This study examines the historical-geographic development of agriculture in Philadelphia in order to better understand the city’s contemporary urban agriculture movement. More specifically, the study provides historical context to the contemporary application of racial justice practices within urban farming initiatives in Philadelphia by uncovering and critically analyzing key aspects of the city’s history that have created agriculture-related injustice. Three methodological tools were used in this study: archival historical analysis, secondary source historical analysis, and scholar-activist collaboration. The period of study centers around the settler-colonial period of the city’s history but spans from the era of Lenape territorial control to the consolidation of the modern city in 1854. Three historical-geographic antecedents to contemporary racial justice practices within urban agriculture were uncovered and examined through this research: the settler-colonial terra nullius myth, the patriarchalization of food and land systems, and the urban-rural plantation complex. The results of this study highlight the many layers of intersectional food and land injustice within which that today’s iteration of agriculture in Philadelphia is embedded. / Geography

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The dissertation is intended to show whether it is possible for a Roman traveller to make a journey around the Roman world in the year C.E. 210, within 180 days, in a manner similar to that of Phileas Fogg, a character in Jules Verne's novel Around the World in Eighty Days (1874). The Roman's 180-day adventure to complete the journey within the set time incorporates logistics and itinerary on ancient roads, canals and sea voyages, and quotes Horace, Juvenal, Pausanias, Ovid and Strabo. Verne linked the past, an ancient two thousand year old water system in Aden - with his traveller who also visited the site. The Roman traveller will link the past with the present, viewing ancient building and engineering works such as the Lyonnais aqueducts, and the Greek use of curvature in design when building the Parthenon. Parts of such construction remain in situ for the present-day traveller to view. / Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies / (M.A. (Specialization in Ancient Languages and Cultures))

This thesis examines the evidence for the buildings and precincts of the five friaries of late medieval London: Black Friars, Grey Friars, White Friars, Austin Friars and Crossed (or Crutched) Friars. Virtually nothing survives, at least above ground, of these once-famous institutions and so documentary and archaeological evidence form the core of the research. Using a technique of historic map regression – working backwards from the modern Ordnance Survey map and carrying out a succession of ‘digital tracings' of historic maps – the early modern street plan of each friary was drawn. Then, evidence from dozens of archaeological excavations (small and large, antiquarian and modern) could be pasted onto the base map of each friary. Finally, documentary evidence was brought in, primarily a series of surveys (‘particulars for grant') by the Court of Augmentations, the Crown body supervising the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 1530s and ‘40s. After setting out the historiography of research into monastic London, five chapters examine the five friaries in turn, discussing the church, cloister, precinct walls and gardens, and illustrating the evidence with a series of reconstructed plans. The chapters also examine the fate of the friary buildings in the mid-sixteenth century, after the Dissolution. In a concluding chapter, the churches and precincts are compared, looking at size, status and the use of space. The limited evidence for the economy of the friaries – both income and expenditure – is also examined. The gradual ‘secularisation' of the friaries in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries is also considered, before studying the purchasers of the old friary buildings in the 1540s and the uses they made of their new properties.

A presente pesquisa busca mapear alguns momentos relevantes, circunstâncias e situações marcantes na constituição histórica de um espaço catarinense e suas territorializações. Passando pelo período colonial: quando rota de viajantes no circuito marítimo a elegem como um ponto de parada e em seguida, pela criação da capitania subalterna (1738) da Ilha de Santa Catarina toponímia que nomeia posteriormente todo o Estado e pela complexidade da anexação do Planalto (1820). Defende uma ideia, a tese de como a localização da capital e sua sede administrativa é resultado de arranjos do período colonial, sendo herança que resistiu ao tempo (mais do que a conjuntura que a tornou lócus de poder) e permaneceu às mudanças. A sede da escolha da capital refletindo resultado e decisão de uma territorialidade militar. Já no final do século XIX, nos primeiros anos da República, discutia-se a Questão Missões e, na presente pesquisa, as relações do território brasileiro nesse período são problematizadas no segundo capítulo, quando é discutido as repercussões do fim do litígio (1895) na fronteira Oeste catarinense. Trata-se também dos usos sociais dessa querela e das representações do espaço: seja para usos e conquistas individuais, seja pelo movimento republicano, desejando encontrar símbolos que se opusessem a monarquia (do segundo império), validando a tese do Brasil na acepção espacializante. Presente também na construção de Santa Catarina, a ideia do espaço, antes da sociedade, como gerador de agregação ou indutor de coesão. Essa pesquisa discute um País em que heróis territoriais são colocados em (ou ocupam) posições relevantes na representação da nacionalidade, costumando atribuir-lhes poderes, por resguardarem áreas e manterem ou expandirem fundos territoriais. Casos como Barão do Rio Branco, Barão de Capanema, Emil Odebrecht, e num caso paradigmático, governante catarinense representando-se como um bandeirante na Viagem (em 1929) aos sertões de Santa Catarina. Através da análise de espaços e poder, essa investigação defende como a construção territorial catarinense é influenciada por dinâmica colonial, seja pela junção complexa de circuitos e unidades separadas do litoral e planalto com anexação de Lages (1820), seja como relação maior no contexto de disputas Ibero-Americanas. Um interior lentamente integrado reflete, por exemplo, quando em 1943 a União encampa uma área desanexando o extremo Oeste e até 1946, permanece submetido à governança federal, no Território do Iguaçu. Essa área que cobre tal Território, havia passado pelo litígio com Argentina; tendo sido também contestado entre o Paraná e Santa Catarina, e para a qual um governante leva instituições estaduais catarinenses; é desmembrado por ser considerado em abandono. É atribuída à área, quando da criação do Território Federal do Iguaçu, a necessidade de maior e mais rápida integração ao Brasil (pois faz divisa com país estrangeiro). Embora se dizia da urgência da integração, três anos após é reincorporada aos seus estados de origem, Paraná e Santa Catarina. Enfim, a presente tese trata de discursos, concepções e construções (do espaço catarinense) em que se atribuiu a necessidade de integrar o território, apropriá-lo, para inventá-lo e fazer existir abrangência de uma comunidade catarinense, num espaço entendido como (de) Santa Catarina. / The present research intends to map some relevant periods, circumstances and situations that constitute the history of the space corresponding to Santa Catarina and its territorializations. One advances the colonial period, in which the sea route was the only possible way to move, then the subordinate captaincy (1738) of Santa Catarina Island toponymy that will name the whole state later and, finally, its complex attachment to the Plateau (1820) occurs.We defend the thesis according to which the location of the capital city and its administrative headquarters are consequence of the colonial period, whose heritage resisted the elapsed time (more than the conjuncture which made it the locus of power) and stood amidst all changes.Choosing the capital city as the seat of government reflected the decision made by military territoriality. This reasearch discusses the end of the dispute (1895) in the western border of Santa Catarina, in the first republican years. These are also the social uses of this litigation and of the representations of space, either for individual uses and conquests or for the republican movement, yearning symbols that would impose upon Monarchy and Second Empire; that all validates the thesis that contemplates Brazil under a spacial perspective. In the construction of Santa Catarina, one may consider the idea of space, before the one as a society, generating aggregation or inferring cohesion. Thisresearch discusses this country, in which some territorialheroes are placed in (or occupy) relevant positions representing nationality. Hereupon power is attributed, which protects some areas, maintaining or expanding territorialfunds. Some cases can be mentioned: Baron of Rio Branco, Baron of Capanema, Emil Odebrecht, and the most oustanding of all a governor from Santa Catarina who is represented as a trailblazer in the Voyage (in 1929) inland within the same state. Through the analysis of space and power, this investigation defends how the social construction of Santa Catarina is influenced by colonial dynamics, either because of the complex junction of circuits and separate units of the coast and the plateau, by attaching Lages (1820), or because of the relations in the context of the Iberoamerican disputes. The inlands, slowly being integrated reflect, for example, the fact in 1946 when the Federation takes control of an area undoing the attachment of the Far West, which remained submitted to the federal government, in the Territory of Iguaçu. Finally, this thesis deals with some discourses, concepts and constructions (related to the space of Santa Catarina), within which the necessity to integrate this territory, appropriate it, by inventing it, made it exist as a community, in the space understood as (belonging to) Santa Catarina.

A presença da população negra é conhecida na cidade de Porto Alegre/RS desde o período colonial. Contudo, ela não compõe as narrativas oficiais sobre a evolução da cidade, acarretando a invisibilização e o esquecimento dos espaços outrora ocupados pela população negra. Areal da Baronesa, Colônia Africana, Ilhota, Parque da Redenção e Bacia do Mont’Serrat são alguns destes territórios negros. O território negro é aqui concebido como espaço físico e simbólico configurado a partir da função (de habitação, trabalho, lazer etc.) e/ou de práticas culturais (como o batuque, o carnaval, a religiosidade etc.) exercidas por mulheres e homens negros, cuja significação é construída a partir da presença negra e/ou das atividades desenvolvidas por estes. Além disso, a falta de uma representação visual, por meio de mapas, faz com estes territórios acabem ficando soltos no espaço imaginado da cidade, isso quando sua presença não é apagada da representação que se tem sobre este espaço. Com o objetivo de elaborar uma cartografia dos espaços ocupados pela população negra na cidade ao longo dos tempos recorreu-se à análise histórico-geográfica, a partir do cruzamento de fontes diversas (jornais, documentos históricos, fotografias, crônicas, narrativas), conforme metodologia proposta pelo geógrafo Maurício de Abreu. Inicialmente localizados na área Central, os territórios negros foram sofrendo, ao longo do tempo, um paulatino deslocamento para as bordas da cidade. Verificou-se que o desmantelamento e deslocamento destes territórios está relacionado a momentos de profundas transformações do espaço urbano: i) início da modernização do espaço central (virada do século XIX para o XX); ii) remodelação do Centro (1924-1937); iii) grandes obras no entorno do Centro: canalização do Arroio Dilúvio e aterro da Praia de Belas (1941-1970). A construção de uma cartografia implica na atualização da memória que se tem sobre espaços outrora característicos da presença negra. / Black population is present in the city of Porto Alegre / RS since the Colonial period. However, official narratives of the evolution of the city do not mention its black citizens, leading to the invisibility and oblivity of spaces which have been occupied by such population. Areal da Baronesa, Colônia Africana, Ilhota, Parque da Redenção and Bacia do Mont'Serrat are some of these black territories. Black territores are conceived in this dissertation as a physical and symbolic spaces with functions (of housing, work, leisure etc.) and / or with cultural practices (such as batuque, carnival, religion etc.) of black women and men, and whose meaning is built in relation to the presence or activities of black people. The lack of visual representation, especially maps, makes it difficult to place black territories in the imagined space of the city, to the point of complete erasure. In order to build the memory of black territories, this work draws a cartography of the spaces occupied by the black population in the city of Porto Alegre since the Colonial period until mid 20th Century. Historical-geographical analysis was used, combining different sources (newspapers, historical documents, photographs, chronicles, narratives), following the methodology proposed by the geographer Maurício de Abreu. In the outset of the urbanization of Porto Alegre, black territories were located in the Central area. They were repeatedly displaced towards the edges of the city. The dismantling and displacement of these territories is related to moments of deep transformations of the urban space of Porto Alegre, such as: i) the outset of the modernization of the Central area (in the turn from 19th to 20th Century); ii) the urban reform of the Central area (1924-1937); iii) major works in the edges of the Central area such as the rectification of Dilúvio rivlet and the landfill of Praia de Belas (1941-1970). Through cartography, it is possible to update and strenghten the memory of black population and its territories in Porto Alegre.

Cette thèse concerne l’histoire, l’archéologie et la géographie historique de la Chine ancienne. Elle porte sur les formations des commanderies impériales formées aux frontières de la dynastie des Han occidentaux (206 av. J.-C. – 9 apr. J.-C.). À la charnière des IIe et Ier siècles av. J.-C., le maintien des territoires conquis passait par une stratégie impériale complexe allant d’une phase d’occupation militaire jusqu’à la mise en place d’une politique migratoire de populations civiles issues du centre de l’empire. En nous concentrant sur Dunhuang (province du Gansu), la plus lointaine des commanderies formées aux marches occidentales du territoire, nous suivons localement ces stratégies d’acquisition et d’occupation. L’analyse se fonde sur les missions de terrain menées par l’auteur, sur la relecture des Histoires dynastiques, la prise en compte des données matérielles issues des fouilles et prospections archéologiques et l’exploitation de sources épigraphiques inédites. Par le biais d’une nouvelle méthodologie, nous parvenons à individualiser son développement au sein d’un territoire situé au carrefour commercial et diplomatique avec les royaumes et cultures centre-asiatiques. De la mise à jour de sa cartographie antique et de sa chronologie, il résulte une révision complète des premières phases de développements des principaux centres administratifs militaires et civils de Dunhuang. / This dissertation centers on the history, archeology and historical geography of Early China. It examines the steps of establishment of the imperial commanderies founded in the vicinity of the Western Han dynasty boundaries (206 BCE – 9 AD). At the turn of the second and the first centuries BCE, the imperial strategical efforts made to stabilize of newly conquered territories passed through a complex system. Starting from the military occupation il lead to the migration of populations from the center of the empire. Focusing on Dunhuang (Gansu Province) – the westernmost commandery established with the Empire borders – we follow at regional scale those strategies of conquest and occupation. In addition of various fieldwork performed by the author, this research is based on a different approach of the Dynastic Histories, the use of archaeological data and the exploitation of untrodden epigraphic material. By using a new methodology, we have managed to individualize its development within a territory located at the crossroads of commercial and diplomatic highways with the Central-Asian kingdoms and cultures. As a result of its cartography and chronology being put up to date, we have obtained a complete revision of the first steps of organization of the main military and civilian centers of Dunhuang.

Pretendeu-se investigar, nesta dissertação, as transformações espaciais ocorridas no Rio de Janeiro no período em que a cidade foi morada da família real portuguesa (1808- 1821), a partir de diferentes escalas. Primeiramente, a escala da cidade, centrando a análise nas adaptações e ajustes necessários para transformar uma cidade colonial em cidade de corte. Em seguida investiga-se a configuração da região polarizada pelo Rio de Janeiro, observando-se os mecanismos de ocupação do território e exploração dos sertões, através do estreitamento de interesses entre a elite local e os emigrados da corte. Por fim, analisa-se a cidade na escala de suas relações intercontinentais: tanto como a capital de um Reino espalhado por quatro continentes, quanto como um porto dinâmico, que se consolida como centro de uma vasta rede articulando fluxos continentais e marítimos. Esta experiência de quase inversão de papéis, ao transformar-se a antiga capital colonial em sede da monarquia portuguesa e de um grande Império, teve consequências consideráveis para o processo de independência do Brasil, que vislumbrou na vastidão e potencialidade do território um de seus alicerces principais. / This research tries to investigate the spatial changes that took place in the city of Rio de Janeiro during the stay of the Royal family, after escaping from Napoleon. The scale of the city itself is the subject of the first chapiter that focus on the adaptations and adjusts needed to transform the colonial city into a court city. On the following chapiter, the mechanisms of occupation of the region polarized by the city in analyzed, including the exploitation of the borders (sertões). Finally, we go back to the scale of the city, but now to think of it as an intercontinental port that articulates terrestrial and maritime fluxes, and also as the capital of a vast kingdom. This experience of changing roles between colony and metropolis had some important consequences to the process of independence developed in Brazil. A political process that considered the territory as one of its most valuable basis.

This thesis investigates the reclamation of mires (fens and bogs) in Sweden with a focus on the early modern period. Today, the mires are valued natural habitats and their cultivation is controversial. International research describes wetland reclamation and the related knowledge transfer between European countries already from the 12th century. In Sweden, despite some early records of reclamation of mires in the 17th century, has earlier research focused on reclamation during the 19th and 20th centuries. The aim of the thesis is to study the landscape, actors and driving forces behind the early reclamation (before 1800). Understanding the early reclamation can provide a new perspective on current views on wetlands. It is also an interesting example of how the landscape is changed constantly by people with different goals through history. The subject is studied through a multimethod approach using sources such as historical maps, diaries, 17th- and 18th-century literature and place names. The main conclusions of the study are that reclamation of mires is seen already in 17th-century maps, with local wider distribution during the 18th century. The crown and scientists expressed a growing interest in reclamation of the mires from the early 18th century. Links to Europe, in particular Holland, can be seen within this discourse. In both literature and the experimentation that took place, the Swedish migrant group, the Dalecarlians, played a key role. They shared with the early Dutch groups the practical knowledge needed in major reclamation projects. Furthermore, this study shows that a number of actors assumed at various times the role of mobile innovation spreaders. Dutch farmers and experts, labour migrants, landlords and scientists all acted to spread knowledge of mire reclamation. Ample resources, networking and geographical mobility appear to have been prerequisites for all actors, from peasants to landlords, but they had different underlying motives for the practice.

Models of port development have hitherto concentrated on landward communications and the organization of maritime space in their explanation of changes in port location and activity. This study demonstrates that the level of economic development in hinterlands together with industrial and marine technology are also significant factors and indeed play leading roles in the process of port evolution. For a deeper understanding of the process of port evolution the case of Upper Norrland's ports has been investigated. An analysis of changes in port distri­bution since 1750 reveals two main processes: dispersion followed by concen­tration. The growth in the number of ports and loading places prior to 1885 was not regular but stepwise, with two rapid increases related to the relax­ation of mercantile restrictions, laissez-faire policies and the diffusion of new industrial activities. The fall in port numbers also corresponds to industrial changes and large-scale rationalizations of industry and transport systems have taken place in association with the economic changes following the two World Wars. The innovation and subsequent decline of new types of forest-based industries appear as a series of waves when their numbers are graphed. Charcoal ironworks, fine-blade water-driven sawmills, steam-powered saws, pulp mills, wallboard factories and paper mills demonstrate the succession of industrial and technological innovations. Clearly, the demand for the products of these industries, their shipping requirements and the physical needs and economics of contemporary transport have been the dominant factors in Upper Norrland's port development. On the basis of these changes, the evolution of the region's port system has been synthesized into the Upper Norrland model. Land communications have nevertheless had an important part to play in sus­taining port dominance at the mouths of the major river valleys, which have acted as corridors of penetration. This investigation shows that these gate­way ports had achieved significance long before the maximum number of scat­tered ports was reached, and it is doubtful whether the situation of a scattering of ports all of a similar status ever existed in reality. Early port dominance was sustained by later transport developments on land and in particular at sea, as river mouths provided the best sites for the construc­tion of outports and deep-water terminals. The long-term seaward migration of port activity and facilities has taken place and the Bottenhamn model demonstrates this process at the local level. The study concludes by putting the Upper Norrland and Bottenhamn models into a wider context. The world-wide influence of colonial powers and maritime nations has led to a diffusion of marine technology, and shipping require­ments must therefore have, prompted similar port developments throughout the world. / digitalisering@umu