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This three-article dissertation uses a mixed-method research design to examine a contemporary phenomenon related to grassroots resistance to urban gentrification. In New York City, Los Angeles, and other high-growth US cities, community-based organizations are utilizing National Register of Historic Places listing and local designation of historic districts as strategies to resist residential displacement in the context of gentrification and diminishing housing affordability. The central issue with this practice is quantitative research overwhelmingly finds that neighborhood socioeconomic trends follow indicators of gentrification after the implementation of historic districts. Qualitative studies also demonstrate that historic districts are most often associated with the interests of homeowners who seek districts to protect or increase property values. Therefore, the use of historic districts for anti-displacement purposes can appear counter-intuitive. Arguably, the few existing studies of this practice do not thoroughly analyze the value of publicly stating the intention of districts for anti-displacement purposes or how organizational entities hypothesize causal links between historic districts and the reduction of displacement by gentrification. This gap between research and practice presents an opportunity to examine the functions of historic preservation regulations and participatory venues within the uneven distribution of racial, political, and economic resources necessary to affect authoritative land use decisions. The three articles are sequential. The first article uses logistic regression to estimate the organizational, contextual, and neighborhood socioeconomic factors that influenced a sample of community-based organizations in New York City, NY, and the City of Los Angeles, CA, between 2000-2020 to state motivations for anti-displacement purposes at public hearings for new historic districts. The second article further examines organizations’ motivations through archived conference proceedings and focused interviews with the key informants of six (6) New York City community-based organizations on the political, socioeconomic, and racial processes that influenced their use of local and NRHP districts as anti-displacement strategies. The interviewed organizations were identified by the review of public hearing testimony and correspondence for Article 1. Finally, Article 3 uses a difference-in-differences statistical technique to test the neighborhood socioeconomic impacts of contextual rezoning in New York City between 1986-2020 as a type of non-FAR rezoning. Contextual zoning and historic districts are similar in that their implementation depends on the presence and maintenance of neighborhood character. Unlike historic districts, new development in contextual zones functions as an administrative process with the Department of Buildings without reliance upon discretionary review of proposals by a city agency. The articles find that community-based organizations pursue historic districts for a blend of procedural, regulatory, and financial benefits related to anti-displacement activism. Some organizations seek historic districts as substitutes for neighborhood-wide downzoning due to rezoning’s high financial and administrative costs, reflecting power inequalities in urban politics. The articles’ findings also suggest that there are causal links between regulatory restrictions on development and the exclusion of new socioeconomic groups, albeit in the interest of excluding residents of higher-socioeconomic status to resist gentrification. Ostensibly neutral, character-based discourse in urban development is implicated in preserving historical patterns of urban racial and economic isolation. Without state and federal interventions in the provision of urban growth, historic districts and character-based rezonings have limited influence on long-term urban equity.

Comparative approaches in historic preservation usually involve two or more different buildings. The old Berkshire Athenaeum in Pittsfield, Massachusetts allows for a comparative approach with the same building, but in two different eras: one where the clamor to replace the library building came close to resulting in its destruction (1960s); the other, 35 years later, where the question of the building’s survival was never in doubt, never even raised (2000s). From its earliest days, serious design and workmanship flaws have plagued the structural integrity of the monumental Victorian Gothic building that stands in the center of Pittsfield. Its grand space proved inadequate for the functioning of a public library. Yet it continues to survive, and in 2014, another major preservation project is underway to address the bulging of the masonry on the front façade. A narrative of the history of this building reveals broader trends in public attitudes towards the preservation of our cultural heritage, and insights into the contributing elements that provide justification for preservation as well as into the role of the public historian in connecting preservation with the community.

Historic house museums (HHMs) are contradictory spaces, private places made public. They (often) combine the real with the reproduction. Drawing from object reverence, taxonomy, and tableaux over a century and a half of practice, the American HHM arrives in the present as a Frankenstein's monster of nostalgia. Chamounix Mansion has been a youth hostel since 1964. It has also been a historic house museum, though when it became one and when—if—it ever stopped being one is an open question. Chamounix is a space where the past, present, and future all share space, as guests move through historic spaces, have conversations about anything or nothing at all, and plan their next day, their next destination, their next major life move. It is a place that seems fertile for meaning-making. It also provides a fascinating case study of what HHMs have been and what they might become. The Friends of Chamounix Mansion employed the methods of other HHMs as it tried to achieve recognition as an HHM in the 1960s, but by the 1980s, they began claiming the hostel’s usage as another form of authenticity. As HHMs face a variety of challenges today, and seek to make meaning with visitors and neighbors alike, the example of Chamounix Mansion offers a case study of how embracing usage might offer new directions for meaning-making. / History

The research hypothesis of this study states that a systematic and operational method for evaluating rural, cultural, historic landscapes, particularly at the regional level, simply does not exist. The purpose of this study was two-fold: first, to prove, through an informal survey of landscape architecture firms involved in historic preservation and preservation organizations, that the hypothesis was true, and secondly, to develop a method for evaluating a specific kind of rural, cultural, historic landscape -- nineteenth century farms in the Blue Ridge Belt. The overriding objective in developing the method for evaluating nineteenth century Blue Ridge farms was to make the evaluation criteria as operational as possible, and, therefore, create a method which would be accessible to the non-professional. The criteria used to evaluate the farms was based on studies done of farms documented in the archives of the Shenandoah National Park in Luray, Virginia, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, and the Historic Landsmarks Commission in Richmond, Virginia. The method was designed so that every farm evaluated by means of the checksheet can be scored based on the degree to which it represents a typical nineteenth century Blue Ridge farm. / M.L. Arch.

The purpose of this dissertation is to identify various sources hitherto neglected by the field of historic preservation in Turkey, and to seek possible ways in which they can be incorporation into this field. As demonstrated by the case study chosen for this dissertation--the Balat District in Istanbul--the use of these sources fosters a richness of perception which today is lacking in historic preservation in Turkey. The dissertation begins with the hypothesis that historic preservation in Turkey was used to legitimize the constructed reality of the new Turkish Republic. Since the Republic represented everything the Ottoman Empire was not, it had to be purged of its Ottoman inheritance, including the Empire's institutions and its diverse, non-Muslim population. Istanbul's urban fabric, however, bore unmistakable marks of both. While the eradication of these marks was never a declared policy, the net effect of the Republic's actions was essentially to have that result. A heightened awareness of the neglected sources mentioned above may help obviate the ways in which history has been rewritten, and may also help us develop preservation policies which provide a richer, more complex and multi-ethnic reading of Balat's--and ultimately Istanbul's--past. In the case of Balat, in contrast to the relatively few sources used by preservation authorities (mainly old photographs and historic maps) stand a vast array of sources that typically go unnoticed. Among these are Byzantine records, Ottoman governmental records, Islamic court records, rabbinical records, church records, etc. In practice, a neighborhood preservation project would ideally use most of these sources. To make the current study manageable, however, I will focus specifically on Islamic court records. During my fieldwork in Istanbul, I scanned roughly 4,300 court records (covering the period from 1800 to 1839) to identify cases pertinent to the built environment. The 1198 cases that I identified provide a wealth of information related to building types, ownership patterns, commercial activity, demographics, mobility, etc.--information which helps us reconstruct the lifestyle of Balat's residents, and ultimately aids in the rendering of a multi-faceted narrative of the District's urban history. / text

Puerto Rico, the smallest island of the Great Antilles , has an area of 3,400 square miles. Its major language is Spanish and it is a Commonwealth of the United States of America. The population is approximately 3.6 millions and historically had an agricultural-based economy. However, today, because of its geographic location and tropical environment , the major economic industry is tourism. Thousands of people visit the island annually to enjoy the natural scenery and experience the rich cultural heritage that it offers.Studies have shown that the majority of tourists stay in the northern part of the island where the main attractions are Old San Juan, El Yunque National Rain Forest, and the Luquillo Beach. There has been limited tourism in the southern region, where a different climatic environment prevails. As a result, a different variety of natural scenery and ecological systems exists. The most popular tourist attractions in the south are: Ponce, the second largest city; San German, the second oldest town; and, the Phosphorescent Bay in Guanica. These towns are located in close proximity to each other and, thus, a need exists to spread tourism to the rest of the southern coast.One strategy to attract tourists to this area is to rehabilitate sugar plantations that are within the region. It is on the southern coast where most of the sugar industry was established, including the two largest ones. Although this industry is presently suffering a recession, at one time it was the country's leading export. This rehabilitation will allow tourists, as well as islanders, the opportunity to experience how the sugar industry used to be. As a paradox, I am proposing a new economic boom via tourism that focuses -on a "once major income producer."Central Aguirre, in the town of Salinas, will be used as a case study for this rehabilitation plan. It is located five miles southwest of the town of Guayama, a district under consideration for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. This center of sugar production used to be the second largest in the country. The complex itself is a miniature town,built in approximately ninety-five acres. It serves as one of the best examples of the physical and social hierarchy established between the owners and the laborers. The factory closed abruptly operations in January 1991. The proposed rehabilitation intend to offers the visitor an interpretation of the way this community used to be. It will provide lodging facilities by the rehabilitation of existing cottages and laborers housing, and hotels. The historic railroad system, which the government is committed to restore, will serve as the major transportation system to the interior of Central Aguirre.The author believes that a country's heritage must be used to promote tourism. But there must be a comprehensive plan that establishes tourist trade as a vehicle for enhancing restoration and protection of historic sites and monuments. This project proposes such a plan. / Department of Architecture

He, Jie. / Thesis submitted in: October 2008. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 219-236). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.ix / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.xiii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- The Development of the Cultural Route Concept --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- The Delimitation of Heritage Definitions and Conservation --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Questions --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Shortcomings of Delimitations and Their Implementation in Cultural Routes --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Authenticity as a Subject of Investigation and Planning Support --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Definition --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Research Objectives --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Significance of Study --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1 --- Cultural Route Heritage Disciplines and Protection Practices --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Theoretical and Methodological Investigations --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Delimitations and Case Studies --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- Routes and Associated Landscape Studies carried out by Archaeologists --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Archaeological Route Studies --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Landscape Archaeological Module and Cases --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Methodology and technology --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- "Landscape Archaeology and ,GIS applications" --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Landscape Archaeology through the Cognitive Paradigm --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Information Technology and GIS Support --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- GIS Support for Heritage --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4 --- GIS for Cultural Resource Management --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Gap between Practice and Research --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- The Potential of GIS for Conservation Planning in CRM --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Problems in Gonservation Planning Relating to Heritage Value --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5 --- Perceptual Archaeology and GIS Applications. --- p.40 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Archaeological Yisibility --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Cost Surface Analysis --- p.47 / Chapter 2.6 --- Problem-oriented Applications of Visibility and Cost-surface Analysis --- p.50 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Single Factor Approaches --- p.50 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Social and Cultural Interpretations --- p.52 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Path Studies --- p.53 / Chapter 2.7 --- Visual Resource Management Researches by the Author --- p.54 / Chapter 2.8 --- Summary and Discussion --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- SYSTEM DESIGN --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1 --- Research Questions --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Authenticity and the Reified Attributes --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Definition of Attributes --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Authenticity Interpretations through Spatial Interrelationships --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Authenticity Interpretations through Functionalities --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- The Scale Issue --- p.69 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Technical Potentials in GIS --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2 --- The System Framework --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Path Replication and Prediction --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Control of Space --- p.77 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Cultural Landscapes in Cultural Route Spatial Analysis --- p.82 / Chapter 3.3 --- Management and Delimitations --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Allocations --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Delimitations in Categories --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4 --- Summary --- p.90 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1 --- Background Dataset. --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- DEM --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Mapping Scales --- p.96 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- "Historical Topography and Landscape Reconstruction," --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2 --- Cost Surface Analysis --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Movement Singulation --- p.103 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Path Selection --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3 --- Cost Surface Modeling --- p.107 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Attributes Introduced --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Cost-Surface Model Making --- p.110 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Visibility as a Cost --- p.114 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Algorithms --- p.121 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- rSpatial Control of Property --- p.128 / Chapter 4.4 --- Technical Issues and Validation --- p.137 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Technical Issues of Visibility Studies --- p.138 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Cost-Surface Analysis Conberns --- p.141 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Validations --- p.142 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.143 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- CASE STUDY OF THE GREAT WALL --- p.145 / Chapter 5.1 --- Background --- p.145 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Previous Research --- p.145 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Great Wall Conservation --- p.149 / Chapter 5.2 --- Case Study Design --- p.150 / Chapter 5.3 --- Data Sources and Data Preparation --- p.151 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- DEM --- p.151 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Historical Reconstructions --- p.156 / Chapter 5.4 --- Large-scale Analyses --- p.162 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Cost-surface Modeling --- p.163 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Invasion and Defensive Interpretations --- p.166 / Chapter 5.5 --- The Juyongguan Pass Study --- p.178 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Research Background --- p.181 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Facility Mapping and Viewshed Analysis --- p.181 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Movement Modeling --- p.191 / Chapter 5.5.4 --- Analytical Results --- p.195 / Chapter 5.6 --- Spatial Control and Delimitations of Juyongguan Pass Fortress --- p.201 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- Spatial Control of the Great Wall --- p.201 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- Juyongguan Pass Fortress Delimitations --- p.203 / Chapter 5.7 --- Summary and Discussion --- p.209 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION --- p.211 / Chapter 6.1 --- Utility of the Proposed Study Scheme --- p.211 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- The Theoretical Aspect --- p.211 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Methodological Aspect --- p.212 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Conservation Practice --- p.213 / Chapter 6.2 --- Research Contributions and Limitations --- p.214 / Chapter 6.3 --- Further Research --- p.215 / REFERENCES --- p.219

The EU Directive for building energy performance requires all member states to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the existing building stock. A key instrument in achieving this is using building stock modelling as a tool for planning and development of policies. But since the building stock as a whole is a complex element to study, new interdisciplinary methods are required to facilitate a sustainable management of the built heritage. Moreover, as the goal of energy conservation is brought into a supposed conflict with the built heritage, the field of integrated conservation has a responsibility to be a part of the development of such methods. This thesis accordingly investigates state-of-the-art building stock models from several disciplines with the aim of developing a new method for categorising historic building stocks. The historic buildings in the case study of World Heritage Site Visby, Sweden, were surveyed and triangulated using e.g. on-site inspections, digital cadastre maps, the national EPC database and existing inventories, ultimately leading to 1048 buildings from before 1945 being included in a new inventory. This inventory, along with tools acquired from previous buildings stock models, enabled an iterative process to develop and validate the new categorisation method. The proposed method itself is based on the principal idea of categorisation where the building stock is represented by a limited number of categories which allow for further typology investigations, e.g. energy modelling, and extrapolation back to district level. The results show that the building stock can be represented by nine physical categories covering 86 % of the total number of buildings, and 70 % of the entire building volume. To encompass aspects regarding cultural heritage significance, the respective historic character of the buildings are assessed and described by combining statistical information and the Conservation plan of Visby. In all, the method shows to provide a supportive platform for investigations of a trade-off between energy conservation on one hand and building conservation on the other. / EFFESUS / Spara och Bevara

The Cedar Street Historic District, located in Manistee, Michigan, is a neighborhood that has retained many of its historic residences which serve as reminders of the city's heyday. Manistee, Michigan, located on Lake Michigan in the northwestern region of the lower peninsula, had a prosperous past as a major lumber manufacturing city. At the turn of the century, it was the third largest shipping port on the lake next to Milwaukee and Chicago. Manistee residents who made their fortunes in lumber built some of the finest houses in the region. A large majority of thoseresidences are located in the Cedar Street Historic District. Two of the mansions in the neighborhood were designed by the renowned Chicago School architect William LeBaron Jenney; unfortunately, they were razed in the 1920s.The boundaries of the district were determined in a preliminary survey of the architecture of the neighborhood. The survey, combined with the historical account of the area and its residents, shows that the Cedar Street Historic District is an excellent candidate for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. In addition, guidelines are included to show how the character of the district can be maintained.The possibility of the placement of the Cedar Street Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places may create more awareness of the city's additional historical resources. If the other historic businesses, residences, and public buildings in Manistee are surveyed and documented, there may be enough resources to merit the designation of a Multiple Resource Area. This may allow for greater protection of the city's historic properties. / Department of Architecture