This dissertation argues that edifying dialogue is an appropriate and satisfying component of historically critical biography. It has been a part of biography. The edifying and critical intent is traced through pre-modern biography to demonstrate that this was the case in the Hebrew, Greek, Roman, Early Christian and Medieval eras. Key authors examined include the author(s) of the Pentateuch, the Gospel writers and the authors of the Biblical epistles, Herodotus, Polybius, Livy, Plutarch, Tacitus, Athanasius, Jerome, Sulpicius Severus, and John Capgrave. It can be a part of biography even given the challenges of contemporary theory posed by the extreme positions of positivism and postmodernism (or their chastened re-formulations). Important authors discussed in this section include Arthur Marwick, Keith Jenkins, David Harlan and Peter Novick. It is a part of some biographies meant for a particular audience (such as feminist works). And hopefully it will be increasingly looked upon as the preferred way of writing biography. My dissertation follows these stages. I begin with what biography has been and argue that the Greek and Roman historians believed that the intent of biography was critical and edifying. In fact, critical and edifying intent is notable also in Biblical and medieval biographies. The next section argues that edifying discourse is compatible with both traditional and postmodern theories of history-writing. The third section of the dissertation moves from theoretical considerations to the work of two notable Christian historians, George Marsden and Harry Stout. I note that these two scholars in particular are, in theory, open to my argument but that they can hesitate to engage in edifying discourse in biography. Finally, I briefly examine a few authors who write edifying and critical biography. Toril Moi, Carolyn Heilbrun, and the Bollandists are discussed in this section.

This dissertation argues that edifying dialogue is an appropriate and satisfying component of historically critical biography. It has been a part of biography. The edifying and critical intent is traced through pre-modern biography to demonstrate that this was the case in the Hebrew, Greek, Roman, Early Christian and Medieval eras. Key authors examined include the author(s) of the Pentateuch, the Gospel writers and the authors of the Biblical epistles, Herodotus, Polybius, Livy, Plutarch, Tacitus, Athanasius, Jerome, Sulpicius Severus, and John Capgrave. It can be a part of biography even given the challenges of contemporary theory posed by the extreme positions of positivism and postmodernism (or their chastened re-formulations). Important authors discussed in this section include Arthur Marwick, Keith Jenkins, David Harlan and Peter Novick. It is a part of some biographies meant for a particular audience (such as feminist works). And hopefully it will be increasingly looked upon as the preferred way of writing biography. My dissertation follows these stages. I begin with what biography has been and argue that the Greek and Roman historians believed that the intent of biography was critical and edifying. In fact, critical and edifying intent is notable also in Biblical and medieval biographies. The next section argues that edifying discourse is compatible with both traditional and postmodern theories of history-writing. The third section of the dissertation moves from theoretical considerations to the work of two notable Christian historians, George Marsden and Harry Stout. I note that these two scholars in particular are, in theory, open to my argument but that they can hesitate to engage in edifying discourse in biography. Finally, I briefly examine a few authors who write edifying and critical biography. Toril Moi, Carolyn Heilbrun, and the Bollandists are discussed in this section.

This dissertation argues that edifying dialogue is an appropriate and satisfying component of historically critical biography. It has been a part of biography. The edifying and critical intent is traced through pre-modern biography to demonstrate that this was the case in the Hebrew, Greek, Roman, Early Christian and Medieval eras. Key authors examined include the author(s) of the Pentateuch, the Gospel writers and the authors of the Biblical epistles, Herodotus, Polybius, Livy, Plutarch, Tacitus, Athanasius, Jerome, Sulpicius Severus, and John Capgrave. It can be a part of biography even given the challenges of contemporary theory posed by the extreme positions of positivism and postmodernism (or their chastened re-formulations). Important authors discussed in this section include Arthur Marwick, Keith Jenkins, David Harlan and Peter Novick. It is a part of some biographies meant for a particular audience (such as feminist works). And hopefully it will be increasingly looked upon as the preferred way of writing biography. My dissertation follows these stages. I begin with what biography has been and argue that the Greek and Roman historians believed that the intent of biography was critical and edifying. In fact, critical and edifying intent is notable also in Biblical and medieval biographies. The next section argues that edifying discourse is compatible with both traditional and postmodern theories of history-writing. The third section of the dissertation moves from theoretical considerations to the work of two notable Christian historians, George Marsden and Harry Stout. I note that these two scholars in particular are, in theory, open to my argument but that they can hesitate to engage in edifying discourse in biography. Finally, I briefly examine a few authors who write edifying and critical biography. Toril Moi, Carolyn Heilbrun, and the Bollandists are discussed in this section. / Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies / Graduate

A História possibilita, a partir da análise e organização de fatos passados, melhor compreensão do presente. O estudo histórico de uma determinada disciplina, além de servir de registro, permite a seus estudiosos melhor entendimento de sua dinâmica e de seu processo evolutivo. Constata-se, contudo, uma carência na área de Marketing em termos de propostas e modelos de análise histórica, cujo rigor metodológico viabilize a validade e a confiabilidade dos trabalhos desenvolvidos. Por este motivo, este estudo colabora com a redução da lacuna na bibliografia em Marketing no Brasil. O problema de pesquisa do presente trabalho é: como ocorreu a evolução do Marketing no Brasil? Seu objetivo: Formular uma reconstrução histórica da evolução do Marketing no país, preservando a memória de fatos relativos ao Marketing no Brasil (considerando as pessoas, escolas e instituições envolvidas no processo). Para atingir os objetivos propostos e responder à questão problema, dezoito diferentes abordagens que se propõem a organizar a evolução do Marketing foram identificadas a partir de um levantamento bibliográfico (desk research). Já para a reconstrução histórica do Marketing no Brasil, o método foi o histórico, com uma combinação entre a Historiografia: levantamento e análise de evidências e documentos históricos; e a História Oral: desenvolvimento e análise de entrevistas com acadêmicos e profissionais de mercado, 12 ao todo. Como principais conclusões, constatou-se o costume de se replicar estudos internacionais, oferecendo pouca contribuição para o Marketing no Brasil. Além disso, as abordagens sobre a evolução do Marketing no Brasil utilizam, sem adaptações, as Escolas Americanas do Pensamento em Marketing para narrar e analisar a realidade brasileira. Com relação ao Marketing na academia, sua introdução ocorreu em virtude do acordo firmado entre os governos do Brasil e dos Estados Unidos. Destacam-se a EAESP/FGV e o Professor Raimar Richers como pioneiro do Marketing na academia e posteriormente, os professores Meyer Stilman, Geraldo Luciano Toledo e Marcos Cortez Campomar da FEA/USP, bem como as atividades da ESPM. A análise da publicação em Marketing evidenciou que há poucos periódicos exclusivos na área, causando uma disputa de espaço com os demais temas da Administração. Quanto às práticas de mercado, a chegada das multinacionais atuou como mola propulsora para o desenvolvimento das práticas de marketing e as empresas atuaram como escolas para os profissionais brasileiros. Analisou-se: a evolução da propaganda e de suas agências, até o surgimento das empresas especializadas (promoção de vendas, design de embalagem e de relações públicas); a importância do rádio, o desenvolvimento de jingles e de campanhas musicais; os avanços do varejo como principal canal de distribuição; o surgimento e a evolução das ações de promoção de vendas; o papel das embalagens; a evolução do perfil do consumidor; e o surgimento do marketing corporativo. Verificou-se que muitas empresas no Brasil simplesmente delegam suas atividades e decisões de Marketing a uma agência e contentam-se com campanhas bonitas e criativas. A efetiva preocupação com o desenvolvimento do planejamento de Marketing, de definição de objetivos e estratégias claros, alinhados e de longo prazo representam uma distante realidade, o que faz com que a propaganda tenha papel de destaque no Marketing brasileiro. / History offers, from the analysis and organization of past events, better understanding of the present situation. The historical study of a particular discipline, besides serving as a registry, allows a better understanding of its dynamics and its evolutionary process. It was evidenced, however, that there is a lack in the marketing literature regarding proposals and models of historical analysis. The research problem of this study is: how did the evolution of Marketing in Brazil happen? Its goal: Develop a historical reconstruction of the evolution of Marketing in Brazil, preserving the memory of facts (considering people, schools and institutions involved in the process). To achieve the proposed objectives and answer the question problem, eighteen different approaches that propose to organize the evolution of marketing were identified from a literature survey (desk research). As for the historical reconstruction of Marketing in Brazil, the method was historical, with a combination of Historiography: survey and analysis of historical evidence and documents; and Oral History: development and analysis of interviews with Professors and marketing professionals, 12 in all. As main conclusions, there was the habit of replicating international studies, offering little contribution to marketing in Brazil. Moreover, approaches to the evolution of Marketing in Brazil use, without adjustments, American Schools of Marketing Thought to narrate and analyze the Brazilian reality. Regarding Marketing in academia, its introduction was due to the agreement between the governments of Brazil and the United States. Stand out EAESP/FGV and Professor Raimar Richers, marketing pioneer in academy and later, Professors Meyer Stilman, Geraldo Luciano Toledo and Marcos Cortez Campomar of FEA/USP, as well as the activities of ESPM. The analysis of Marketing publications revealed that there are few specific journals in the area, causing a struggle for space with the other management disciplines. With regard to market practices, the arrival of multinationals acted as a springboard for the development of marketing practices and companies acted as schools for Brazilian professionals. The research analyzed: the evolution of advertising and its agencies, up to the emergence of specialized firms (sales promotion, packaging design and public relations); the importance of radio, the development of musical jingles and campaigns; advances of retail as the main distribution channel in Brazil; the emergence and evolution of sales promotion; the role of packaging; the evolution of the profile of the consumer; and the rise of corporate marketing. It was found that many companies in Brazil simply delegate their marketing activities and decisions to an agency and content themselves with beautiful and creative campaigns. The real concern with the development of marketing planning, setting clear, aligned and long-term goals and strategies still represent a distant reality, which means that advertising has a prominent role in the Brazilian Marketing.

A História possibilita, a partir da análise e organização de fatos passados, melhor compreensão do presente. O estudo histórico de uma determinada disciplina, além de servir de registro, permite a seus estudiosos melhor entendimento de sua dinâmica e de seu processo evolutivo. Constata-se, contudo, uma carência na área de Marketing em termos de propostas e modelos de análise histórica, cujo rigor metodológico viabilize a validade e a confiabilidade dos trabalhos desenvolvidos. Por este motivo, este estudo colabora com a redução da lacuna na bibliografia em Marketing no Brasil. O problema de pesquisa do presente trabalho é: como ocorreu a evolução do Marketing no Brasil? Seu objetivo: Formular uma reconstrução histórica da evolução do Marketing no país, preservando a memória de fatos relativos ao Marketing no Brasil (considerando as pessoas, escolas e instituições envolvidas no processo). Para atingir os objetivos propostos e responder à questão problema, dezoito diferentes abordagens que se propõem a organizar a evolução do Marketing foram identificadas a partir de um levantamento bibliográfico (desk research). Já para a reconstrução histórica do Marketing no Brasil, o método foi o histórico, com uma combinação entre a Historiografia: levantamento e análise de evidências e documentos históricos; e a História Oral: desenvolvimento e análise de entrevistas com acadêmicos e profissionais de mercado, 12 ao todo. Como principais conclusões, constatou-se o costume de se replicar estudos internacionais, oferecendo pouca contribuição para o Marketing no Brasil. Além disso, as abordagens sobre a evolução do Marketing no Brasil utilizam, sem adaptações, as Escolas Americanas do Pensamento em Marketing para narrar e analisar a realidade brasileira. Com relação ao Marketing na academia, sua introdução ocorreu em virtude do acordo firmado entre os governos do Brasil e dos Estados Unidos. Destacam-se a EAESP/FGV e o Professor Raimar Richers como pioneiro do Marketing na academia e posteriormente, os professores Meyer Stilman, Geraldo Luciano Toledo e Marcos Cortez Campomar da FEA/USP, bem como as atividades da ESPM. A análise da publicação em Marketing evidenciou que há poucos periódicos exclusivos na área, causando uma disputa de espaço com os demais temas da Administração. Quanto às práticas de mercado, a chegada das multinacionais atuou como mola propulsora para o desenvolvimento das práticas de marketing e as empresas atuaram como escolas para os profissionais brasileiros. Analisou-se: a evolução da propaganda e de suas agências, até o surgimento das empresas especializadas (promoção de vendas, design de embalagem e de relações públicas); a importância do rádio, o desenvolvimento de jingles e de campanhas musicais; os avanços do varejo como principal canal de distribuição; o surgimento e a evolução das ações de promoção de vendas; o papel das embalagens; a evolução do perfil do consumidor; e o surgimento do marketing corporativo. Verificou-se que muitas empresas no Brasil simplesmente delegam suas atividades e decisões de Marketing a uma agência e contentam-se com campanhas bonitas e criativas. A efetiva preocupação com o desenvolvimento do planejamento de Marketing, de definição de objetivos e estratégias claros, alinhados e de longo prazo representam uma distante realidade, o que faz com que a propaganda tenha papel de destaque no Marketing brasileiro. / History offers, from the analysis and organization of past events, better understanding of the present situation. The historical study of a particular discipline, besides serving as a registry, allows a better understanding of its dynamics and its evolutionary process. It was evidenced, however, that there is a lack in the marketing literature regarding proposals and models of historical analysis. The research problem of this study is: how did the evolution of Marketing in Brazil happen? Its goal: Develop a historical reconstruction of the evolution of Marketing in Brazil, preserving the memory of facts (considering people, schools and institutions involved in the process). To achieve the proposed objectives and answer the question problem, eighteen different approaches that propose to organize the evolution of marketing were identified from a literature survey (desk research). As for the historical reconstruction of Marketing in Brazil, the method was historical, with a combination of Historiography: survey and analysis of historical evidence and documents; and Oral History: development and analysis of interviews with Professors and marketing professionals, 12 in all. As main conclusions, there was the habit of replicating international studies, offering little contribution to marketing in Brazil. Moreover, approaches to the evolution of Marketing in Brazil use, without adjustments, American Schools of Marketing Thought to narrate and analyze the Brazilian reality. Regarding Marketing in academia, its introduction was due to the agreement between the governments of Brazil and the United States. Stand out EAESP/FGV and Professor Raimar Richers, marketing pioneer in academy and later, Professors Meyer Stilman, Geraldo Luciano Toledo and Marcos Cortez Campomar of FEA/USP, as well as the activities of ESPM. The analysis of Marketing publications revealed that there are few specific journals in the area, causing a struggle for space with the other management disciplines. With regard to market practices, the arrival of multinationals acted as a springboard for the development of marketing practices and companies acted as schools for Brazilian professionals. The research analyzed: the evolution of advertising and its agencies, up to the emergence of specialized firms (sales promotion, packaging design and public relations); the importance of radio, the development of musical jingles and campaigns; advances of retail as the main distribution channel in Brazil; the emergence and evolution of sales promotion; the role of packaging; the evolution of the profile of the consumer; and the rise of corporate marketing. It was found that many companies in Brazil simply delegate their marketing activities and decisions to an agency and content themselves with beautiful and creative campaigns. The real concern with the development of marketing planning, setting clear, aligned and long-term goals and strategies still represent a distant reality, which means that advertising has a prominent role in the Brazilian Marketing.

Dale Allison refers to the historical question pertaining to Jesus’ resurrection as “the prize puzzle of New Testament research.” More than 2,500 journal articles and books have been written on the subject since 1975. In this dissertation, I investigate the question while providing unprecedented interaction with the literature of professional historians outside of the community of biblical scholars on both hermeneutical and methodological considerations. Chapter one is devoted to discussions pertaining to the philosophy of history and historical method, such as the extent to which the past is knowable, how historians gain a knowledge of it, the impact biases have on investigations and steps that may assist historians in minimizing their biases, the role a consensus should or should not play in historical investigations, who shoulders the burden of proof, and the point at which a historian is warranted in declaring that a historical question has been solved. I seek to determine how historians outside of the community of biblical scholars generally proceed in their investigations involving non-religious matters and establish a similar approach for proceeding in my investigation of the historicity of Jesus’ resurrection. In chapter two, I address objections to the investigation of miracle-claims by historians from a number of prominent scholars. My conclusion is that their objections warrant that extra caution should be taken by historians investigating miracle claims but are ill-founded in terms of prohibiting a historical investigation of Jesus’ resurrection. Historians must identify the relevant sources from which they will mine data for their investigations. In chapter three, I survey the primary literature relevant to our investigation and rate them according to their value to an investigation pertaining to Jesus’ resurrection. I limit this survey to sources that mention the death and resurrection of Jesus and that were written within two hundred years of Jesus’ death. I then rate each according to the likelihood that it contains data pertaining to Jesus’ death and resurrection that go back to the earliest Christians, and identify the sources most promising for the present investigation. In chapter four, I mine through this most promising material and form a collection of relevant facts that are so strongly evidenced that they enjoy a heterogeneous and nearly universal consensus granting them. These comprise our historical bedrock upon which all hypotheses pertaining to Jesus’ fate must be built. In chapter five, I apply the methodological considerations discussed in chapter one and weigh six hypotheses largely representative of those being offered in the beginning of the twenty-first century pertaining to the question of the resurrection of Jesus. I conclude that the hypothesis that Jesus rose from the dead is not only the best explanation of the relevant historical bedrock, it outdistances its competitors by a significant margin and meets the criteria for awarding historicity. Of course, this conclusion is provisional, since future discoveries may require its revision or abandonment. It also makes no assertions pertaining to the nature of Jesus’ resurrection body nor claims to address the question of the cause of Jesus’ resurrection. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / New Testament Studies / unrestricted

Through both a theoretical analysis of the framework itself, as well as ethnographic research of one particular university-community engagement project underway in Provo, UT, this thesis explores both the process of training students for this type of community engagement as well as the malleability of the program format for potential application across other schools and communities. The research findings highlight how the program itself, taking the form of an offered undergraduate course at a liberal arts college in Provo, offers unique opportunities for undergraduate students to engage in applied anthropological work for a client, as well as how the local community center partnered with the university benefits from (and in some cases, resists) the findings of the community engagement made possible through the program.

Change all but defines the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in American history. In the midst of these tumultuous times, America experienced a revolution of reform meant to develop and enhance all areas of life from politics to society, which led historians to call this time period the Progressive Era. However, the progress of the nation was not always the winning ideology. At times, the backlash against progressive ideas restrained innovators and caused them to disappear into the mires of history. One reformer who experienced this backlash was Fred Morrow Fling. Although he was an internationally-known historian, he remained a rather invisible history education reformer because his ideas were overshadowed by the enormous human events of his lifetime, including the work of other reformers and his unexpected death in 1934. As a trained scientific historian, Fling was a pioneer of historical method and the application of what became known as “source method” in the classroom and he espoused a radical approach to critical education that sought to embed a scientific approach into the teaching of history that has clear parallels with best teaching practices today. Thus, using traditional historical research methods and archival records from both Bowdoin College and the University of Nebraska, the author presents in this dissertation a biographical portrait of Fling’s life. Through the analysis of these historical documents and the evidence of his life recorded in publications and the public press, this portrait will serve to uncover both how Fred Morrow Fling’s conception of history education influenced his practice as a history professor and researcher and how Fred Morrow Fling’s philosophy of education formed and developed over his lifetime. Specifically, this author will consider: how can the philosophy of history education created by Fred Morrow Fling inform our current history education practices today? By investigating Fling’s life, researchers will finally be able to acknowledge Fling’s myriad contributions to history education, which are vital to composing a fuller picture of the history of social studies education.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

A presente Tese compreende uma análise de três componentes estreitamente relacionados do pensamento de Pierre Duhem (1861-1916), a saber, a historiografia da ciência, a filosofia da história e o método histórico. Na primeira parte, examinamos as relações essenciais estabelecidas entre o método histórico e a filosofia da história duhemianas. Na segunda, nossa atenção volta-se para o estudo de alguns aspectos da historiografia de nosso autor que têm sido negligenciados pela literatura secundária, em especial, a sua concepção das revoluções científicas. Acreditamos ser possível compor uma interpretação sintética que harmonize, sem incoerências, as afirmações que conduzem os comentadores a vê-lo como um continuísta estrito e, por outro lado, algumas passagens esquecidas que tendem a reforçar uma interpretação descontinuísta. / The present Thesis encompasses an analysis of three closely related components of Pierre Duhems thought, namely, the historiography of science, the philosophy of history and the historical method. In the first part, we examine the essential relationships established between the Duhemian historical method and his philosophy of history. In the second part, our attention turns to the study of some aspects of Duhems historiography that have been neglected by the secondary literature, particularly, the Duhemian conception of scientific revolutions. We believe that it is possible to compose a synthetic interpretation that harmonizes, without inconsistencies, on the one hand, the assertions of the French historian that led the commentators to see him as a strict continuist and, on the other hand, some other forgotten passages that tend to reinforce a discontinuist interpretation.