Through the development of physical chemistry and chemical physics over the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, the relationship between physics and chemistry changed to create a broad interdisciplinary framework in which chemists and physicists could make contributions to problems of common value. It is here argued that evolving disciplinary factors such as physical and chemical responses to the atomic hypothesis, the nature of disciplinary formation in Germany and the United States, the reception of quantum mechanics within physics and chemistry, and the application of quantum mechanics to the problem of chemical bonding by physicists and chemists, formed the chemical bond into a physico-chemical theory. In the late nineteenth-century context of early physical chemistry, the chemical bond was known as a physical link between atoms, which could not be studied by chemical means because of the lack of an adequate atomistic framework. Both chemists and physicists broadly accepted the atomistic hypothesis following the discovery of the electron at the turn of the twentieth century, which afforded theoretical study of chemical bonding. Between 1916 and 1919, Gilbert N. Lewis and Irving Langmuir proposed the valence bond to be a pair of electrons shared between two atoms, within the context of a cubic model of the atom. However, the lack of a physical mechanism for the shared electron pair prevented the formation of a fully physico-chemical view of bonding. In 1927, physicists Walter Heitler and Fritz London showed the stability of the valence bond was caused by the wave mechanical phenomenon of resonance. Chemist Linus Pauling extended their treatment of the valence bond to a theory of structural chemistry in The Nature of the Chemical Bond. His synthesis of the physical and chemical views, his value as a physico-chemical researcher during the 1930s, and the research of his contemporaries John Slater and Robert Mulliken show that a true physico-chemical blend was only realized within the amorphous discipline of chemical physics. Finally, it is seen that this interdisciplinarity of chemical bonding and its supporting framework force a reevaluation of the reductionist criteria, and a re-definition of the chemical bond as a physico-chemical work.

Through the development of physical chemistry and chemical physics over the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, the relationship between physics and chemistry changed to create a broad interdisciplinary framework in which chemists and physicists could make contributions to problems of common value. It is here argued that evolving disciplinary factors such as physical and chemical responses to the atomic hypothesis, the nature of disciplinary formation in Germany and the United States, the reception of quantum mechanics within physics and chemistry, and the application of quantum mechanics to the problem of chemical bonding by physicists and chemists, formed the chemical bond into a physico-chemical theory. In the late nineteenth-century context of early physical chemistry, the chemical bond was known as a physical link between atoms, which could not be studied by chemical means because of the lack of an adequate atomistic framework. Both chemists and physicists broadly accepted the atomistic hypothesis following the discovery of the electron at the turn of the twentieth century, which afforded theoretical study of chemical bonding. Between 1916 and 1919, Gilbert N. Lewis and Irving Langmuir proposed the valence bond to be a pair of electrons shared between two atoms, within the context of a cubic model of the atom. However, the lack of a physical mechanism for the shared electron pair prevented the formation of a fully physico-chemical view of bonding. In 1927, physicists Walter Heitler and Fritz London showed the stability of the valence bond was caused by the wave mechanical phenomenon of resonance. Chemist Linus Pauling extended their treatment of the valence bond to a theory of structural chemistry in The Nature of the Chemical Bond. His synthesis of the physical and chemical views, his value as a physico-chemical researcher during the 1930s, and the research of his contemporaries John Slater and Robert Mulliken show that a true physico-chemical blend was only realized within the amorphous discipline of chemical physics. Finally, it is seen that this interdisciplinarity of chemical bonding and its supporting framework force a reevaluation of the reductionist criteria, and a re-definition of the chemical bond as a physico-chemical work.

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Inna Sevelius: Bristande självhävdelse och självständighet: En studie av neurosbegreppet hos Tora Sandström. Uppsala universitet: Inst. för idé- och lärdomshistoria, magisteruppsats, vårtermin, 2010.   Uppsatsens syfte är att bidra till historiseringen av neurosbegreppet genom en analys av begreppet hos en kvinnlig pionjär inom psykoanalysen i Sverige. Studien inbegriper en diskussion av Sandströms neurosbegrepp i relation till annan samtida psykoanalytisk teori och andra samtida tankeströmningar samt en analys av begreppets konsekvenser för Sandströms syn på barnuppfostran och på den terapeutiska praktiken. Enligt Sandström uppstår neuroser pga bristande självhävdelse under uppväxten. Hon betonar särskilt aggressionshämningens betydelse. En bristande självhävdelse leder enligt Sandström till osjälvständighet, men min analys visar på en könsskillnad i detta avseende. I linje med samtidens essentialistiska och komplementära syn på kön beskriver Sandström författaren Ernst Ahlgrens strävan efter självständighet som neurotisk. I senare skrifter antyds däremot könsskillnader baserade på uppfostran. Sandströms neurosbegrepp är vidare förankrat i biologin. Hon diskuterar såväl människans medfödda förutsättningar för psykisk utveckling med koppling till samtida evolutionsteori som neurosens kroppsliga symtom och visar här ett tidstypiskt intresse för psykosomatik. I sin syn på barnuppfostran ligger hon i linje med den samtida s.k. frihetspedagogiken. Sandström invänder mot Freud i flera avseenden, men framför allt när det gäller hans fokus på sexual-hämning som den väsentliga orsaken till neurotiska besvär. Min analys visar – till skillnad från tidigare forskning – att hennes relation till Alfred Adler är ambivalent. Förmodade influenser från Wilhelm Reich samt den norske psykoanalytikern Harald Schjelderup hör också till sådant som inte uppmärksammats av tidigare forskning.

The object of investigation in this essay is the epic novel sequence Jernbanan written by Sara Lidman. More specifically the investigation takes on the idea of a “sam-vett” as it is formulated in Jernbanan. The “sam-vett” is an idea about the undivided unity of man, nature and animal, and with a kind of primitive trait. By asking the question what traces the history of ideas are to be found in the “sam-vett”, the hope is that it will bring some clarity to the notion and what its message might be. In addition to that a thesis is formulated, that the “sam-vett” can be read as a form of deep ecology. Deep ecology takes on the first rule of ecology, that everything is closely bound together, and extends it to a philosophy. By discussing the notion of the “sam-vett” in the light of two figures in the history of ideas, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Martin Heidegger, the hope is to unravel its learning. In the end the “sam-vett” can be described as knowledge of nature that is based on a feeling more than the intellect – that begins where the language ends.

Syftet med uppsatsen är övergripande att undersöka hur den tekniska mekaniseringen av samhället kommit att påverka synen på konstens och kulturens värde, vilket rört sig från det ursprungliga rituella värdet till dagens ekonomiska bytesvärde. Den undersöker även hur detta kom att påverka synen på människan som subjekt, då det inte enbart är det tekniska som innebär en mekanisering utan även samhällssystemet i sig. För att utröna på vilket sätt detta kunde komma till uttryck redan i början av 1900-talet, då mekaniseringen ännu var tämligen ny, utgår analysen från romanen Kameran går (1915) av Luigi Pirandello vari han låter filmvärlden representera hela den framväxande kulturindustrin. Genom att analysera Kameran går mot bakgrund av den därefter framväxande industrialiseringen och de politiska faktorer som rådde, samt mot teorierna kring kulturindustrin och mekaniseringen framställda av Walter Benjamin och Theodor W. Adorno, har en slående likhet gått att skönja som tyder på att dessa idéer om bland annat naturbehärskning, objektifiering, värdeförlust och kulturindustrin är tydliga redan i mekaniseringens början. De maskiner som skapas för att vara till hjälp tar istället över produktionen och både människan och konsten objektifieras. Eftersom Kameran går är skriven av en dramatiker som står mellan den allvarliga konstens scen, teatern, och den roande kulturindustrin i form av den framväxande filmindustrin ger analysen även en mer subjektiv upplevelse av denna utveckling och därmed en intressant vinkel på konstens betydelse i samhället.

Es wird gezeigt, wie das Zusammentreffen hervorragender Wissenschaftler mit breitem Wissen und Fähigkeiten zur interdisziplinären Kooperation im letzten Jahrzehnt vor der Machtergreifung der Nationalsozialisten zu einer Glanzzeit naturwissenschaftlicher Forschung an der Freiburger Universität führte. / It is demonstrated, how the coincidence of excellent scientists with broad knowledge und ability for interdisciplinary cooperation led to a height of scientific research at the Freiburg University.

The aim of this qualitative study was to explore research assistants&rsquo / opinions regarding the courses they take during their graduate study in terms of improving their science perception and research skills. The research questions include research assistants&rsquo / assessments about the effectiveness of graduate courses on research skills and science perception, their evaluation of the graduate programs in terms of improving science perception, and their suggestions on the improvement of the quality of the graduate program regarding science perception and research skills. The sample for the present study contains 12 interviewees from four different v institutes of Middle East Technical University. The interviewees are all PhD candidates at METU. The sample was chosen by using purposive sampling. In this study, the data collection instrument was a semi-structured interview guide designed by the researcher. There were 8 main questions and 9 sub-questions. The collected data was analyzed through content analysis. The results of the study are presented under four main themes, which were derived from the research questions. First theme was the assessment of research skills which was about usefulness of courses, competence about research methods, reasons for not taking courses, problems because of not taking them. The second theme was the assessment of science perception which was about contributions of courses, reasons for not taking courses. The third theme was the evaluation of the graduate programs which consisted of should-be-developed and positive aspects. The last theme was about suggestions which could be realized by university administration and by personal efforts. In conclusion, the findings revealed that the research assistants are aware of the importance of research methods course for enhancing research skills, and of effectiveness of history and philosophy of science course regarding the improving of science perception. In this respect, based on literature review and the research assistants&rsquo / views it is suggested that history and philosophy of science course utilizing explicitly-reflective inquiry approach should be included curriculum of graduate programs.

Since the mid-twentieth century, Kurt Vonnegut has enjoyed a permanent spot on the list of history’s most widely read and beloved American authors. Science fiction classics like Cat’s Cradle (1963) and Slaughterhouse-Five (1969) turned Vonnegut into a domestic counter-cultural literary sensation in the United States at mid-century. The presence of a loyal Vonnegut fan base in America, and in the west more broadly, is a well-documented fact. What is less well known among scholars and those familiar with Vonnegut’s work is his popularity in a far more distant place: the Soviet Union. Beginning in the late 1960s, Soviet citizens developed a voracious appetite for Vonnegut’s. Translations of his novels appeared regularly in daily newspapers and highbrow literary journals alike; a play adaptation of Slaughterhouse-Five enjoyed a multi-season run in the Moscow Army Theater; average citizens competed for membership in Vonnegut’s karass. These examples are suggestive of the ways that Kurt Vonnegut’s science fiction literature can serve as a gateway for scholars seeking to understand the Soviet Union during the 1970s. This report contends that Soviet interest in Vonnegut’s dystopian science fiction reflected larger shifts in Soviet attitudes towards pacifism, technology, individual wellbeing, human rights, and past and present wars. It situates these ideas in the context of domestic and global events to illustrate how the peculiar political conditions of the 1970s made this ideological convergence possible. It employs original American and Russian language sources, including Russian newspapers and journals, letters written by Vonnegut’s Russian translator, and Kurt Vonnegut’s own fan mail. At its core, this report challenges the assumption that political and ideological differences precluded Soviet and American citizens from identifying the conditions necessary for ensuring social and technological progress and a future without war. / text

Die naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft ISIS, die im März 2009 ihr 175jähriges Bestehen feiern konnte, gab mit ihrer Vereinszeitschrift ein wichtiges naturwissenschaftliches Periodikum heraus. Der Wert dieser Abhandlungen ist sowohl durch die berühmten Autoren als auch durch die zahlreichen Artikel, die sich als erstes mit bestimmten Themen beschäftigen, noch heute hoch. Im Zuge des Ausbaus der SLUB als Digitalisierungszentrum mit dem Portal Sachsen.digital wurde das Portal Wissenschaftskultur geschaffen, das wissenschaftliche Zeitschriften und Schriftenreihen gelehrter Gesellschaften und Vereine im digitalen Volltext anbietet.