie is gemerk vir die veranderlikes kaviteit, maligne tumor en brongi-ektase, maar die prevalensie van hierdie toestande in ons kohort was laag. Oor die algemeen was LODOX voorspellings beter om patologie wat nie teenwoordig is nie, uit te skakel, eerder as om patologie wat teenwoordig is, te bevestig. Gevolgtrekking: The LODOX is ‘n uitstekende bewysstuk in die aantoon van ‘n pneumotoraks, maar huidiglik het dit beperkte waarde as onafhanklike toets in die veld van Geregtelike Patologie. Desnieteenstaande word die verdere gebruik van LODOX as bydraende ondersoek, sowel as die prospektiewe studie van sy toepaslikheid aanbeveel.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:24:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marques_sbs_dr_jabo_prot.pdf: 1156404 bytes, checksum: 4759c4421e1acf181f52d3ac10abd71c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A aderência de bactérias patogênicas a receptores na superfície de . células epiteliais tem sido reconhecida como um importante evento inicial da colonização bacteriana. O principal mecanismo de patogenicidade da EPEC é uma lesão provocada pela sua aderência ao epitélio através do attaching and effacing (AlE), que é caracterizado pela íntima adesão da bactéria à célula do hospedeiro, esta adesão às microvilosidades do enterócito ocorre devido a formação de estruturas semelhantes a pedestais. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um modelo de infecção com a Escherichía calí enteropatogenica (EPEC) em camundongo do tipo mus musculus. A estes animais foram administrados um inoculo de 108 CFU de linhagens EPEC, sendo que a linhagem 3111-90 foi proveniente de cepas que podem causar diarréia infantil e as linhagens 537-1, 263, 304-3 e 988-2 foram provenientes de leite mastítico bovino. As linhagens foram introduzidas em camundongos com vinte dias de vida por via intraperitonial, e estes foram eutanasiados cinco horas após a inoculação. Como resultado através de cortes histológicos seriados, verificou-se que algumas das linhagens inoculadas levaram ao aparecimento de lesões suaves na mucosa intestinal, com a quebra da camada celular superficial da mucosa, aparecimento de células epiteliais com contornos irregulares e infiltração de células inflamatórias. / The aim of this study was to develop a enteropathogenic Escherichia colí (EPEC) infection model in mice. An inoculum of 108 CFU of EPEC strains 3111-90 from infantile diarrhea; 537-1, 263,304-3 and 988-2 from bovine mastitic milk to newborn mice lead to a mildly damage in the intestinal mucosa with breaking in the superficial stratum, epithelial cells with irregular shape and a inflammatory cell infiltration.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Revisión por pares

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end stage renal disease (ESRD) are significant causes of adult morbidity and mortality worldwide. Though these conditions are common, the mechanisms of pathogenesis in kidney disease are poorly understood. Genetic predisposition has been established in the African American population; however this does not explain the ubiquity of CKD in the United States and abroad. Diabetes and hypertension are the two most frequently occurring co-morbidities in kidney disease and both have been identified as putative sources of injury to the delicate filtering structures of the kidney. Furthermore, the intrinsic functional relationship between the cardiovascular and renal organ systems adds to the plausibility of a hemodynamic cause. In light of this knowledge, we aim to explore the roles of genetic predisposition and hypertension in the pathogenesis and progression of CKD. The filtering apparatus of the kidney, the glomerulus, is a looping tuft of capillaries specialized to allow the passage of water and certain substances from the blood while restricting others. Glomeruli at the corticomedullary boundary of the kidney experience blood pressures closer to those in systemic arterioles and are subject to similar hemodynamic stresses. To evaluate the role of hypertension in CKD, we employed a well-known model of hypertensive kidney disease in mice involving uninephrectomy (UNX), subcutaneous implantation of a timed-release pellet containing the active aldosterone precursor deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA), and a high-salt diet. Given the role of heritability in human CKD pathogenesis, we applied the DOCA-UNX model in two strains of mice with differing susceptibility to kidney damage, the 129S6 and C57BL/6 strains, to evaluate the effects of genetic predisposition. Mice were subjected to varying lengths of hypertension exposure and their kidneys were subsequently examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ultrastructural lesions of glomeruli were evaluated by a renal pathologist and assigned subjective pathology scores based on the extent and severity of involvement. We hypothesized that certain glomerular lesions, particularly those involving the podocytes of the visceral epithelium, would increase in severity in mice with heritable susceptibility (129S6) as well as those with longer exposure to glomerular hypertension. Our observations demonstrate these hypotheses are partially correct. By TEM histopathology, mouse strain was found to have a significant effect on the severity of certain epithelial lesions while duration of hypertension had a significant effect on the overall morphological pathology of the podocytes, glomerular basement membrane, and glomerulus as a whole. These results provide a promising foundation for further investigation of the pathogenesis of CKD in mice.

Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio (fiscina@bahia.fiocruz.br) on 2013-10-16T19:18:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dayana Santos Mendes. Imunopatogenese da ...2011.pdf: 1813082 bytes, checksum: d271ed0b72f8be8c290f132d78e6e132 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-16T19:18:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dayana Santos Mendes. Imunopatogenese da ...2011.pdf: 1813082 bytes, checksum: d271ed0b72f8be8c290f132d78e6e132 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis causa várias formas de doença clinica cutânea, entre elas a forma cutânea disseminada (LD) com uma úlcera cutânea e lesões secundárias disseminadas por mais de duas regiões do corpo. Esta forma além da úlcera inicial apresenta manifestação clínica de múltiplas pápulas e lesões não ulceradas. Neste estudo, descrevemos a histopatologia das lesões não ulceradas da LD, correlacionando-a com a extensão da área inflamada com células CD4, CD20, CD68, CD31 e células de fator de von Willebrand (vW). Metodologia: Dezoito biópsias de lesões de pacientes diagnosticados com LD por critérios clínicos, teste cutâneo de Montenegro positivo e cultivo positivo para L. braziliensis dos aspirados locais das lesões. A análise histopatológica foi feita a partir dos fragmentos de tecidos corados com Hematoxilina e Eosina (HE). A quantificação da área inflamada e células positivas para CD4, CD20, CD68, CD31 e vW foi avaliada com o auxílio do programa Image-Pro Plus (Media Cibernetics). Resultados: Infiltrado inflamatório linfoplasmocitário perivascular e formação de granulomas são achados comuns nas lesões papulares causadas por L. braziliensis. A extensão da área de inflamação variou de 3% a 73%. Houve uma correlação linear significativa entre a extensão da inflamação e a presença de vasos vW+. As células mais frequentes no infiltrado inflamatório foram os macrófagos CD68+, seguido por células B CD20+ e células T CD4+. Houve uma correlação linear significante entre células CD4+ e CD20+ e a área inflamada. Amastigotas foram detectadas por HE e imunohistoquímica em nove biópsias, todos os dezoito aspirados foram positivos para L. (Viannia) braziliensis nos cultivos in vitro. Conclusão: Pela análise histopatológica e imunohistoquímica em lesões fechadas causadas por L. braziliensis, observamos a presença de inflamação crônica variável qualitativa e quantitativamente. Com a expansão da área de inflamação, células CD4+ aumentam proporcionalmente ao número de vasos encontrados e células CD20+. / Introduction: Skin infection by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis results in cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis. In between this clinical spectrum, disseminated leishmaniasis (DL) primary ulcer and/or ulcerated secondary lesions differs from other presentations by the clinical manifestation of multiple papules and non-ulcerated lesions. In this study, we describe the histopathology of DL non-ulcerated lesions correlating them with the amount of CD4, CD20, CD68, CD31 cells, and von Willebrand factor (vW) and with the amount of inflamed area which characterize immune inflammatory aspects. Methods: Eighteen biopsies from patients diagnosed by clinical criteria, positive skin tests, and fine needle aspirations in vitro cultivation were analyzed. Histopathological properties were determined by analyzing hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stained slides. To quantify the inflamed area and the number of cell positive for CD4, CD20, CD 68, CD31 and vW cell markers, Image-Pro (Media Cybernetics) software was used. Results: Diffuse lymphoplasmacytic perivascular infiltrates and granulomas were found in the dermal skin layer. Inflammation extent varied from 3% to 73% indicating a significant linear correlation with vW+ vessels and with graded patterns. The most frequent inflammatory cells were macrophages CD68+, followed by B cells CD20+, and T cells CD4+. A significant linear correlation between CD4+ and CD20+ cells with the total area of inflammation was also found. Amastigotes were visualized in immunostained or HE stained slides. All 18 biopsies were positive for L. (Viannia) braziliensis. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that chronic inflammation was present in all papules and was predominantly formed by macrophages, plasmacytes, T cells and B cells. As the area of inflammation expands, the vascular framework increases proportionally as the presence of CD20+ and CD4+ cells

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:23:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 camargo_mhb_dr_jabo.pdf: 420685 bytes, checksum: bb865aac367212839aba8ddd9ff5b0df (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A leishmaniose visceral é uma antropozoonose, que vem aumentando no Brasil em número de casos e já sendo endêmica em vários estados. Os cães, considerados o principal reservatório doméstico, são de grande importância na manutenção do ciclo epidemiológico da leishmania visceral, já que a mesma é mais prevalente na população canina que na humana, e também podem servir como modelo experimental da doença. Partindo-se da hipótese de que a leishmaniose visceral causa uma neuropatia periférica em cães, o presente ensaio teve como objetivos analisar as alterações eletroneurográficas e histopatológicas dos nervos radial, ulnar, tibial e peroneal de cães naturalmente acometidos pela doença. Assim, 33 cães naturalmente acometidos por leishmaniose visceral, e quatro cães sem a doença foram submetidos a exames eletroneurográficos e retirada de fragmentos dos nervos para análise histopatológica. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho permitiram concluir que cães com leishmaniose visceral podem apresentar velocidade de condução nervosa motora diminuída, caracterizando um quadro de neuropatia periférica; apresentar alterações histopatológicas indicativas de uma neuropatia periférica; e que as principais alterações histopatológicas nos nervos radial, ulnar, tibial e peroneal de cães com leishmaniose visceral foram aumento de tecido conjuntivo no endoneuro, variação no diâmetro de fibras nervosas, degeneração axonal, infiltrado inflamatório no perineuro e no tecido adiposo, desmielinização e aumento de tecido conjuntivo no perineuro. / Visceral leishmaniasis is an antropozoonosis, that is increasing in Brazil in number of cases and already being endemic in several states. The dogs, considered the main domestic reservoir, are of great importance in the maintenance of the epidemic cycle of the visceral leishmania, since the same is more prevalent in the canine population than in the human, and they can also serve as experimental model of the disease. Breaking of the hypothesis that the leishmaniasis visceral cause an outlying neuropathy in dogs, the present study aimed to analyze the alterations electroneurographics and histopathologics of the radial, ulnar, tibial and peroneal nerves of dogs attacked by the disease. Like this, 33 dogs naturally attacked by visceral leishmaniasis, and four dogs without the disease were submitted to eletroneurography and retreat of fragments of the nerves for analysis. The results obtained in this work allowed to end that dogs with visceral leishmaniasis can present reduced motor nerve conduction velocity, characterizing a neuropathy; to present histopathologics alterations indicative of an outlying neuropathy; and that the main alterations in the radial, ulnar, tibial and peroneal nerves of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis were increase of conjunctive tissue in the endoneurium, variation in the diameter of nervous fibers, degeneration axonal, infiltrated inflammatory in the perineurium and in the adipous tissue, desmielinization and increase of conjunctive tissue in the perineurium.