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Although modern Taiwanese literature is emphasized in recent years, there are few dissertations about classic Taiwanese literature. In this dissertation, the author tries to explore into the national consciousness presented in Wang Song¡¦s poetry. Wang Song is a classic poet in Taiwan when the Japanese were ruling Taiwan. Therefore, he has to present his national consciousness implicitly in his poetry. The author tries to explain his national consciousness through the three stages of Wang Song¡¦s life. This is because his poetry is deeply related with his life experience. The readers can observe Wang Song¡¦s paradoxical emotion in his poetry. This paradoxical emotion results from his national consciousness. Wang Song grew up in a traditional chinese family and he believes he is a Chinese. This is why he can¡¦t accept the Japanese government. Through the discussion of Wang Song¡¦s national consciousness, we can understand his motive of creation and the real meaning of his poetry. The second chapter introduces Wang Song¡¦s life and his work. The third chapter brings in the creative style of the classic Taiwanese society which Wang Song lived in. The forth chapter talks about Wang Song¡¦s creative style and his theory of creation. The fifth and sixth chapter are the analysis of the national consciousness in Wang Song¡¦s poetry. Although Wang Song¡¦s poetry are not as good as the other poets in the classic Chinese literature, his work shows the national consciousness when he survives in a colonialized society. Through the reading of his poetry, the author offers a way to understand the Taiwanese literary work during the Japanese colonializaiton.

This thesis examines Jin Yong¡¦s martial arts novels under the aspect of national consciousness. It first reviews the historical development of martial arts fiction and discusses when and under which circumstances phenomena like national consciousness, nationalism, and patriotism became essential elements of martial arts fiction. There follows an analysis of seven Jin Yong martial arts novels to point out each novel¡¦s characteristics with respect to national consciousness, and to discuss the changes of the patriotism subject in Jin Yong¡¦s works. Another focus is on the reaction and evaluation of literary critics towards Jin Yong¡¦s works. The author analyses the critics¡¦ attitude to the ¡§Chineseness¡¨ of Jin Yong¡¦s novels, and further discusses the Chinese characteristics of martial arts fiction, including a comparison of Chinese martial arts novels and Western adventure novels.

This investigation is an attempt to demonstrate the role of history teaching in the interconnectedness of national consciousness and historical consciousness. Because of its central role in South African history since the 1880's, particular attention is paid to the phenomenon of Afrikaans nationalism. The functions of history teaching for the orientation, identity-formation and legitimation needs of a nation-state are examined in depth. The importance of a positive self-image to a nation and conversely of hostile images of those deemed outside the nation, are indicated. History syllabuses reflect the officially sanctioned view of the past, while textbooks reveal much about the author's historical perspective, bias and prejudices. The investigation covers the period 1839 to the present, in all four provinces. A selection of school history syllabuses and textbooks of the period reviewed are examined, according to criteria adapted from the Georg Eckert Institute model. The ana1ysis is both quantitative and qualitative. Between 1839 and 1918 history syllabuses and textbooks in the Cape and Natal reflect the absolute dominance of the Imperial ideal. Yet the growing self-consciousness of the two young states is also evident. The stereotypes and master symbols which survive today have their origins in this period. Before 1879 there was little national consciousness among Afrikaners. This is reflected in the lack of historical consciousness in the curriculum of Republican schools. After the crises of 1879-81, the Republican Governments increasingly recognized the value of history teaching in establishing an identity, legitimizing their existence, and providing national orientation. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted

Before the direct contact with Europe, the area of present-day south-eastern Nigeria was inhabited by a dispersed population limited to only village or local consciousness but in 1967 representatives of this region declared the independent state of Biafra with the intention to separate from Nigeria which indicates strong collective consciousness. The bearers of this consciousness consider themselves to be Igbo and the collectivity has features of a nation. Therefore it is the Igbo national consciousness I deal with in this thesis. In the theoretical introduction I situate a nation within the sphere of ideas. The historiographic part of the thesis examines how the Igbo nation came into existence. It deals with traditional culture, trade, missionary activity, education, colonial administration, migration, decolonization and politics in independent Nigeria. The second, semiologic part is based on my research among the Igbos in Prague and focuses on the contemporary means for the inter-subjective maintenance of their national consciousness. I try to explain it using a concept of national symbols which can be understood as narratives supporting the idea of continuity, strengthening of borders and assuring the internal homogeneity as distinguished from the external differences.

XXI a. iššūkiai - gilėjanti globalizacija, kultūrinė integracija bei ekonominė emigracija. Šie reiškiniai stipriai veikia ir Lietuvos gyvenimą, kurį pradėta sieti su ryšių Vakaruose stiprinimu, net tapatumo siekimu. Tai skatina domėtis kosmopolitizmu, atitolina nuo savosios tautos šaknų. Gimtoji kalba laikoma svarbiausiu tautinės individualybės simboliu, nebetenka savo vaidmens, nes stiprėja mokinių abejingumas lietuvių kalbai, o angliškos leksemos tampa tautos žmonių kultūrine siekiamybe. Tai stiprina tautinio ugdymo poreikį mokyklose, tačiau, visų pirma, reikia išsiaiškinti, kokie veiksniai gali daryti palankų poveikį jo tobulinimui. Todėl šio darbo tikslas - ištirti V klasių mokinių nuostatą į gimtąją kalbą kaip tautinio susipratimo veiksnį. Tyrimo objektas − V klasių mokinių nuostata į gimtąją kalbą ir kitus tautinio susipratimo komponentus. Nuostatą į gimtąją kalbą atskleidžiantys rezultatai rodo, kad tautiškumo lygmenyje išryškėja žinios apie lietuvių kalbos turtingumą. Tiriant patriotiškumą, nustatyta, kad pusė respondentų brangina gimtąją kalbą, o beveik visų mokinių išryškėja stiprus nacionalinis susipratimas, nes jie žino istorinį ir gramatinį lietuvių kalbos savitumą. Nuostata į kitus tautinės kultūros dalykus išryškėja tautiškumo lygmenyje, kai mokiniai labiausia norėtų dalyvauti istorinėse ekskursijose. Taip pat atskleista, kad daugiau nei pusė mokinių brangina tautos kultūrą ir mato šviesią Lietuvos ateitį. Ugdymo projektas rodo, kad labai pasikeitė penktos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Such phenomena as challenges of the XXI 21st century, deepening globalisation, cultural integration and economic emigration deeply influence Lithuanian life which is to be associated with strengthening ties in the West, even seeking for identity. This encourages us to concern with cosmopolitanism and makes a distance from the roots of your mother-tongue. Mother-tongue which is regarded as the most important symbol of national individuality is no longer important because of strengthening pupils' indifference to Lithuanian language. Moreover, English lexemes are becoming a national cultural aspiration. This reinforces the need of national upbringing in schools; however firstly let us reveal factors having favourable influence on school improvement. Therefore the aim of the work is to examine 5th year school children' attitude towards mother-tongue as a subject of national consciousness. The object of this research is 5th year school children' attitude towards mother-tongue and other components of national consciousness. Research data shows that in the level of nationality pupils' knowledge of the richness of Lithuanian language develops. Regarding language patriotism it turned out that half of respondents appreciate mother-tongue and almost all of them are national conscious because they know historical and grammatical peculiarities of Lithuanian language. Attitude to other objects of national culture develops in the national level when pupils mostly would like to go on... [to full text]

The main task of this thesis has been to research the role of sport in the development of Uruguay's state and national consciousness in the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. It focuses primarily on the formation of organised sport in the country, the international sporting achievements of Uruguay, and the public's response in Uruguay and abroad. For a more detailed understanding, the thesis is subdivided into six time-related chapters, and covers politics, economics, as well as a brief history of the beginnings of world football in addition to the more general topic of sports. The thesis also considers the social sphere and the attitude of Uruguay's social classes to sport and leisure activities. Emphasis has also been placed on other important events that took place during the defined period, which both positively and negatively influenced the country. Key words: Uruguay, sport, 19th century, 20th century, football, history, sporting events, national consciousness

The introduction of this diploma thesis summarizes the production of , and it identifies the two following layers of authorship. The first layer is the fictional authorship of Jara Cimrman; the second layer is the authorship of the Cimrmanologists and their so-called (or fictional) reconstructions of Cimrman's work. The introduction further discusses the importance of the radio show , which gave birth to the character of Jara Cimrman. Finally, the introduction analyses various aspects of Cimrman and his mystifying character. The core of this thesis consists of an analysis of Cimrman and his relation to Czech Dream. It also studies the Czech dream and its development. The second chapter provides a study based on the play , which is looking at the relation between Cimrman and Czech history and the national myth. The beginning of this chapter offers an overview of the history of the . The chapter then continues with an analysis of Cimrman's play with a special attention to its unusual political dimension. The third chapter studies the connections between Cimrman, or his creators, and Czech national consciousness and Czech culture as they are reflected in Cimrman's play . The play is set in the context of Kainar's poem , Klusak and Remunda's film , Macura's essay , and Kaspar's book .

L’histoire a toujours occupé une place singulière au sein des sciences sociales mais qu’en est il de sa place dans le contentieux constitutionnel comparé des démocraties occidentales ? Le présent travail de recherche tendra ainsi à démontrer que la référence à l’histoire est bel et bien présente et qu’elle revêt un impact décisif sur les solutions constitutionnelles effectivement retenues pas le juge comme sur la substance même des droits et libertés fondamentaux. Il apparaîtra, en effet, que l’histoire, jaillissant dans le contentieux constitutionnel sous la forme d’un référent juridique type pouvant faire l’objet d’une systématisation au sein du droit comparé, contribue, par le truchement du juge constitutionnel à l’établissement comme au fonctionnement de l’État de droit contemporain. De la même manière, la symbolique particulière des évènements historiques qui seront mobilisés, c’est à dire leur charge positive ou négative pour l’État de droit, va nourrir la volonté juridictionnelle du juge d’assurer la rupture avec un fait historique tragique ou à l’inverse de conforter un héritage historique glorieux. Juge qui, en dernier analyse, pourra être conduit, conformément au rôle social nouveau que lui confère les démocraties constitutionnelles contemporaines, selon une utilisation soutenue du référent historique, à réparer directement ou plus indirectement les préjudices nés de l’histoire comme à renforcer ou à limiter le sens des droits et libertés fondamentaux devenus historiquement circonstanciés / History has always occupied a singular place within the realm of Social Sciences and the question of its functions in comparative judicial review deserves to be raised. This research intends to demonstrate that the historical argument has a decisive impact on constitutional decisions as well as on the substance of fundamental rights and freedoms. History, being systematized in comparative law, through the form of a standard legal argument, contributes, via constitutional review, to the establishment as well to the operation of the rule oflaw, today. The immediate legal logic of such historical impregnation will be analysed through the work of the judge in the motivation of its decisions. In the same perspective, the singular meaning of historical events and their positive or negative impact, feeds judicial interpretation, either breaking away from a tragic historical event or consolidating a glorious historicalheritage. The judge, in accordance with his new social function recognized in western democracies, is lead to repare directly or indirectly, the damages resulting from historical events as well as to strenghten or limitate the scope of fundamental rights, which appear today, historically situated

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