This research examines the hypothesis that more historic wrought iron minor architectural details (for example hinges, latches and brackets) survive than is often realised. It proves that they are often some of the oldest material in a building, having specific characteristics which are the result of their working and which influence design. Consequently, special consideration needs to be given to their conservation. They also demonstrate the skills of many unknown artisans who deserve greater recognition and appreciation for their roles in the country’s architectural and social history. The work is divided into three parts. The first part examines the development of the blacksmith’s craft, referring specifically to minor architectural details, the materials from which they were made, design development and the individuals involved in the craft. The second is a survey of a representative sample of extant historic ironwork details in Lincolnshire, examining their age, type and style, with an overview of their condition. The third is an evaluation of past and present methods of conservation of this material. The appendices show illustrations of some of the items discussed, and a gazetteer of historic ironwork identified in the survey. The original funding for this study was specifically for research in a field concerned with historic crafts or materials, with particular reference to Lincolnshire. It therefore concentrates on extant examples of wrought ironwork in the county from c1200 AD to c1860 AD, principally the work of individual craftsmen prior to their increased absorption into mass production industries. The significant role played by Cistercian monks and lay brothers of Lincolnshire monasteries in the development of the craft is considered, and some of the few records of Lincolnshire smiths which survive in local archives are examined, producing a greater insight into their involvement in this work than has been published previously.

O presente trabalho trata da produção de arquitetura moderna na cidade de Sorocaba- SP durante as décadas de 50, 60 e 70, período de consolidação do movimento moderno no território brasileiro. Inicialmente, a fim de se fornecer um contexto arquitetônico mais amplo, no qual o objeto de estudo se insere, realizou-se um breve estudo sobre os diversos rumos e etapas de desenvolvimento da arquitetura moderna brasileira após sua consagração em meados do século XX. Em seguida, após breve explanação da história da cidade e da condição sócio cultural que precedeu o recorte temporal da pesquisa - de sua fundação à era industrial no início do século - são apresentados os panoramas técnico, profissional e urbano que condicionaram a incidência de exemplares que compõem o tema de pesquisa, utilizando-se de dados socioeconômicos, estudos sobre a evolução urbana, e pesquisas em acervos públicos oficiais. Finalmente, faz-se a apresentação do material levantado sobre as obras de maior relevância para o estudo, em seus diferentes programas e vertentes, e que representam as diversas etapas de difusão dos conceitos modernos em construções na cidade, desde sua incidência episódica nos anos 50, passando pelo aumento de exemplares nos anos 60 e 70, até a assimilação intuitiva de seus elementos formais em obras parcialmente alinhadas a seus preceitos ideológicos e funcionais. A apresentação das obras pauta-se na exposição do material gráfico levantado, tais como fotos e desenhos, na descrição e análise de seus aspectos técnicos, formais e funcionais, na apresentação de seus principais autores, além de sua contextualização em âmbito local e nacional. / This paper refers to the production of modern architecture in the city of Sorocaba - SP during the 50s, 60s and 70s, a period of consolidation of the modern movement in Brazil. First , in order to provide a broader architectural context of which the object of study is a part, a brief study was carried out on the various directions and stages of development of modern Brazilian architecture after his consecration in the mid twentieth century. Then, after a brief explanation of the history of the city and the socio-cultural condition that precedes the time frame of the research - from its founding, to the industrial era, at the beginning of the century - the technical, professional and urban viewpoints that conditioned the incidence of buildings that compose the research topic are introduced, using socioeconomic data, studies on urban development, and research in official public collections. Finally, the last section presents the material collected on the works of major relevance for the study in different programs and variations, which represent the different stages of diffusion of modern concepts in city buildings, since the episodic incidences in the 50s, through notorious increase during the 60s and 70s, up to the intuitive assimilation of its formal elements in works partially aligned with its ideological and functional precepts. The presentation of works relies on the exhibition of the graphic material collected, such as photos and drawings, on the description and analysis of their technical, formal and functional aspects, on the presentation of the main authors, and on their contextualization at both local and national levels.

This thesis is about late medieval carpenters, their techniques and their art, and about the structure that became the fusion of their technical virtuosity and artistic creativity: the hammer-beam roof. The structural nature and origin of the hammer-beam roof is discussed, and it is argued that, although invented in the late thirteenth century, during the fourteenth century the hammer-beam roof became a developmental dead-end. In the early fifteenth century the hammer-beam roof suddenly blossomed into hundreds of structures of great technical proficiency and aesthetic acumen. The thesis assesses the role of the hammer-beam roof of Westminster Hall as the catalyst to such renewed enthusiasm. This structure is analysed and discussed in detail. Its place in the milieu of late medieval architecture is assessed, and its influence evaluated. That influence took effect mainly in East Anglia. Thus, early fifteenth-century trends in hammer-beam carpentry in the region are isolated and analysed. A typology of is created, from which arise surprising conclusions regarding the differing priorities late-medieval carpenters ascribed to structure, form and ornament. A chapter is also devoted to a critical review of literature pertaining to the topic.

<p><i>Understanding School Buildings</i>completes a study ofmodern Swedish school buildings and the ideas behind them. In aseries of case studies of seven schools built between 1953 and2001, changes in architecture have been found to reflectchanges in the ideas and practices of teaching and learning.The study has raised a number of questions, regarding currentdemands on school buildings. Problems and qualities of schoolbuildings demands on school buildings, problems and qualitiesof school buildings form the 1950s, 60s and 70s, problems foundand qualities lost in the process of changing such buildings,and the motives of architects involved in the design ofschools.</p><p>In practical terms, the research method has includedobservations of buildings in use, interviews with directors,staff and pupils as well as architects, and the study ofliterature, documents and architectural drawings. Intheoretical terms, different perspectives of architecture havebeen discussed and applied, from the phenomenological approachof Norberg-Schulz to the space syntax theory of Hillier, frompractical, social use of symbolic meaning and aesthetics.Finally, some philosophical themes on art, architecture andsociety, from Dewey, Shusterman, Scruton and Sartre have beenintroduced.</p><p>Partly diverging from the case study model of Yin, the studydoes not simply aim at verifying or falsifying a hypothesis. Ata point in the study, each case is explained in a morenarrative manner. In the final analysis, understanding schoolbuildings in shown to require a multifaceted view. A schoolbuilding must be seen in a historic/political perspective, as atool for teaching and learning and as the life-world ofteachers and pupils. In cases discussed, a school building isalso the object of strong pedagogical or social intensions ofan architect. In other term, a study of school buildings mustbe a study in pragmatist aesthetics.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>School building, architectural theory, recentsocial history of architecture, intention, experience,pragmatist aesthetics</p>

O presente trabalho trata da produção de arquitetura moderna na cidade de Sorocaba- SP durante as décadas de 50, 60 e 70, período de consolidação do movimento moderno no território brasileiro. Inicialmente, a fim de se fornecer um contexto arquitetônico mais amplo, no qual o objeto de estudo se insere, realizou-se um breve estudo sobre os diversos rumos e etapas de desenvolvimento da arquitetura moderna brasileira após sua consagração em meados do século XX. Em seguida, após breve explanação da história da cidade e da condição sócio cultural que precedeu o recorte temporal da pesquisa - de sua fundação à era industrial no início do século - são apresentados os panoramas técnico, profissional e urbano que condicionaram a incidência de exemplares que compõem o tema de pesquisa, utilizando-se de dados socioeconômicos, estudos sobre a evolução urbana, e pesquisas em acervos públicos oficiais. Finalmente, faz-se a apresentação do material levantado sobre as obras de maior relevância para o estudo, em seus diferentes programas e vertentes, e que representam as diversas etapas de difusão dos conceitos modernos em construções na cidade, desde sua incidência episódica nos anos 50, passando pelo aumento de exemplares nos anos 60 e 70, até a assimilação intuitiva de seus elementos formais em obras parcialmente alinhadas a seus preceitos ideológicos e funcionais. A apresentação das obras pauta-se na exposição do material gráfico levantado, tais como fotos e desenhos, na descrição e análise de seus aspectos técnicos, formais e funcionais, na apresentação de seus principais autores, além de sua contextualização em âmbito local e nacional. / This paper refers to the production of modern architecture in the city of Sorocaba - SP during the 50s, 60s and 70s, a period of consolidation of the modern movement in Brazil. First , in order to provide a broader architectural context of which the object of study is a part, a brief study was carried out on the various directions and stages of development of modern Brazilian architecture after his consecration in the mid twentieth century. Then, after a brief explanation of the history of the city and the socio-cultural condition that precedes the time frame of the research - from its founding, to the industrial era, at the beginning of the century - the technical, professional and urban viewpoints that conditioned the incidence of buildings that compose the research topic are introduced, using socioeconomic data, studies on urban development, and research in official public collections. Finally, the last section presents the material collected on the works of major relevance for the study in different programs and variations, which represent the different stages of diffusion of modern concepts in city buildings, since the episodic incidences in the 50s, through notorious increase during the 60s and 70s, up to the intuitive assimilation of its formal elements in works partially aligned with its ideological and functional precepts. The presentation of works relies on the exhibition of the graphic material collected, such as photos and drawings, on the description and analysis of their technical, formal and functional aspects, on the presentation of the main authors, and on their contextualization at both local and national levels.

Helgo Zettervall (1831–1907) was one of Sweden’s principal architects and design talents. He was professionally active for 40 years, from the late 1850s to the mid-1890s – a period of intensive building activity in Sweden. For the first twenty years of his career, he had his practice in Lund, and in the subsequent twenty years he lived in Stockholm as head of Sweden’s state authority for public buildings. Zettervall was very productive. His portfolio contains 281 projects, of which 160 were executed, ranging from large cathedral restorations with thousands of detailed drawings and large public buildings to porch extensions and smaller residences. This dissertation highlights Zettervall’s works by putting them in a context and by analysing their qualitative aspects. Carried out as a historiographical case study, the framework for the dissertation is the architectural monograph. The individual architectural projects are the core of the presentation, assembling and making archive material readily accessible, and the method is leaning towards that of an oeuvre complète raisonné. The method includes three distinct approaches: a factual accounting of documents and drawings, a context-setting frame story that provides the conditions, and an architectural analysis. Zettervall belonged to the first generation of architects who could receive a well-planned and broad training in Sweden. All of this training took place against a backdrop of what a specific assignment demanded in terms of responsiveness and understanding. Zettervall developed a special talent for utilizing new construction methods and materials. Each assignment was a challenge to investigate new design principles and new spatial ideas. The investigation shows that every project was unique for Zettervall, and that his various solutions depended on the specific situation, regarding site and program. Zettervall was a distinct pragmatic. Every assignment had its unique conditions, and thus had a unique solution. / <p>QC 20170511</p>

O objetivo desta pesquisa é construir um quadro abrangente sobre a biografia e a produção arquitetônica do arquiteto francês Henri Paul Pierre Sajous (1897-1975), que projetou e foi responsável pela construção de inúmeras obras, no Brasil e na França. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, foi delimitado como recorte analítico o período entre 1930 e 1959, intervalo em que o arquiteto teve o Brasil como palco das suas atividades. Dentro deste período, diversos projetos foram executados pelo profissional, porém foram selecionados para análise individual apenas os edifícios de grande porte existentes até hoje. Com o intuito de estudar o panorama arquitetônico e os agentes envolvidos na produção de cada uma destas obras, foi elaborada uma pesquisa específica sobre cada edificação eleita, baseada nas visitas in-loco, nas pesquisas bibliográficas e em documentos pertencentes à família Sajous. O elenco destes registros selecionados permite compreender as diretrizes arquitetônicas que o arquiteto valorizava, que aplicou no Brasil, sempre vinculado aos aspectos da sua formação acadêmica francesa, visto que era formado na École Superieure des Beaux Arts de Paris e também diplomado pelo governo francês (DPLG). Através da reunião das informações, pretende-se abordar academicamente, a vida e a obra do arquiteto que, embora não tenha aderido à moderna temática Corbusiana, foi um profissional conceituado em seu tempo. Deixou, em pontos centrais do Rio de Janeiro e de São Paulo, edifícios importantes que constituem uma relevante contribuição para o quadro arquitetônico no país. / The purpose of this research is to construct a comprehensive picture of the French architect Henri Paul Pierre Sajous (1897-1975), both biographical and architectural production, who designed and was responsible for building several works in Brazil and France. To deploy this work, the period between 1930 and 1959 was defined as an analytical approach, time which the architect had Brazil as the scene of their activities, and included only large buildings implemented and remaning. With the aim of studing the architectural panorama and the actors involved in the production of each of these works we present a specific research on each building, based on on-site visits, bibliographical research and the documents belonging to Sajous family. These registers allow us to understand the applied projectual method used by the architect in Brazil, always linked to aspects of his academic French graduation, as he got his degree at the École Superieure des Beaux Arts in Paris and was also licensee by the French government (DPLG). It is intended to reveal, between academic rules and gathering information, the life and work of the architect, who has not adhered to modern Corbusians precepts, he was a respected professional at his time. He planned significant buildings in some central points of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, deserving special attention in the architectural production in Brazil.

O objetivo desta tese é a inclusão da obra de Rino Levi na história da Arquitetura Moderna no Brasil. Esta inclusão pressupõe a história como um processo de mudança sem atenção concentrada em periodizações, marcos arquitetônicos ou arquitetos inaugurais. Esta análise, devido ao seu caráter inserção de uma produção em um processo só pode ser construída enquanto narrada. E a narrativa tem início no papel ocupado por Rino Levi na historiografia, que se revelou caracterizada pela dualidade arquitetura de gênio x arquitetura de ofício, esta última perfeitamente caracterizada por um arquiteto como Rino Levi. Uma das características da arquitetura de ofício é a de trabalhar com referências e esta foi a instância adotada para a análise realizada no segundo momento desta tese. Devido à abrangência da obra do arquiteto em tempo e número de projetos foram feitos dois recortes. O primeiro percorreu o período de formação e os primeiros projetos de Rino Levi, enquanto o segundo examinou uma seleção de projetos da década de 50, que oferece oportunidade privilegiada para o entendimento de como as referências operam na obra de um arquiteto de ofício. / The purpose of this thesis is the inclusion of Rino Levis work in the history of Modern Architecture in Brazil. This inclusion assumes the history as a change process without any attention focused on periods, architectonic landmarks or inaugural architects. This analysis, due to its feature insertion of a production in a process can only be made while it is narrated. And the narrative starts in the role performed by Rino Levi in the historiography that was revealed characterized by dual genius architecture x office architecture, the last one perfectly characterized by an architect like Rino Levi. One of the features of office architecture is to work with references and this was the instance adopted for the analysis made at the second moment of this thesis. Due to the scope of the architects work in time and number of projects two cutouts were made. The first went through the formation periods and the first Rino Levis projects while the second examined a project selection of the 50s that offers a privileged opportunity to understand how references act in the work of an office architect.

Luanda é a capital de Angola. Situada no litoral norte, é considerada a mais desenvolvida cidade do país. Já no início do século XX, há registros de seu crescimento, porém, seu maior avanço aconteceu entre os anos de 1950 e 1975, isto porque nesse período surge um novo modelo de urbanismo. No contexto dessas mudanças, estavam as novas intenções de Portugal dirigidas para Angola, que incluíram a abolição do degredo e a substituição dos degredados por uma população portuguesa com vontade de trabalhar numa terra que lhes foi oferecida. À época, na província de Angola, foi criado um novo modo de vida com a adaptação daquilo que se fazia de melhor na Europa e na América. Eram novas edificações e novos hábitos. Nesse novo modo de vida, a habitação, o trabalho e o lazer estavam juntos e se viu o surgimento dos cinemas ao ar livre. Nesse cenário destacam-se as realizações dos arquitetos brasileiros modernos. Eles foram precursores de um urbanismo e de uma arquitetura adaptados aos trópicos. Nesse ponto, a África do Sul se evidencia como uma das pioneiras nesse tipo de arquitetura. Aos portugueses só chegou esse interesse depois dos resultados na África do Sul, o que os levou a uma tomada de consciência de que para projetar no continente africano seria necessário conhecer o território e viver nele, pois só conhecendo os problemas seria possível a sua solução e desenvolvimento. Sob essa perspectiva, vieram os profissionais formados em instituições francesas e inglesas destinados a introduzir uma arquitetura moderna, contrariando o regime de Salazar. Como o regime sempre conseguiu se impor, existiram diferenças na arquitetura produzida para os edifícios públicos e para o tipo de habitação que atenderia negros e brancos, assim como a imposição de regras aos profissionais que nem sempre conseguiram cumprir o estabelecido na Carta de Atenas. Passados 46 anos após a independência de Angola, se reconhece a qualidade dessa arquitetura e, por essa razão se apela pela sua preservação. / Angola\'s capital city Luanda, located in the north coast, is considered the most developed city of the country. There are records of its growth in the beginning of the twentieth century, however, the city\'s greatest advance is recorded between the years 1950 and 1975, the reason being the emergence of a new urbanism model. In the context of these changes were Portugal\'s new intentions for Angola, which included the abolition of deportation and the replacement of those deported by a Portuguese population who wanted to work in a land that had been offered to them. At the time, in the province of Angola, a new way of life was created with the adaptation of best things Europe and America had to offer. They brought with them new architectural structures, and new habits. With their new way of life, housing and work ethics, they also brought; the at the time extremely popular open-air theaters to Luanda. In this scenario, the achievements of modern Brazilian architects stand out. They were precursors to urbanism and architecture adapted to the tropics. At this point, South Africa stood out as one of the pioneers in this type of architecture. The Portuguese only found themselves interested in this after the results in South Africa, which led them to the awareness that to build on the African continent it was be essential to know the territory and live in it, because only after knowing the problems, would it be possible to solve them and continue the development. With this knowledge, professionals trained in French and English institutions were sent to introduce a modern architecture, contrary to the Salazar regime. As the regime always managed to impose itself, there were differences in the architecture produced for public buildings and the type of housing that would serve blacks and whites, as well as the imposition of rules on professionals who were not always able to comply with the Charter of Athens. 46th years after Angola\'s independence, the quality of the architecture continues to be recognizer, and for this reason, efforts should be taken to continue it\'s preservation.

A obra do historiador da arquitetura Manfredo Tafuri (1935-1994) mantém grande pertinência nos debates contemporâneos. Sua contribuição é caracterizada pelo rigor filológico de suas pesquisas, pela leitura crítica das utopias das vanguardas e sobretudo pelo trânsito intenso de suas análises por outras disciplinas das ciências humanas, como a filosofia, a psicologia e a sociologia. Em seus textos, o autor ladeou o Renascimento e a atualidade de diferentes modos para tecer suas argumentações, através de articulações de noções de tempo. O tempo, na prosa de Tafuri, é um objeto de estudo em si, e remonta às raízes de seu trabalho nos debates filosóficos italianos. A tese se aprofunda nesse aspecto do historiador, na determinação feita entre períodos históricos, dando ênfase ao modo como Tafuri entendia a temporalidade. Toma-se como texto de base a conferência As formas do tempo (1993), onde podemos encontrar uma síntese de suas considerações sobre o assunto, relacionando-a com os textos mais ensaísticos sobre história assinados pelo autor, que formam o corpus desta pesquisa: Teorias e história da arquitetura (1968), Projeto e utopia (1973) e Machine et memoir: a cidade na obra de Le Corbusier (1979). Estudar-se-á este núcleo considerando a hipótese de que a complexidade da obra de Tafuri reside no entremeio de tempos. Espera-se com este recorte destacar a atualidade das considerações críticas do autor sobre a arquitetura, demonstrar a interlocução de seus escritos com os debates filosóficos italianos de sua época, bem como aprofundar em alguns aspectos a interdisciplinaridade de sua teoria. / The work of Manfredo Tafuri (1935-1994) remains important for the History of Architecture. His contribuition is often summarized in the filological accent of his research subjects, the critical approach of contemporary trends in architecture and most of all for the interdisciplinarity of his writings, leaning towards other fields of humanities such as philosophy, psicology and sociology. In the overall of his work, the author established connections between Renaissance and Contemporary in different ways to make a point in his essays. The ways he framed different periods of history concerned a specific transit between notions of temporality. In Tafuri\'s work, time appears as a subject itself and denotes its philosphical origins in the political trends of Italy. This thesis seeks to shed light on one specific aspect of the work of Tafuri. It will work with his most ensaistic works regarding time: The forms of time: Venice and the Renaissance (1993) and Machine et memoir: The city in the work of Le Corbusier (1979). Along with these two articles, we will focus on two seminal books signed by the author: Theories and history of architecture (1968) and Architecture and utopia (1973). Through the study of the temporality in the work of Tafuri, we expect to broaden the understanding of his contribution, shedding light to the pertinence of his critical opinions on architecture, to the persistent dialogue his work with philosophical trends in Italy, and to give a better overall understanding of the interdisciplinary approach of his theory.