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This document analysis examines how historical thinking is evaluated by the Ministry of Education history examination in Québec in 2015. High school students in Québec are required to pass this examination in order to receive their diploma. The Ministry examination claims to evaluate students’ historical knowledge and skills. Almost twenty years of Ministry of Education documents were analyzed using a historical methodology and two Ministry examinations were analyzed using a rubric derived from historical thinking criteria to answer the following questions: How has historical thinking influenced the history curriculum and the evaluation of history in the province of Québec? How is historical thinking reflected in the Québec Ministry examination? Analysis of the two examinations show that they are a limited tool for evaluating historical thinking and are instead focused on evaluating historical content knowledge. The current Ministry examination generally has some elements of four domains of historical thinking: evidence, cause and consequence, continuity and change and historical perspective. However, many of the questions only require students to answer at the recall level. Overall, there are few opportunities for students to demonstrate their advanced knowledge of historical thinking on the ministry examination.

This investigation is an attempt to demonstrate the role of history teaching in the interconnectedness of national consciousness and historical consciousness. Because of its central role in South African history since the 1880's, particular attention is paid to the phenomenon of Afrikaans nationalism. The functions of history teaching for the orientation, identity-formation and legitimation needs of a nation-state are examined in depth. The importance of a positive self-image to a nation and conversely of hostile images of those deemed outside the nation, are indicated. History syllabuses reflect the officially sanctioned view of the past, while textbooks reveal much about the author's historical perspective, bias and prejudices. The investigation covers the period 1839 to the present, in all four provinces. A selection of school history syllabuses and textbooks of the period reviewed are examined, according to criteria adapted from the Georg Eckert Institute model. The ana1ysis is both quantitative and qualitative. Between 1839 and 1918 history syllabuses and textbooks in the Cape and Natal reflect the absolute dominance of the Imperial ideal. Yet the growing self-consciousness of the two young states is also evident. The stereotypes and master symbols which survive today have their origins in this period. Before 1879 there was little national consciousness among Afrikaners. This is reflected in the lack of historical consciousness in the curriculum of Republican schools. After the crises of 1879-81, the Republican Governments increasingly recognized the value of history teaching in establishing an identity, legitimizing their existence, and providing national orientation. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted

Esta dissertação está inserida no âmbito do estudo das imagens em livros didáticos de História. A partir da coleção História em Movimento (2014), pertencente ao Programa Nacional do Livro Didático 2015 (PNLD) para o Ensino Médio, investiguei um registro imagético específico, nesse caso, as reproduções de obras de arte. Busquei compreender de que modo essa coleção articula saberes históricos com saberes artísticos, identificando e refletindo sobre as estratégias pedagógicas e metodológicas utilizadas para tal, bem como sobre as relações entre o ensino de História e o de Artes Visuais. Para tanto, me detive na análise documental do Edital de Convocação para o processo de inscrição e avaliação de obras didáticas para o PNLD 2015 Ensino Médio (01/2013), no exame do Manual do Professor da coleção História em Movimento, na realização e na análise de um levantamento quantitativo dos registros imagéticos e artísticos que compõem a referida coleção e na investigação de uma seção específica – Olho Vivo. A pesquisa demonstra que a presença de registros imagéticos e, particularmente, de reproduções de obras de arte em coleções didáticas é fruto de uma série de fatores ligados a demandas educacionais específicas. No caso da coleção História em Movimento, as reproduções de obras de arte são utilizadas na medida em que tematizam representações de personagens e indivíduos históricos, sendo interpretadas enquanto símbolos e alegorias que possuem significados específicos a serem decifrados. / This dissertation inserts itself in the scope of the study of images in History textbooks. Based on the História em Movimento collection (2014), which belongs to the 2015 National Textbook Program (PNLD) for High Schools, I have investigated a specific imagetic record, in this case, the reproductions of artworks. I have tried to understand how this collection articulates both historic and artistic knowledge, identifying and reflecting on the pedagogical strategies and methodologies used for doing so, as well as the relations between History and Visual Arts teaching. Hence, I have focused on the documental analysis of the convocation public notice for the process of enrollment and evaluation of textbooks for the 2015 National Textbook Program for High School (01/2013), on the examination of the teacher’s manual of the História em Movimento collection, on the realization and analysis of a quantitative survey of the imagetic and artistic records that compose the referred collection and on the investigation of a specific section - Olho Vivo. The research shows that the presence of imagetic records and, particularly, of artwork reproductions in textbook collections is the outcome of a series of factors connected to specific educational demands. In the História em Movimento collection, the artwork reproductions are used as far as they conceptualize representations of characters and historical individuals, being interpreted as symbols and allegories which have specific meanings and need to be deciphered.

Esta dissertação pretende inserir alguns pontos em um território que atravessa as áreas da Educação e da História: o ensino de História. O problema investigativo deste trabalho se volta para o professor de História na sala de aula e questiona: como ele se constitui como sujeito? Pesquisador ou mero reprodutor de discursos acadêmicos? De que forma a bagagem acumulada no estudo dos conhecimentos históricos em nível universitário afeta a sua prática professoral? Que lugar ocupam os saberes e os fazeres docentes no ensino da História? O referencial teórico principal é composto por escritos de Michel Foucault, buscando assinalar as críticas que o autor fez à escrita da História. Como ferramenta de análise, optou-se pela descrição de cenas de aulas de História, quando o pesquisador foucaultiano e o docente se encontram no palco do acontecimento: a sala de aula. As cenas narram as relações estabelecidas entre os corpos de professor e de alunos e que resultam em choques, confrontos e embates de verdades, posições e significações. Elas buscam inserir problematizações neste cenário, fazendo surgir as experiências intempestivas e as vivências infames. O professor de História, na perspectiva foucaultiana, anseia por buscar elementos que tornem o passado um objeto vivo. Assim como aquele que se denominou historiador do presente, o caminho investigativo desta pesquisa aspira pensar de que maneira pode-se contribuir para libertar os pensamentos e as narrativas das estruturas engessadas que persistem nos ditos e escritos históricos. / This dissertation intents to insert some points in a territory that crosses the Areas of the Education and History: History teaching. The investigative problem of this study turns to the History professor in the classroom and interrogates: how does he constitute himself as a subject? Is he a researcher or mere reproducer of academic discourses? How does the know-how of the historical knowledge accumulated during the study, in university level, affect his professorial practices? What places do the professor’s knowledge and doings occupy in the teaching of History? The main theoretical framework is constituted by Michel Foucault’s writings, aiming to analyze the critics made by the author about the writings of the History. The description of History classes’ scenes was used as tool of analysis, when Foucault’s researcher and the professor meet each other on the happening’s stage: the classroom. The scenes narrate the relations established between professor and students that result in shock, confrontation and true oppositions, positions and significations. They attempt to reveal the truth established around this scenery, promoting untimely and infamous experiences. The History professor, according to Foucault’s perspective, is eager to find elements that turn the past into live object. As that one who called himself as the historian of the present, the investigative path of this research aspires to think how it is possible to contribute to release the thoughts and narratives from the plastered structures that remain in the historical sayings and writings.

The aim of this thesis is to study and analyse how the manifestation of the British colonial era is presented and interpreted in Gambian secondary school history teaching. The sources used in this study are the history syllabus, history textbooks and a few teachers. The research questions are: To what extent is the colonial era projected in the history teaching, if so, why is so much emphasis focused on the colonial times? What attitudes do the people have regarding the colonial era and the British; what is positive and what is negative with the strong focus on the colonial times? The reason why I have chosen to study the colonial era and its magnitude and impact in the history teaching in the Gambia, is that this is an unexplored subject and I found it interesting to focus on this subject and put it in relation to such a small country as the Gambia. The reasons mentioned above is what it makes it interesting to study how the colonial era is viewed in the history teaching in the Gambia and how teachers handle this subject. How do they handle this period of history in a former colony? In this study I have used the qualitative method. My empirical material has been collected through history schoolbook analysis, interviews with three teachers and participated classroom observations in the history subject. My theoretical framework includes concepts like learning procedure, learning dilemmas and attitudes about colonialism, which are described and discussed. The colonial era is frequently emphasised in the history teaching in the Gambia, almost all the history teaching consist of this subject area. Furthermore, the attitude towards this era and the British colonisers varies among interviewed teachers. One conclusion is that it is important to convey both a positive and a negative view about this matter.

<p>The aim of this thesis is to study and analyse how the manifestation of the British colonial era is presented and interpreted in Gambian secondary school history teaching. The sources used in this study are the history syllabus, history textbooks and a few teachers. The research questions are: To what extent is the colonial era projected in the history teaching, if so, why is so much emphasis focused on the colonial times? What attitudes do the people have regarding the colonial era and the British; what is positive and what is negative with the strong focus on the colonial times?</p><p>The reason why I have chosen to study the colonial era and its magnitude and impact in the history teaching in the Gambia, is that this is an unexplored subject and I found it interesting to focus on this subject and put it in relation to such a small country as the Gambia. The reasons mentioned above is what it makes it interesting to study how the colonial era is viewed in the history teaching in the Gambia and how teachers handle this subject. How do they handle this period of history in a former colony?</p><p>In this study I have used the qualitative method. My empirical material has been collected through history schoolbook analysis, interviews with three teachers and participated classroom observations in the history subject. My theoretical framework includes concepts like learning procedure, learning dilemmas and attitudes about colonialism, which are described and discussed.</p><p>The colonial era is frequently emphasised in the history teaching in the Gambia, almost all the history teaching consist of this subject area. Furthermore, the attitude towards this era and the British colonisers varies among interviewed teachers. One conclusion is that it is important to convey both a positive and a negative view about this matter.</p>