Pronominal complex predicates in colloquial Persian are periphrastic constructions with an idiosyncratic syntactic pattern. They show a peculiar behavior compared to the regular agreement system in Persian, and they are the only construction in Persian which requires the obligatory presence of a pronominal enclitic. This work is an attempt to analyze this construction in order to find its function. For this purpose, a lexical semantic classification of them was proposed, which helped in presenting a new analysis. It was found out that this construction is used to express a particular diathesis in which the topic of the sentence (determined according to Givón’s topicality hierarchy) is an indirect participant. I proposed a hybrid dual-layer agreement system which includes a morphosyntactic and a semantic layer. The pronominal enclitic was analyzed as a phrasal affix and agreement marker by reference to Givón’s (1976) and Anderson’s (2005) arguments. The construction was analyzed to be an instance of the external possessor construction proposed by Haig (2008), which is observed in Iranian languages. The classification of the data clarified the mapping of semantics onto syntax. The proposed analysis could be added to and unified with the current analysis of Persian complex predicates (Bonami and Samvelian, 2009).

The aim of this thesis is to investigate lexical replacement processes from several complementary perspectives. It does so through three studies, each with a different scope and time depth. The first study (chapter 3) takes a high time depth perspective and investigates factors that affect the rate (likelihood) of lexical replacement in the core vocabulary of 98 Indo-European language varieties through a multiple linear regression model. The chapter shows that the following factors predict part of the rate of lexical replacement for non-grammatical concepts: frequency, the number of synonyms and senses, and how imageable the concept is in the mind. What looks like a straightforward lexical replacement at a high time depth perspective is better understood as several intertwined gradual processes of lexical change at lower time depths. The second study (chapter 5) narrows the focus to seven closely-related Germanic language varieties (English, German, Bernese, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic) and a single semantic domain, namely color.  The chapter charts several lexical replacement and change processes in the pink and purple area of color space through experiments with 146 speakers. The third study (chapter 6) narrows the focus even more, to two generations of speakers of a single language, Swedish. It combines experimental data on how the two age groups partition and label the color space in general, and pink and purple in particular, with more detailed data on lexical replacement and change from interviews, color descriptions in historical and contemporary dictionaries, as well as botanical lexicons, and historical fiction corpora. This thesis makes a descriptive, methodological and theoretical contribution to the study of lexical replacement. Taken together, the different perspectives highlight the usefulness of method triangulation in approaching the complex phenomenon of lexical replacement.

Recentemente, a Linguística Histórica vem demonstrando que lidar com textos antigos pode fornecer bases seguras para analisar mudança linguística se se leva em conta que certos textos propiciam o uso de certas estruturas, palavras, expressões etc., ao passo que outros textos não. A partir dessa premissa e inserida no projeto temático História do Português Paulista II, a presente dissertação tem como objetivos apresentar a edição fac-similar e semidiplomática das Cartas de Datas de Jundiaí de 1657 e examinar como se configuram suas macroestruturas e a concordância verbal e nominal. O códice é composto de 61 cartas de datas lavradas por um mesmo escrivão e representa um dos documentos mais antigos de Jundiaí, elevada à vila em 1655. A análise das macroestruturas das Cartas de Datas de Jundiaí teve como base o modelo de Tradições Discursivas e os elementos da Diplomática segundo Spina (1994). O estudo da concordância pautou-se em Castilho et al. (2018) que propõem três tipos de concordância: plena, zero e por reanálise. Os resultados evidenciam a importância das Cartas de Datas de Jundiaí para os estudos linguísticos, tanto por se encaixarem no conjunto de textos da esfera jurídico-administrativa, mais formulaicos e elaborados, quanto por apresentar variantes de uma norma não padrão, a exemplo dos casos de concordância zero em partes específicas do texto. / New trends on Historical Linguistics have shown that dealing with old texts provide a good basis for language change if we take into account that some texts provide the emergence of specific structures, words and expressions, while others do not. Based on this assumption, this dissertation aims at presenting the facsimile and semidiplomatic edition of a colonial manuscript produced in Jundiaí (São Paulo State) in 1657, named Cartas de Datas, which is a kind of land patent. The manuscript consists of a collection of sixty-one land patents written by the village officials in order to grant a tract of land to local people requesting it. The discourse tradition of issuing such document represented a formal and legal land contract. The analysis is divided into two parts. Firstly, I compare the macrostructures of each land patent in order to identify similarities and differences among them. The second part is dedicated to the classification and description of sentences as to nominal and verbal agreement based on Castilho et al. (2018). The results reveal that such elaborate text also gives rise to lack of agreement cases, besides agreement according to standard Portuguese.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de combler des lacunes scientifiques dans la connaissance de l’histoire du francoprovençal et de son lexique. En effet, à l'heure actuelle aucun travail de synthèse ne regroupe les matériaux anciens du francoprovençal et dans le Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (FEW), qui pourrait remplir cette fonction, les états anciens du francoprovençal sont sous-représentés en raison de l'absence d'un tel travail. La conséquence est un grand déséquilibre avec la connaissance que nous avons de l'ancien français et occitan qui sont les langues romanes anciennes les mieux décrites. Les sources en francoprovençal sont relativement peu nombreuses parce que cette langue a été de tout temps confiné à un usage essentiellement oral. La littérature ancienne se borne à quelques textes d'édification et un traité juridique, surtout des traductions. À partir du XVIième siècle se développe une littérature en patois le plus souvent fortement ancrée localement. Les auteurs qui voulaient toucher un publique plus large ont très tôt opté pour le français. Les sources documentaires sont plus nombreuses, mais très inégalement réparties dans l'espace. Les sources issues de la partie française du domaine ont pour la plupart été éditées, mais beaucoup d'entre elles sont difficilement exploitables en l'absence de glossaires. La situation est plus favorable en Suisse romande où le Glossaire des patois de la Suisse romande (Gl.) documente non seulement les dialectes modernes, mais aussi leurs états anciens. Pour cette raison nous nous sommes concentrée sur la partie française du domaine et nous nous sommes basée sur le Gl. pour la partie suisse. En collaboration avec une autre doctorante, Laure Grüner, nous avons rassemblé les sources intéressantes pour l'étude de l'ancien francoprovençal de France et nous avons procédé à des dépouillements étendus. Sur cette base, nous avons élaboré un modèle de description lexicographique adapté à l’ancien francoprovençal et nous avons rédigé la tranche f de ce Dictionnaire de l'ancien francoprovençal, qui représente environ un vingtième du dictionnaire complet, afin de prouver la faisabilité du projet et d'évaluer son apport à la connaissance de l’ancien francoprovençal. Plus de la moitié de nos articles documentent des unités lexicales qui n'étaient pas encore attestées en ancien francoprovençal de France dans le FEW et dans une bonne partie des autres cas nous pouvons compléter les matériaux. Sur la base des 386 articles rédigés, nous évaluons la nomenclature complète du dictionnaires à 7’500 articles et le temps de rédaction à une bonne douzaine d'années de travail d'une personne à temps plein. Nous avons aussi envisagé plusieurs possibilités pour obtenir des résultats tangibles dans des délais plus courts / The aim of this thesis is to fill in the scientific gaps concerning the knowledge of the history of Francoprovençal and its vocabulary. Currently, there is no synthesis of the available documentation of Old Francoprovençal. In the Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (FEW), that could fulfil this function, the older states of Francoprovençal are underrepresented because of the lack of this kind of work. The consequence is a huge imbalance with the knowledge we have for instance of Old French and Occitan which are the best known Romance languages of the past.There are few sources in Francoprovençal because this language has always been mostly oral. The oldest literature consists of a few religious texts and a legal treaty. Most of them are translations. From the 16th century onward, a locally based literature emerges generally with modest ambitions. Authors wanting to reach a larger audience chose French at a very early stage. The documentary sources are more numerous but very unevenly spread. Most sources from the French part are edited, but many of them lack a glossary and are difficult to handle. The situation is better in Switzerland, where the Glossaire des patois de la Suisse romande (Gl.) provides documentation not only regarding the modern dialects but also their older stages. For this reason, we concentrated our work on the French part and relied on the Gl. for the Swiss part. Together with an other PhD student, Laure Grüner, we gathered the sources and extracted the interesting lexical forms.Based on this documentation, we elaborated a lexicographical description template suitable for Old Francoprovençal. We wrote the articles of this Dictionnaire de l'ancien francoprovençal beginning with the letter f which represents about one twentieth of the whole dictionary. Not only did this provide a proof of its feasibility, but it also assessed its contribution to the knowledge on Old Francoprovençal. More than a half of the articles gather evidence for lexical units not yet documented in this language regarding the French part of the linguistic area, whereas for most of the others we could complete the existing documentation. Based on the 386 articles written, we estimate the complete nomenclature at approximately 7’500 articles and the time needed to write them at about twelve years. We also considered various possibilities to get tangible outcomes in a shorter amount of time

Orientadores: Ataliba Teixeira de Castilho, Erotilde Goreti Pezatti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T21:21:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Laura_FabioIzaltino_D.pdf: 1572658 bytes, checksum: df8ca09ce96a5ccd41709353797b10b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O propósito deste trabalho é investigar, a partir de amostras do português paulista dos séculos XVIII ao XX, as características dos marcadores de Tema, construções que tem o papel de orientar o ouvinte acerca dos tópicos do discurso. Para tanto, tomamos a Abordagem Multissistêmica como norte para a nossa pesquisa e definimos alguns objetivos. Dessa forma, verificamos na literatura sobre Tema alguns fundamentos teóricos com os quais pudéssemos trabalhar para analisarmos os marcadores de Tema. A partir disso, descrevemos o comportamento linguístico dos marcadores quanto a, sobre, a respeito de, a propósito de, relativamente a, no que toca a, passando a e voltando a, considerando alguns processos relacionados aos sistemas lexical, gramatical, semântico e discursivo desses marcadores. Os dados indicam que os marcadores, principalmente quanto a e sobre, já desenvolviam essa função no século XIII, o que evidencia a antiguidade do fenômeno. Além disso, mostramos a formação lexical dos marcadores por meio da etimologia e como algumas categorias cognitivas estão associadas à formação e ao sentido dos marcadores: quantidade, espaço superior, espaço posterior, espaço anterior, angulador e movimento. No sistema semântico, examinamos o envolvimento dos processos de Referenciação e de Apresentação na construção de Tema com marcação, salientando sua função de apresentar, ou introduzir, objetos de discurso que são ativados a partir de informações de longo prazo. Além disso, no sistema gramatical, por seu turno, verificamos que os marcadores de Tema são preposições complexas que selecionam várias classes de palavras, sobressaindo-se os substantivos e desenvolvem a função de marcador de Tema gramatical, além disso, as construções nas quais estes marcadores ocorrem tendem a se colocar na posição pré-sentencial e desempenham um papel não argumental de Adjunto. Por fim, no sistema discursivo, os marcadores funcionam no processo de construção e organização dos tópicos discursivos, introduzindo elementos textuais como tópico do discurso / Abstract: The aim of this dissertation is to investigate, based on samples of the Brazilian Portuguese spoken in São Paulo in the period between the 18th and the 20th centuries, the features of theme markers, i.e., linguistic structures that guide the listener with reference to the discourse topic. In order to reach this purpose, we adopted the Multisystemic Approach for language description (CASTILHO, 2007) and set some research objectives. A review of the linguistic literature about Theme was also realized, so that we could analyze the theme markers. Thereafter, we described the linguistic behavior of the markers quanto a, sobre, a respeito de, a propósito de, relativamente a, no que toca a, passando a, and voltando a, considering some linguistic processes related to the lexical, grammatical, semantic and discursive systems of these markers. The analysis of the data suggested, mainly with regard to quanto a and sobre, that these topic markers have already developed this function in the 18th century, what shows the antiquity of the phenomenon. Based on an etymological approach, we analyzed the lexical formation of the topic markers in analysis and discussed how some cognitive categories, such as quantity, superior space, posterior space, anterior space, hedge and movement, are associated with their formation and meaning. Regarding the semantic system, we examined the role played by the processes of Reference and Presentation in marked Theme constructions, emphasizing their function of presenting or in0troducing discourse topics that are activated by long-term informations. At the grammatical system, we observed that theme markers are complex prepositions that select several word classes (mainly the nouns) and that develop the function of grammatical theme marker. Furthermore, the constructions within which these markers occur usually occupy the pre-sentence position and play a non-argumental role of Adjunct. Lastly, at the discourse system, the markers work in the process of construction and organization of the discursive topics, introducing textual elements as discourse topic / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

Early in the genesis of Mauritian Creole (MC), the quantificational determiners of its lexifier language, French, incorporated into a large number of the nouns that they combined with, resulting in the occurrence of bare nouns in argument positions, yielding (in)definite, singular, plural and generic interpretations. These early changes were accompanied by the loss all inflectional morphology, as well as the loss of the French copula, and that of the Case assigning prepositions à ('of') and de ('of') which are used in partitive and genitive constructions respectively. I argue that these changes triggered a parametric shift in noun denotation, from predicative in French to argumental in MC, and account for the fact that MC has a very different determiner system from its lexifier. My analysis is motivated by both Longobardi's (1994) claim that only DPs can be arguments, NPs cannot, and Chierchia's (1998b) seemingly incompatible claim that N can be an argument when it is Kind denoting. I provide detailed account of the emergence of the new MC determiners, from their first attestations in the early 18th century, to the end of the 19th century, when the determiner system settles into a form that is still used today. Following an analysis of the modern MC determiner system, I propose that MC nouns are lexically stored as argumental, Kind denoting terms, which share some of the distributional properties of English bare plurals, such as their ability to occur in argument positions without a determiner. The new quantificational determiners are analyzed as 'type shifting operators' that shift Kinds and predicate nominals into argumental noun phrases. The singular indefinite article enn and the plural marker bann assign existential quantification over instances of Kind denoting count nouns, and the null definite determiner is an operator that quantifies over the totality of a set. The differential behaviour of MC count vs. mass nouns is accounted for in terms of the Number argument which must be realized for common count nouns. Some seemingly 'bare' nouns comprise a phonologically null definite determiner equivalent to French le/la and English the. Subject-object asymmetry of count nouns in MC provides evidence for the occurrence of this null element which requires licensing in certain syntactic environments. The Specificity marker la, which serves to mark anaphoric definiteness, is shown to be a 'last resort' means of licensing the null definite determiner. My syntactic analysis is within Chomsky's (1995b) Minimalist framework and a Formal Semantics (Partee 1986), both of which stipulate legitimate operator variable constructions. The loss of the French quantificational determiners, and that of the copula meant that early MC lacked overt sources of quantification at both the nominal and clausal levels. In my analysis of the emerging MC determiner system, I look at the new sources of quantification that arise in order to establish the referential properties of nouns, and I show how these various strategies are linked to the means by which the semantic features of Definiteness, Deixis, Number and Specificity are expressed, and also the means by which the syntactic function of predication is realized.

Revision of thesis (Ph.D.)-Lund University, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references and index.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-16T14:21:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Vivian Meira de Oliveira P2.pdf: 1624666 bytes, checksum: 009f1314b41891cb406d8a07eda90106 (MD5) Vivian Meira de Oliveira P1.pdf: 1678936 bytes, checksum: 397fa95efd08be41099b5ffad92b6de7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-26T10:45:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Vivian Meira de Oliveira P2.pdf: 1624666 bytes, checksum: 009f1314b41891cb406d8a07eda90106 (MD5) Vivian Meira de Oliveira P1.pdf: 1678936 bytes, checksum: 397fa95efd08be41099b5ffad92b6de7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-26T10:45:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Vivian Meira de Oliveira P2.pdf: 1624666 bytes, checksum: 009f1314b41891cb406d8a07eda90106 (MD5) Vivian Meira de Oliveira P1.pdf: 1678936 bytes, checksum: 397fa95efd08be41099b5ffad92b6de7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a variação no uso do modo subjuntivo nas orações relativas e completivas no falar de quatro comunidades rurais afro-brasileiras do interior do Estado da Bahia. Com o suporte teórico-metodológico da sociolingüística variacionista e o recurso ao pacote de programas VARBRUL para o processamento quantitativo dos dados lingüísticos, buscou analisar o encaixamento desse processo variável na estrutura lingüística e social das comunidades de fala estudadas. Não obstante a reduzida faixa de variação encontrada, alguns condicionamentos lingüísticos e sociais foram identificados. Do ponto de vista lingüístico, as formas do modo subjuntivo ocorrem com maior freqüência em duas situações: (i) uma de base morfológica, em que o uso das formas de subjuntivo se dá tanto com verbos quanto com o tempo em que a oposição subjuntivo versus indicativo é mais saliente; (ii) outra de base semântica, em que o contexto de irrealidade tende a favorecer o uso do modo subjuntivo. A investigação aponta um reduzido uso do subjuntivo na gramática das comunidades rurais afro-brasileiras quando comparado com o que se observa na norma culta, o que confirma a idéia de uma redução na morfologia flexional dessa variedade afro-brasileira do PB em função do contato entre línguas. Além disso, diferentemente do que se registra em pesquisas no português urbano, tendo como base os resultados obtidos nessas comunidades, pode constatar que o subjuntivo vem ganhando ambiente antes ocupado apenas pelas formas do indicativo, o que demonstra a aquisição das formas do subjuntivo pelos falantes dessas comunidades, confirmando a realidade bipolarizada do português do Brasil e, assim, a co-ocorrência de pelo menos duas gramáticas no PB: uma referente ao português urbano culto e outra referente ao português rural, no qual se inclui o afro-brasileiro. / Salvador

This thesis is a comparative study of Pai and Swati. The Pai language is spoken in the easten1 parts of the Mpumalanga Province of the Republic of South Africa. The study concentrates on the correspondences and differences of the speech sounds of these two languages and reference is also made to the morphology. The previous comprehensive work on Pai was by Ziervogel (1956) where he classified the Pai language as one of the three dialects of Eastern Sotho. He also considered the Swati elements present in Pai to be merely borrowings. The present investigation into the history of the Pai people indicates that Pai may have had links with languages other than those belonging to the Sotho group and, from the evidence, an Nguni connection has become a distinct possibility. The speech sounds of Pai are described in detail in chapter two and corresponding speech sounds in Swati are included. The vowels of both languages receive special attention because Pai apparently has a seven-vowel system and Swati a five-vowel system. The corresponding consonants in these two languages soon points towards a relationship that is based on more than just borrowed items. In chapter three the Ur-Bantu sounds of Meinhof and their reflexes in Swati and Pai are described and compared. The wide variety of attestations in Pai and the instability of some phonemes are indicative of a language that has been subjected to many outside influences and that is at the moment in a state of flux. In chapter four some aspects of the morphology are described in order to highlight the peculiar characteristics of Pai as an individual language. The relationship with Swati is again emphasized by the findings in this chapter. A statistical analysis of the speech sounds of Pai and Swati in chapter five indicates that an Nguni core of sounds exists that is shared by both these languages. A re-classification of Pai within the language context of that area may therefore be necessary. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:42:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 966017 bytes, checksum: 478cfe2c997e6a89c89b952d650e1a29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper aims to describe and analyze the topic sentences in official letters of Paraiba from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The topicalization is currently considered a characteristic phenomenon of the Portuguese language spoken in Brazil, as shown Pontes (1987), however, it is noteworthy that this phenomenon already appears in Portuguese in Brazil (PB) since the late eighteenth century, as the corpus investigated . This observation leads to some questions about the motives that could be related to disruption of the order of the sentence by topicalization, and the disruption would be linked to specific situations in these letters. To support this theory research were two basic lines of research: on the one hand, historical studies of language focused on the discursive traditions, the Pragmatic proposed by the German philologists, proposed by Kabatek (2006), on the other hand, studies of Eunice Pontes (op.cit), Castilho (2001), Gibrail (2007) on topicalization in PB and PE (European Portuguese). Besides the theoretical framework along these lines, investigations were made in other literatures, dealing not only topicalization, but also the arrangement of words in the sentence, and postulate that the canons in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. These are cited historical grammars, such as Grammar Philosophical Barbosa (1822), which discusses the pattern of the Portuguese language in that period. This study is qualitative, quantitative and descriptive and interpretive, that this procedure allowed the analysis of 203 letters. The methodology adopted in this research consisted in the separation of these texts, according to the presence or absence of topicalization, realized always from reading the first paragraph. Were subsequently evaluated and described instances of topicalized structures. The study points to a lower frequency of theses structures, in lieu of not topicalized structures due to various reasons, as the communication situation described in these manuscripts. / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo geral descrever e analisar construções de tópico em cartas oficiais da Paraíba dos séculos XVIII e XIX. A Topicalização atualmente é considerada um fenômeno característico da Língua Portuguesa falada no Brasil, conforme apresenta Pontes (1987); no entanto, é possível observar que esse fenômeno já aparece no Português do Brasil (PB) desde finais do século XVIII, conforme o corpus investigado. Essa constatação leva a alguns questionamentos acerca dos motivos que poderiam ser relacionados ao rompimento da ordem da sentença por meio da topicalização, e se esse rompimento estaria ligado a situações específicas nessas cartas. Para fundamentar teoricamente esse estudo, foram basilares duas linhas de investigação: de um lado, os estudos históricos da língua voltados para as Tradições Discursivas, proposta pelos filólogos da Pragmática Alemã, principalmente por Kabatek (2006); de outro lado, os estudos de Eunice Pontes (op.cit), Castilho (2001), Gibrail (2007) sobre a topicalização no PB e no PE (Português europeu). Além do embasamento teórico nessas linhas, foram feitas investigações em outras literaturas, que tratam não apenas de topicalização, mas também da disposição dos termos na frase, e do que postulam os cânones nos séculos XVIII e XIX. Entre estas, citam-se as gramáticas históricas, como a gramática Filosófica de Barbosa (1822), que discute sobre o padrão da Língua Portuguesa naquele período. O presente trabalho é de caráter qualitativo-quantitativo e descritivo-interpretativo, procedimento este que permitiu a análise de 203 cartas administrativas. A metodologia adotada nesta investigação consistiu na separação desses textos, segundo a presença ou a ausência de topicalização, sempre partindo da leitura do primeiro parágrafo. Posteriormente, foram avaliadas e descritas as ocorrências de estruturas topicalizadas. O estudo aponta para uma menor frequência de estruturas topicalizadas, em detrimento às estruturas não topicalizadas, devido a vários motivos, como a própria situação de comunicação descritas nesses manuscritos.